铁单质薄膜磁致伸缩行为与磁矩演化研究

磁致伸缩材料在传感器、位移器件等领域应用前景广阔,对此类材料的制备与实验已成为研究热点,但使用分子动力学方法模拟其磁致伸缩过程中内部磁矩的演化仍缺乏相关研究.本研究以磁致伸缩材料铁单质为研究对象,采用分子动力学方法建立单畴铁单质磁致伸缩模型.分析了铁单质薄膜磁致伸缩行为随初始磁矩的变化,以及在磁场作用下微观原子磁矩的变化与宏观磁致伸缩之间的关系.结果表明:模型磁化构型的演化与磁致伸缩行为有着密切联系,随着外加磁场强度增大,原子磁矩与外加磁场方向相同的区域面积逐渐增大,宏观表现为模型的磁致伸缩随磁场强度增大而伸长,并最终达到饱和,而边界处的原子磁矩是模型是否达到饱和磁致伸缩的关键.     

Anisotropy of constrained magnetostrictive materials

The magnetic anisotropy of a ferromagnetic material that is free to deform is defined as the effective anisotropy, which is the sum of intrinsic anisotropy and magnetostriction-induced anisotropy. Prior works [1] and [2] (Baltzer, 1957; Kittel, 1949) indicate that if the material is undeformed then the measured anisotropy is same as its intrinsic anisotropy. When magnetostrictive materials are used as actuators or sensors they are often mechanically loaded, resulting in a restriction on the deformation. To capture their behavior in such scenarios, a modelling approach is required. Therefore, in this work, the thermodynamic accuracy of the common expressions for magnetostriction-induced and stress-induced anisotropies is first investigated. A 3D magnetoelastic model is then developed using Armstrong's implementation of an energy model. This 3D magnetoelastic model is capable of predicting the stresses induced when the magnetostriction of these materials is constrained. Using this model, it is shown that when the bulk magnetostriction of the material is clamped, the measured anisotropy will not in general be the same as the intrinsic anisotropy. It is also shown that when the magnetostriction is clamped at the microscopic level, i.e. if the material is locally constrained at the exchange length scales, then the measured anisotropy is the intrinsic anisotropy.     

Effect of magnetostriction on the transport current in granulated type-II superconductors

The effect of magnetostriction on the dependence of the critical current density on the magnetic field applied normally to the current in granulated superconductors is investigated. In sufficiently high magnetic fields (H ? H _c1), magnetostriction suppresses the current-carrying capacity of the material. It is shown that the effect of magnetostriction on the transport current is sensitive to variation of the effective parameters of the Josephson medium, specifically, the grain bond strength and ratio between the sizes of grains constituting the junction.     

Nanomechanical measurement of magnetostriction and magnetic anisotropy in (Ga,Mn)As

A GaMnAs nanoelectromechanical resonator is used to obtain the first measurement of magnetostriction in a dilute magnetic semiconductor. Resonance frequency shifts induced by field-dependent magnetoelastic stress are used to simultaneously map the magnetostriction and magnetic anisotropy constants over a wide range of temperatures. Owing to the central role of carriers in controlling ferromagnetic interactions in this material, the results appear to provide insight into a unique form of magnetoelastic behavior mediated by holes.     

Influence of low Co substitution on magnetoelastic properties of HoFe11Ti intermetallic compound

The thermal expansion and magnetostriction of HoFe_11−xCo_xTi (x=0, 0.3, 0.7 and 1) intermetallic compounds were measured, using the strain gauge method in the temperature range 77–590 K under applied magnetic fields up to 1.5 T. Results show that for samples with x=0 and 0.3, both linear thermal expansion and linear thermal expansion coefficient exhibit anomalies below the Curie temperature. Below room temperature, the spontaneous volume magnetostriction decreases with Co content. For all compounds studied, the anisotropic magnetostriction shows similar behaviour in the measured temperature range. The magnetostriction compensation occurs above room temperature in all samples. The volume magnetostriction shows a linear dependence on the applied field and by approaching the Curie temperature this trend changes to parastrictive behaviour. The results of the spontaneous magnetostriction are discussed based on the local magnetic moment model. The contribution of magnetostriction attributed to the magnetic sublattices R and T (Fe or Co) is discussed.     

Magnetostriction in porous nickel films

Conclusions A new type of magnetostriction has been found in porous metal-ceramic nickel films. The magnetostriction differs from that of compact nickel in that it is positive, does not saturate in fields up to 1400 Oe and exceeds ^s of nickel by several times.The existence of the negative magnetic charge striction and positive tensomagnetostriction proposed in this work was experimentally proved in model designed samples.It was proved experimentally that the magnetostriction of manufactured articles depends not only on ^s of the material, but also on the relative alignment and configuration of their parts.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 141–143, July, 1972.     

RF-photon induced Mössbauer satellites in permalloy

The Mössbauer spectra of a permalloy film placed in an rf magnetic field are measured. The film is so thin that transverse magnetostriction oscillations are not excited in it. This permits the observation of satellites that are due solely to periodic variations of the magnetic field at the nucleus. The data are in good agreement with calculations performed in the model of step-wise field reversals. On application of an additional static magnetic field the splitting of the satellites is observed, as predicted by the model of asymmetric step-wise field reversals.     

考虑铁芯接缝的电力变压器空载噪声计算*

硅钢片磁致伸缩导致的铁芯振动是电力变压器空载噪声的主要原因,铁芯的接缝结构对空载噪声的影响很大。为研究不同接缝结构对铁芯噪声的影响,本文提出了一种基于接缝区材料磁致伸缩特性等效的方法,首先对含有接缝气隙的铁芯模型进行磁场分析,对接缝区的材料分别进行磁化特性等效及磁致伸缩特性等效;其次采用等效的材料,基于有限元法对一台110kV电力变压器进行磁-力-声耦合分析,计算不同模型的噪声。最后通过对含有不同接缝结构的变压器开展噪声测试,验证了计算方法的有效性。结果表明考虑接缝结构的模型与实测数据有更小的误差,采用接缝结构等效的建模及计算方法可以实现接缝结构对噪声影响的计算。     

Effect of torsional stresses on the magnetoimpedance of amorphous wires with negative magnetostriction

A model to describe the effect of torsional stresses on the magnetoimpedance of amorphous wires with negative magnetostriction is suggested. An approximate expression for the impedance with regard to the spatial distribution of magnetoelastic anisotropy induced by torsional stresses is derived. It is shown that the relative variation of the impedance is maximal near a critical stress value at which the surface magnetic structure of the wire changes. The calculated dependences of the impedance on the external magnetic field and torsional stress are in good qualitative agreement with experimental data for amorphous wires with negative magnetostriction.     

Effect of plastic straining on magnetostriction of ferromagnetic polycrystals—experiments and multiscale modeling

The influence of plastic deformations on magnetostriction of NO–3% Si–Fe alloy is studied. Experimental measurements are presented. The magnetostriction is strongly anisotropic before deformation and plastic strain tends to homogenize this behavior. The modeling consists in the calculation of a specific residual stresses field and its introduction in the magnetic model. Experiments and modeling are in good agreement.     

Composition-Controlled Low Field Magnetostriction of TbFe Amorphous Films

Amorphous TbFe films are fabricated by dc magnetron sputtering, and their magnetostrictions at low field are examined over a wide range of terbium content （from 32at.% to 70at.%）. It is found that the terbium content plays an important role in the magnetic and magnetostrictive properties of TbFe films. TbFe film soft magnetic properties and low field magnetostriction can be efficiently improved by controlling the terbium at an optimum content. The magnetostriction at lower magnetic field is increased with the increase of terbium content up to 48.2at.%. After reaching the maximum value, further increase of terbium content would result in a great decrease of the low field magnetostriction. By contrast, at higher magnetic field, the magnetostriction is decreased monotonically with the increase of the terbium content.     

The physics of amorphous and nanocrystalline hard magnetic materials

The magnetic properties of amorphous and nanocrystalline hard magnetic materials are summarized. The reduction of the “effective” anisotropy field due to exchange coupling in nanocrystalline materials is demonstrated. This leads experimentally as well as theoretically to a remanence enhancement and to a reduced coercivity. Also the domain structure shows the effect of exchange coupling. Nd–Fe–Al is taken as an example of a new “amorphous” hard magnetic material. For magnetostrictive materials the possibility of reducing the anisotropy in nanocrystalline samples without loosening the high magnetostriction is discussed.     

Magnetic field induced pseudo phase transition in cadmium

Recent magnetostriction measurements in Cd showed anomalous behavior at about 25 kG. These data are shown to be consistent with a temperature and magnetic field version of Lifshitz's model for the ‘electron transitions’ associated with Fermi surface topology changes. The dependence of the model upon temperature and magnetic field direction is treated.     

磁致伸缩材料弱磁场响应特性的实验研究

针对磁致伸缩材料在弱磁场传感器领域的应用需要,采用迈克耳逊干涉原理实验测量了零应力条件下Tb-Dy-Fe材料和Fe-Ga合金的磁场响应灵敏度,以及不同应力下Fe-Ga合金的磁场响应特性和温度响应特性.实验结果表明：在零应力,外加磁场16 mT条件下,Fe-Ga合金的磁场响应灵敏度远高于Tb-Dy-Fe材料,更合适作为弱磁场传感器敏感材料;同时,在1.2 MPa预应力和26 mT偏置磁场下,Fe-Ga合金材料具有较好的磁场响应灵敏度和较大的饱和磁致伸缩系数,因而处在最佳工作状态.所得到的材料的磁场和温度响应曲线可作为弱磁场传感器参量设计的参考依据.     

L1_0-FePt合金单层磁性薄膜的微磁学模拟

具有四方结构的L10-FePt合金因其具有高磁晶各向异性和良好的化学稳定性而成为超高密度薄膜磁记录介质的最佳选择.对实验制备得到的磁性能良好的垂直取向L10-FePt合金单层膜进行了微磁学分析.在传统微磁学模型的基础上,根据晶体的对称性,引入了四角磁晶各向异性能密度的唯象表达形式;又依据薄膜生长过程中晶格对称性的破坏,考虑了薄膜面内的应力,并引入了磁弹性能.以四角磁晶各向异性能和磁弹性能为重点,对L10-FePt合金单层膜的磁滞回线进行了详细的分析,并且用微磁学方法确定了薄膜面内应力的大小.     

The effect of magnetic field heat treatment on magnetostriction of Terfenol-D 2-2 composites

Based on the analysis of the magnetostriction for Terfenol-D composites, Terfenol-D 2-2 magnetostrictive composites have been prepared with laminations perpendicular to [1 1 2] axes. Then one of the samples was annealed in the vacuum at 423 K for 15 min at the magnetic field of 240 kA/m, which is along the direction of laminations and vertical to the [1 1 2] axes of the specimen. The static magnetostriction λ and dynamic magnetostrictive coefficient d₃₃ of samples were measured under the compressive stress of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 MPa. Effects of the compressive stress and the magnetic field heat treatment on the magnetostriction λ have been investigated. It is found that the magnetostriction of 2-2 composites can be improved under the compressive stress when the magnetic field is larger than 20 kA/m. The magnetostriction of 2-2 composites with the magnetic field heat treatment increases under compressive stress, and it can reach 1390×10⁻⁶ at the magnetic field of 200 kA/m and under the compressive stress of 4 MPa, much larger than the value of 860×10⁻⁶ without the magnetic field heat treatment. The highest magnetostriction of the 2-2 composite with the magnetic field heat treatment can reach 1530×10⁻⁶. The dynamic magnetostrictive coefficient d₃₃ of 2-2 composites with the magnetic field heat treatment have been improved, compared with that without magnetic field heat treatment. The maximum value of d₃₃ of the sample with magnetic field heat treatment is 71% larger than that without magnetic field heat treatment.     

Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe2单晶中巨磁致伸缩的逆效应

研究了Terfenol-D材料中巨磁致伸缩的逆效应,即磁机械效应.基于Stoner-Wohlfarth(SW)模型,考虑磁晶各向异性和应力各向异性能,依据自由能极小原理,获得了退磁态下Terfenol-D单晶中磁化强度方向和压应力的关系.采用数值方法求解了平衡条件下的非线性方程组.理论结果表明,Terfenol-D巨磁致伸缩单晶中的磁各向异性取决于磁晶各向异性和应力各向异性之间的竞争.在压应力的作用下,Terfenol-D单晶中的磁各向异性由立方向单轴转变.理论和实验结果的比较表明,存在一个临界压应力,使磁致伸缩效应达到极大值.该理论结果还解释了压应力使得Terfenol-D单晶材料难于磁化和磁致伸缩效应出现极大值的实验事实.理论计算不仅为研究这类问题提供了一个更准确的方法,而且其结果也有助于理解类似材料中的磁化过程. 关键词： Terfenol-D 磁机械效应 巨磁致伸缩效应 磁各向异性     

Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe2单晶中巨磁致伸缩的逆效应

研究了Terfenol-D材料中巨磁致伸缩的逆效应,即磁机械效应.基于Stoner-Wohlfarth(SW)模型,考虑磁晶各向异性和应力各向异性能,依据自由能极小原理,获得了退磁态下Terfenol-D单晶中磁化强度方向和压应力的关系.采用数值方法求解了平衡条件下的非线性方程组.理论结果表明,Terfenol-D巨磁致伸缩单晶中的磁各向异性取决于磁晶各向异性和应力各向异性之间的竞争.在压应力的作用下,Terfenol-D单晶中的磁各向异性由立方向单轴转变.理论和实验结果的比较表明,存在一个临界压应力,使磁致伸缩效应达到极大值.该理论结果还解释了压应力使得Terfenol-D单晶材料难于磁化和磁致伸缩效应出现极大值的实验事实.理论计算不仅为研究这类问题提供了一个更准确的方法,而且其结果也有助于理解类似材料中的磁化过程.     

Irreversible magnetovolume effect in Nd7Rh3 single crystal

Magnetovolume effect in Nd₇Rh₃ single crystal has been studied by measuring the magnetostriction as a function of external magnetic field at 4.2 K. An irreversible magnetovolume effect having a negative remanent volume magnetostriction was observed when the external magnetic field was applied along the b-axis. The irreversible magnetostrictive effect takes place in the longitudinal magnetostriction along the b-axis. The remanent magnetostriction along the b-axis relaxes after removing external magnetic field for several hours and equilibrium state is stabilized.     

Multiscale modeling of the magneto-mechanical behavior of grain-oriented silicon steels

The prediction of the magnetic and magnetostrictive behavior of grain-oriented (GO) silicon steels is discussed. An experimental procedure for the measurement of the magneto-mechanical quantities is first detailed. Experimental measurements of the anhysteretic magnetization and magnetostriction are compared to results from the literature. A multiscale model, based on an energetic approach and infinite medium hypothesis, is used. Significant discrepancies between experiments and predictions are highlighted. The specimen shape combined to large grain size induces some strong boundary (surface) conditions leading to a change in the definition of the local potential energy. A specific demagnetizing term is introduced in the definition of the potential energy, creating an initial heterogeneous distribution of the magnetic domains and saturating the magnetostriction along the rolling direction. This modification strongly increases the ability of the model to predict the magneto-mechanical behavior of GO steels.