基于能量转换原理的磁电层合材料低频磁电响应分析

提出了一种基于能量转换原理的磁致伸缩/压电层合材料低频磁电响应模型,并对不同层合结构的磁电响应特性进行了对比研究.该模型假定层合材料层间能量传递通过层间剪切力来实现,利用应力函数法分析了磁致伸缩层和压电层的应力与应变,求出了磁致伸缩层的应变能和存储磁场能以及压电层的应变能和电场能;利用Hamilton最小能量原理求出了层间剪切力的大小,获得了开路状态下层合材料的低频磁电响应模型.发现磁电电压系数与磁致伸缩材料的磁导率、泊松比、磁机耦合系数以及压电材料的泊松比、机电耦合系数等有关,并对这些参数的影响进行了分析.同时对两层和三层结构的层合材料磁电特性进行了对比研究,发现层合结构不同则获得的磁电系数公式不同,用相应的公式计算得到的误差才会最小.研究结果表明,本文的理论误差小于6.5%,与其他方法相比,本文的理论模型能更好地描述磁电层合材料的低频磁电响应特性.     

磁致伸缩材料磁弹性内耗的场依赖特性及其用于磁场传感研究

分析和测试了磁致伸缩材料磁弹性内耗的偏置磁场依赖特性,发现Terfenol-D的品质因数(与内耗的量值成反比)强依赖于偏置磁场.利用磁致伸缩材料磁弹性内耗强依赖于偏置磁场的特性,提出了一种静态和准静态磁场的磁传感器方法,即将磁致伸缩材料与压电变压器单元层叠构建一种复合变压器.分析表明:在谐振状态下,复合变压器的输出电压正比于其品质因数,于是复合变压器的输出电压强依赖于偏置磁场;磁致伸缩材料的ΔE效应对复合变压器输出电压的影响很小.制备Terfenol-D/PZT8复合变压器进行了实验,结果表明,在近谐振状态下,当激励输入电压振幅为0.5V时,复合变压器工作的输出电压对静态磁场的灵敏度达到～5.12mV.Oe-1.     

基于流-热耦合模型的GMM智能构件温升控制系统设计

热效应对超磁致伸缩执行器中超磁致伸缩材料性能产生非常大的影响,从而影响超磁致伸缩执行器的定位精度;提出一种简化的强制水冷策略保证磁致伸缩材料温度恒定;同时建立了超磁致伸缩材料智能构件流-热多场耦合的有限元模型,运用COMSOLMultiphysics 3.4软件对模型进行仿真,仿真结果验证了模型的正确,进一步的实验结果证实了提出的温度控制策略的有效性。     

基于超磁致伸缩材料的光纤光栅调谐范围研究

研究了基于超磁致伸缩材料实现对光纤布拉格光栅的动态调谐这一方案理论上可获得的最大调谐范围．利用超磁致伸缩换能器的输出特性，进行了超磁致伸缩换能器用于光纤布拉格光栅调谐的实验研究．分析了实验中影响可获得调谐范围的各种因素，如实际可获得的超磁致伸缩材料的特性、光纤布拉格光栅的特性以及换能器结构的设计．进一步讨论了在理论界限的前提下改进该方案可获得调谐范围的措施，并以施加预应力为例进行了实验验证．结果表明，通过给予超磁致伸缩材料合适的预应力，可以较明显地改善最大调谐范围．     

缺陷对铁单质薄膜磁致伸缩与磁矩演化的影响

磁致伸缩材料在传感、控制及能量与信息转换等领域应用前景广阔,此类材料的性能提升及工程应用已成为研究热点,但材料在制备与使用中不可避免会出现缺陷.本文以常用的铁磁性材料铁单质为研究对象,采用分子动力学方法分别建立无缺陷、孔洞缺陷与裂纹缺陷的铁单质磁致伸缩结构模型,分析了缺陷形式对铁单质薄膜磁致伸缩行为的影响,并从微观原子磁矩角度解释缺陷对磁致伸缩行为的影响机理.结果表明:缺陷会对其周围的原子磁矩产生影响,从而影响铁单质薄膜磁致伸缩,其中孔洞形缺陷对磁致伸缩的影响较小,裂纹形缺陷对磁致伸缩的影响较大.裂纹的方向会影响铁单质薄膜的磁致伸缩,与磁化方向平行的裂纹会降低材料在磁化方向上由初始状态至磁化达到饱和的最大磁致伸缩量;与磁化方向垂直的裂纹会提高材料在磁化方向上由初始状态至磁化达到饱和的最大磁致伸缩量.     

基于力磁耦合效应的铁磁材料修正磁化模型

Jiles-Atherton (J-A)模型和Zheng Xiao-Jing-Liu Xing-En (Z-L)模型在分析应力对铁磁材料磁化的影响方面应用十分广泛.目前, J-A模型中的磁致伸缩应变与应力和磁化强度的关系式采用Jiles给出的经典拟合公式,该拟合公式中磁化强度的二次项和四次项系数与应力均为线性关系,不能准确描述铁磁材料磁致伸缩系数随应力、磁化强度的非线性变化规律; Z-L模型中磁致伸缩应变与应力和磁化强度的关系式采用了双曲正切函数tanh(x),更好地描述了铁磁材料磁致伸缩应变和磁化强度随应力的非线性变化规律,但Z-L模型却没有考虑Weiss分子场、钉扎效应的作用,且由于采用了基于弹性能的接近定理,只能描述弹性应力对磁化过程的影响.针对上述问题,本文结合Z-L模型中的非线性磁致伸缩应变关系式以及J-A模型中的磁滞理论,考虑弹性应力、塑性变形对模型参数的影响,建立了能够反映弹-塑性阶段应力与塑性变形对铁磁材料磁化曲线影响的修正磁化模型,分析了弹性拉、压应力及塑性拉、压变形对磁化曲线、矫顽力和剩余磁化强度的影响规律.通过与试验结果及原有模型的计算结果进行对比,发现修正模型能够更好地反映单次磁化、循环磁化过程中应力、塑性变形对磁化曲线的影响规律,理论预测结果与试验结果之间的相关系数均在0.98以上,可为分析力磁耦合效应对铁磁材料磁化影响规律提供更准确的理论模型.     

铁镓单晶Janus-Helmholtz换能器

针对深水、低频、宽带换能器的技术需求,结合Janus-Helmholtz换能器的结构特点和铁镓单晶材料低场应变大及机械强度高的特性,提出了铁镓单晶Janus-Helmholtz换能器设计方案。采用永磁偏磁场和环形闭合磁路,建立了一系列铁镓单晶磁致伸缩换能器理论分析模型,包括对磁致伸缩材料参数进行线性化处理,设计了换能器最佳工作点,结合静态磁场和动态磁场分布情况分段细化换能器驱动等效参数,以及利用全阻抗模型通过电感损耗等效计算换能器静态阻抗,然后通过二维有限元分析等效模型,优化分析了换能器的结构参数与电声性能。最后制作了换能器样机,并进行了测试与分析。对比仿真和测试结果表明:全阻抗模型得到的阻抗曲线与样机测试结果相一致,有限元等效模型计算的发送电流响应与样机测试结果良好吻合。换能器样机水中谐振基频为1000 Hz,谐振频率下发送电流响应176.4 dB;在875～2300 Hz频率范围内,发送电流响应起伏不大于6 dB;增加驱动电流有效值到16.2 A,最大声源级可以达到196.2 dB。     

铁单质薄膜磁致伸缩行为与磁矩演化研究

磁致伸缩材料在传感器、位移器件等领域应用前景广阔,对此类材料的制备与实验已成为研究热点,但使用分子动力学方法模拟其磁致伸缩过程中内部磁矩的演化仍缺乏相关研究.本研究以磁致伸缩材料铁单质为研究对象,采用分子动力学方法建立单畴铁单质磁致伸缩模型.分析了铁单质薄膜磁致伸缩行为随初始磁矩的变化,以及在磁场作用下微观原子磁矩的变化与宏观磁致伸缩之间的关系.结果表明:模型磁化构型的演化与磁致伸缩行为有着密切联系,随着外加磁场强度增大,原子磁矩与外加磁场方向相同的区域面积逐渐增大,宏观表现为模型的磁致伸缩随磁场强度增大而伸长,并最终达到饱和,而边界处的原子磁矩是模型是否达到饱和磁致伸缩的关键.     

Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe2单晶中巨磁致伸缩的逆效应

研究了Terfenol-D材料中巨磁致伸缩的逆效应,即磁机械效应.基于Stoner-Wohlfarth(SW)模型,考虑磁晶各向异性和应力各向异性能,依据自由能极小原理,获得了退磁态下Terfenol-D单晶中磁化强度方向和压应力的关系.采用数值方法求解了平衡条件下的非线性方程组.理论结果表明,Terfenol-D巨磁致伸缩单晶中的磁各向异性取决于磁晶各向异性和应力各向异性之间的竞争.在压应力的作用下,Terfenol-D单晶中的磁各向异性由立方向单轴转变.理论和实验结果的比较表明,存在一个临界压应力,使磁致伸缩效应达到极大值.该理论结果还解释了压应力使得Terfenol-D单晶材料难于磁化和磁致伸缩效应出现极大值的实验事实.理论计算不仅为研究这类问题提供了一个更准确的方法,而且其结果也有助于理解类似材料中的磁化过程. 关键词： Terfenol-D 磁机械效应 巨磁致伸缩效应 磁各向异性     

Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe2单晶中巨磁致伸缩的逆效应

研究了Terfenol-D材料中巨磁致伸缩的逆效应,即磁机械效应.基于Stoner-Wohlfarth(SW)模型,考虑磁晶各向异性和应力各向异性能,依据自由能极小原理,获得了退磁态下Terfenol-D单晶中磁化强度方向和压应力的关系.采用数值方法求解了平衡条件下的非线性方程组.理论结果表明,Terfenol-D巨磁致伸缩单晶中的磁各向异性取决于磁晶各向异性和应力各向异性之间的竞争.在压应力的作用下,Terfenol-D单晶中的磁各向异性由立方向单轴转变.理论和实验结果的比较表明,存在一个临界压应力,使磁致伸缩效应达到极大值.该理论结果还解释了压应力使得Terfenol-D单晶材料难于磁化和磁致伸缩效应出现极大值的实验事实.理论计算不仅为研究这类问题提供了一个更准确的方法,而且其结果也有助于理解类似材料中的磁化过程.     

Measurement of the stress sensitivity of magnetostriction in electrical steels under distorted waveform conditions

Electrical steel laminations used in the construction of transformer cores are subject to stresses introduced during their construction and analysis of the effect of this on the magnetostriction of the lamination has been investigated previously. It has been shown that higher harmonics of magnetostriction are of greater importance than the fundamental when considering transformer noise. Whereas previous studies have concentrated on the magnetostriction harmonics generated by sinusoidal magnetization, this investigation seeks to understand the relationship between harmonics present in the magnetization waveform and those in the magnetostriction waveform. A measurement system has been designed based on a similar principle to one previously described. In this case, a single Labview Virtual Instrument (VI) is used for the control of the applied stress, controlled magnetization and measurement of magnetostriction together with other magnetic parameters such as specific total loss, specific apparent power, permeability, coercivity and remanence. An adaptive digital feedback algorithm is utilized for control of arbitrary waveform which may be constructed from discrete harmonics or read from an input waveform. As well as measuring peak magnetostriction the software utilizes an FFT to calculate the harmonics of magnetostriction at each stress point. The effect of harmonics introduced into the magnetization waveform on the magnetostriction harmonics will be shown at various applied stresses. A harmonic, Harm_B in the flux density waveform is shown to have the effect of producing a dominant harmonic in the magnetostriction given by (Harm_B+1)/2.     

Measurement of noise associated with model transformer cores

The performance of a transformer core may be considered in terms of power loss and by the noise generated by the core, both of which should be minimised. This paper discusses the setting up of a suitable system for evaluation of noise in a large model transformer core (500 kV A) and issues associated with noise measurement. The equivalent continuous sound pressure level (LAeq) was used as a measure of the A-weighted sound level and measurements were made in the range 16 Hz–25 kHz for various step lap core configurations. The selection of optimum sound insulation materials between core and ground support and for enclosing the transformer is essential for minimisation of background noise. Core clamping pressure must be optimised in order to minimise noise. The use of two laminations per layer instead of one leads to an increase in noise arising from the core. Provided care is taken in building the core, good reproducibility of results can be obtained for analysis.     

Vibration transmission from internal structures to the tank of an oil-filled power transformer

The vibration of a transformer tank is related to the transformer’s noise radiation and health condition. Therefore, it is important to understand the transmission of vibration from internal vibration sources in the windings and core to the transformer tank. The characteristics of this transmission are determined by direct mechanical coupling between the internal structures and the tank, and by indirect coupling through fluid–structure interaction induced by the transformer’s cooling oil. In this paper, the transmission of vibration is examined experimentally in a 110-kV power transformer with and without cooling oil. Under respective mechanical and electrical excitations, vibrations of the internal structures and transformer tank are measured simultaneously. The results allow an evaluation of the transmission efficiency of vibration from the internal structures to the tank, and the effects of fluid–structure coupling on the transmission. This experimental work improves understanding of vibration transmission in oil-filled power transformers, and explains the characteristics of a transformer’s on-line vibration.     

散热片对变压器声辐射的影响及优化分析*

油浸式配电变压器表面布有大量散热片结构,使得油箱振动声辐射变得复杂。该文研究了散热片结构对油浸式变压器辐射声场的影响,在此基础上提出了散热片结构尺寸的优化措施。建立了考虑流固耦合的变压器振动和声学分析模型,提出了散热片声场效应评判准则,基于模态分析和频响分析探讨了散热片对变压器振动声辐射影响的振动效应、声源效应和声障效应。实验数据和仿真分析结果表明,变压器散热片对变压器振动声辐射的影响不可忽视,尤其是声源效应。采用遗传算法对散热片分布和尺寸参数进行优化分析,计算结果表明,通过优化散热片可以有效降低变压器表面均方振速和辐射声功率,可为变压器噪声控制和优化提供依据。     

级间耦合传输线脉冲变压器

级间有耦合传输线的脉冲变压器除第一级传输线外所有传输线均绕制在同一磁芯上。利用电路等效法对该变压器进行了理论分析,结果表明:相比采用其他绕线结构的传输线变压器,该传输线变压器的顶降更低,而且仅需要一块磁芯。根据该设计方法,研制了一台四级传输线脉冲变压器,变压器的输入阻抗为4.2Ω,输出阻抗为67.7Ω。利用该变压器对脉冲形成网络(PFN)形成的脉冲进行电压变换,变压器匹配负载上输出电压脉冲脉宽为120 ns,前沿为20 ns。该脉冲幅值是PFN对4.2Ω负载直接放电形成脉冲幅值的4倍,且两者波形基本一致。     

基于铜网置换反应的微纳结构SERS基底制备和应用

电力能源发展与国家经济发展关系密切,因此电网稳定、安全地运行是人民稳定生活的保障。而与稳定可靠的电网的运行有关的是变压器的绝缘水平,因此始终注意电气设备的状况和运行非常重要。而仅由纸绝缘产生的糠醛是目前用于评估电力变压器老化状况最常用的指标之一,所以准确测量变压器油中糠醛含量具有重大意义。拉曼光谱法可以实现对待测物的快速、无损检测,但受限于拉曼散射信号弱,对油中老化特征物这种微量物质检测难度大。表面增强拉曼光谱可以解决痕量物质检测的灵敏性问题,使溶解在变压器油中的老化特征物得到快速、无损地检测。故将SERS应用到变压器油中糠醛的检测对于变压器运行状况的评估具有重要的意义。围绕着变压器油中糠醛作为痕量物质检测灵敏度低的问题,基于置换反应在TEM铜网上制备了微纳米结构的SERS基底,以检测变压器油中的糠醛,为高效,准确地检测变压器油的老化水平提供一种快速、有效的新技术。选择了特定的实验材料,在控制特定的实验条件下基于置换反应制备出微纳结构SERS基底,经过电镜扫描对其表面形貌进行表征;在不同位置进行拉曼检测得到特征拉曼峰峰强的变异系数仅为3.55％,表明该基底的“热点”分布均匀和检测可重复性高;定性分析了一定浓度梯度的变压器油中糠醛和背景噪声的拉曼光谱。选择了1 702 cm-1的拉曼峰作为油中糠醛的特征拉曼峰。定量分析中,建立内标峰和1 702 cm-1处峰强比与变压器油中糠醛浓度的线性函数,得到良好的线性关系。使用3δ准则计算变压器油中糠醛在微纳结构SERS基底上的检测下限约为0.51 mg·L-1。研究说明基于铜网置换反应的微纳结构SERS基底对于变压器油中糠醛具有更灵敏的检测。这对于诊断电力变压器绝缘状况和维护电网稳定非常重要。     

磁致伸缩光纤磁光光学双稳态

报道了一种基于磁致伸缩原理实现的全光纤结构磁光光学双稳态装置。与分立元件的磁光双稳系统相比较，该系统的双稳开关功率降低了２～３个数量级，实验结果与理论计算相符。     

Analysis of ferroresonance in neutral grounding system with nonlinear core loss

The chaotic behaviour exhibited by a typical ferroresonant circuit in a neutral grounding system is investigated in this paper. In most earlier ferroresonance studies the core loss of the power transformer was neglected or represented by a linear resistance. However, this is not always true. In this paper the core loss of the power transformer is modelled by a third order series in voltage and the magnetization characteristics of the transformer are modelled by an 11th order two-term polynomial. Extensive simulations are carried out to analyse the effect of nonlinear core loss on transformer ferroresonance. A detailed analysis of simulation results demonstrates that, with the nonlinear core loss model used, the onset of chaos appears at a larger source voltage and the transient duration is shorter.     

非线性包层多量子阱波导的TE波

给出用以分析非线性包层多量子阱波导ＴＥ模光学非线性与双稳性的理论公式与计算方法。指出用均方根等效折射率法解本征方程是有效的简化方法。用本文方法分析了模折射率对波导总功率的依赖关系,芯区功率与总功率之间的双稳性以及模场分布与模折射率的关系。讨论了波导参数对光学非线性、双稳性及模场的分布的影响。     

A Novel Blind Signal Detector Based on the Entropy of the Power Spectrum Subband Energy Ratio

In this paper, we present a novel blind signal detector based on the entropy of the power spectrum subband energy ratio (PSER), the detection performance of which is significantly better than that of the classical energy detector. This detector is a full power spectrum detection method, and does not require the noise variance or prior information about the signal to be detected. According to the analysis of the statistical characteristics of the power spectrum subband energy ratio, this paper proposes concepts such as interval probability, interval entropy, sample entropy, joint interval entropy, PSER entropy, and sample entropy variance. Based on the multinomial distribution, in this paper the formulas for calculating the PSER entropy and the variance of sample entropy in the case of pure noise are derived. Based on the mixture multinomial distribution, the formulas for calculating the PSER entropy and the variance of sample entropy in the case of the signals mixed with noise are also derived. Under the constant false alarm strategy, the detector based on the entropy of the power spectrum subband energy ratio is derived. The experimental results for the primary signal detection are consistent with the theoretical calculation results, which proves that the detection method is correct.