大花红景天多糖RCPS分离纯化及单糖组成分析

采用水提醇沉方法提取大花红景天粗多糖RCP(rhodiola crenulata polysaccharide),并通过乙醇分级沉淀,Sevag法脱除蛋白,葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱纯化等手段,得到一种多糖RCPS。采用苯酚-硫酸法测定了总糖含量,UV和IR等方法考察了多糖性质,凝胶渗透色谱-示差检测法测定多糖的纯度及分子量范围及分布,GC法鉴定单糖组成及其摩尔比值。结果表明,多糖RCPS为淡黄色粉末状物质,易溶于水,总糖含量为99.11%。紫外光谱分析显示,在195 nm 波长处有明显吸收峰,在260和280 nm等处无吸收峰,说明被测物为多糖,且不含核酸及蛋白质;红外吸收光谱分析表明,在3 424.83,2 934.10,1 742.11,1 438.96,1 261.40, 1 103.54,832.86 cm-1处均有明显的多糖特征吸收,主要由鼠李糖,阿拉伯糖,木糖,甘露糖,葡萄糖,半乳糖和半乳糖醛酸组成,其摩尔比值为1∶2.96∶0.21∶0.26∶0.08∶0.58∶0.15。     

蒙药嘎日迪-15中多糖的研究

用热水提取蒙药嘎日迪-15中水溶性多糖,经SephadexC-25进行提纯精制得纯糖,采用硫酸-苯酚法测定了其水溶性多糖含量。方法的平均回收率为100.50%,RSD为0.82%。用GC测定了蒙药嘎日迪-15中水溶性多糖主要由木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖组成,其摩尔比为1.03∶1.26∶0.77∶2.30 。用溴化钾压片法测得的红外谱图显示多糖的特征吸收峰为3 417.46,2 928.65,1 742.86,1 643.69,1 149.78, 1 078.19, 1 022.56,834.57 cm-1,其中1 078.19和1 022.56 cm-1为吡喃糖特征峰,834.57 cm-1是α-吡喃糖苷键的特征吸收峰。紫外谱图在280 nm处有明显的糖吸收峰,说明有CO键存在。     

灵芝多糖结构及其组成研究

采用沸水回流法从赤灵芝子实体中提取多糖,经Sevage法除蛋白,乙醇沉淀,离心、流水透析、浓缩、冻干后得灵芝多糖,单糖经乙酰化处理进行外标法定量,并利用苯酚-硫酸法、紫外、红外及X衍射光谱法、凝胶分子排阻色谱-蒸发散射检测器法、气相和气质谱色谱法进行多糖组分、含量、结构和分子量分析研究,结果表明： 灵芝多糖为米黄色,得率为2%左右,其含量≥43%,红外光谱显示灵芝多糖结构主要为β-糖甘键连接的吡喃型葡聚糖,其多糖的主要单糖组分为葡萄糖,含量为89%左右,并含有其他少量的单糖组分D-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖、D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖。其多糖主要为同均糖,多糖为非晶型结构,分子量主要分布在8×104～2×105之间,分子质量主要为2×105的生物大分子。     

不同方法提制的茶叶粗多糖的光谱分析

以低档绿茶为原料采用煎煮法提制得茶叶粗多糖CTPS-Ⅰ,用复合酶法提制得CTPS-Ⅱ,采用复合酶法从茶树鲜叶中提制得茶叶粗多糖CTPS-Ⅲ。测定了各茶叶粗多糖的糖含量和蛋白质含量。用HPGPC-ELSD法分析了各茶叶粗多糖中均一性组分分布及其质量比例,CTPS-Ⅰ,CTPS-Ⅱ和CTPS-Ⅲ各含有5,4和7种均一性组分;GC-MS法测得三种茶叶粗多糖均由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖六种单糖组成, 并分析了其摩尔比例;紫外-可见吸收光谱显示CTPS-Ⅰ在257 nm处有吸收峰, CTPS-Ⅱ在240～270 nm区段有一吸收肩峰, CTPS-Ⅲ在250～360 nm区段有微弱的“双波浪状”特征吸收, 并分析了其游离蛋白质和核酸的含量关系,红外光谱研究了茶叶粗多糖的糖类复合物的特征;圆二色谱分析表明三种茶叶粗多糖在水溶液中呈现不同的构象。     

普洱茶及其原料多糖分子组成及光谱学特性研究

研究了普洱茶发酵过程中多糖分子组成及光谱学特性的变化规律。结果显示,普洱茶及其原料多糖主要组分TPS1和TPS2的分子组成及光谱学特性差异显著。TPS2含有较高糖醛酸,而TPS1含有较高的中性糖和蛋白质。TPS1和TPS2均由半乳糖(Gal)、阿拉伯糖(Arb)、甘露糖(Man)、葡萄糖(Glu)、木糖(Xyl)、鼠李糖(Rha)六种单糖组成,其分子摩尔比分别为23.6∶5.9∶24.2∶1.1∶1.8∶3.2和26.9∶3.2∶19.3∶5.5∶1.3∶2.7。TPS2和TPS1的重均分子量分别为1.68×104和1.21×104道尔顿。TPS1和TPS2水溶液在200～400 nm之间无特征吸收峰。红外光谱图显示,TPS1和TPS2的信息基本相同,都是含有吡喃环的多糖。在三维AFM图中,TPS1形成的聚集体高度约为4 nm, 长宽约为0.2～0.4 μm,TPS2形成的聚集体高度约为40 nm,长宽约为0.5～0.8 μm。SEM图片显示,TPS1呈表面光滑的鳞片状聚集体,TPS2呈表面粗糙的片状聚集体。引起普洱茶及其原料多糖分子组成及光谱学性质发生变化的动力主要为微生物作用和湿热作用。     

间苯二酚分光光度法测定芥菜多糖中的果糖含量

本论文利用Seliwanoff反应 ,在乙醇介质内测定了芥菜多糖中果糖的含量。果糖与间苯二酚之间生成的红色络合物在 4 73nm处吸收峰最高 ,在 0～ 83μg·mL- 1 范围内符合比耳定律 ,A =0 0 2 8+0 0 2 0 2 2c ,r =0 9998。测得芥菜多糖中含有 11 4 1%的果糖。     

南瓜多糖的性质及光谱分析

采用热水浸提和乙醇沉淀的方法提取南瓜多糖,Sevage法除蛋白,活性炭脱色,对南瓜多糖的理化性质、提取率、含量、组成和结构进行了研究,南瓜多糖呈灰白色粉末,溶于水,不溶于有机溶剂。碘-碘化钾反应呈阴性,说明提取物为非淀粉性多糖。提取率5.34%,总糖含量为97.93%,紫外光谱扫描结果表明南瓜多糖几乎不含核酸和蛋白质;红外吸收光谱检测表明,在3433、2949、1749、1612、1416、1333、1238、1147、1101、1018、833、763、637、536、427cm^-1处表现为典型的多糖特征吸收峰;南瓜多糖是一种酸性多糖,同时存在呋喃环和吡喃环,该多糖是以α型糖苷键相连结的杂多糖。     

分级醇沉宣木瓜多糖含量、分子量测定和活性初步研究

采用水提取分级醇沉制得宣木瓜多糖,利用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,采用高效尺寸排阻色谱-多角度激光光散射-示差折光联用技术(HPSEC-MALLS-RI)分析多糖分子量和分子量分布,用多糖体外刺激巨噬细胞,Griess法检测NO释放量。系列研究旨在考察宣木瓜多糖含量、分子量和分子量分布以及免疫活性,为宣木瓜多糖研究积累实验资料和科学依据;并为中药多糖研究提供较为简单、系统的方法与思路。结果表明,不同乙醇浓度(φ)沉淀宣木瓜多糖含量的高低顺序是:95%80%40%≥60%20%,95%乙醇可较完全地沉淀多糖;当乙醇浓度从20%上升到95%时,粗多糖纯度由35.1%上升至45.0%。宣木瓜多糖主要有3个色谱峰,不同浓度醇沉的多糖经HPSCE分离后出峰位置和数量没有明显差别,表明它们含有的多糖种类相似;重均分子量(Mw)分别为6.570×104 g·moL-1和1.393×104 g·moL-1以及小于1万未能获得准确值;前两种多糖的分子量分布指数(Mw/Mn)分别是1.336和1.639;本试验中宣木瓜多糖对巨噬细胞Raw264.7产生NO没有明显的促进作用。     

LiNbO_3∶Cr∶Cu晶体吸收特性及非挥发全息存储研究

研究了LiNbO3∶Cr∶Cu晶体的吸收特性,发现LiNbO3∶Cr∶Cu(含0.14wt.%Cr2O3和0.011wt.%CuO)晶体存在两个明显的吸收峰,中心波长分别位于480nm和660nm;随着Cr的含量逐渐减小,Cu的含量逐渐增大,短波段不存在明显吸收峰,掺Cr的含量越大,中心波长在660nm处的吸收越大;633nm红光虽然位于中心波长为660nm的吸收峰内,但它无助于光折变过程·分别采用390nm紫外光和488nm蓝光作为敏化光,514nm绿光作为记录光的记录方案,实现了非挥发全息记录,掺入适量的Cr(比如NCr=2.795×1025m-3,NCr/NCu=1)有助于全息记录性能的提高·     

LiNbO3∶Cr∶Cu晶体吸收特性及非挥发全息存储研究

研究了LiNbO3∶Cr∶Cu晶体的吸收特性,发现LiNbO3∶Cr∶Cu（含0.14 wt.% Cr2O3 和 0.011 wt.% CuO）晶体存在两个明显的吸收峰,中心波长分别位于480 nm和660 nm; 随着Cr的含量逐渐减小,Cu的含量逐渐增大,短波段不存在明显吸收峰,掺Cr的含量越大,中心波长在660 nm处的吸收越大；633 nm红光虽然位于中心波长为660 nm的吸收峰内,但它无助于光折变过程.分别采用390 nm紫外光和488 nm蓝光作为敏化光,514 nm绿光作为记录光的记录方案,实现了非挥发全息记录,掺入适量的Cr( 比如NCr=2.795×1025 m－3,NCr/ NCu=1)有助于全息记录性能的提高.     

Ultrasound-assisted analysis of total carbohydrates in environmental and food samples.

Analytical methods to determine total carbohydrates in environmental and food samples usually require a preliminary chemical hydrolytic procedure to convert polysaccharides into monosaccharides prior to detection by colorimetric or chromatographic techniques. In this paper, an alternative hydrolytic procedure is presented. The method for hydrolysis of polysaccharides is based on the application of ultrasound at room temperature. The advantages of the method proposed here are reduced time required for analysis (4-5 h) and the improvement of the analytical accuracy due to the absence of the most common reactions of oxidation. The proposed method was applied to the determination of total carbohydrates in several environmental samples (seawater and marine mucilage) and starchy food samples. Results for total carbohydrate obtained using the ultrasound procedure for hydrolysis of samples agreed with those found when applying other published procedures.     

原子吸收光谱法测定血清中不同化学形态的铜、铁、锌

融合分子生物学技术与原子吸收光谱对血清中元素铜、铁和锌的化学形态进行研究。用60%乙醇低温(4℃)沉淀血清蛋白的方法将血清中的铜,铁,锌分为结合态和非结合态,原子吸收分光光度计分别测定血清中Cu,Fe和Zn三种元素的总量及非结合态含量,通过减差法求出血清中结合态元素含量,从而建立了Cu,Fe和Zn元素这两种化学形态的分离分析方法,并讨论了有关的实验条件。该方法铜、铁和锌的检出限分别为9·84×10-3μg·mL-1,2·76×10-2μg·mL-1,1·06×10-3μg·mL-1,相对标准偏差为0·30%～2·31%,回收率为95·0%～104·0%。该法已应用于SD大鼠血清中Cu,Fe和Zn三种元素不同化学形态的测量。     

Sensitive Determination of Carbohydrates by Fluorimetric Method with Ce(IV) and Sodium Triphosphate

A new simple and sensitive fluorimetric method for the determination of carbohydrates is described. The method is based on the reaction between carbohydrates and Ce(IV) in the presence of sulfuric acid. All the reductive carbohydrates can be detected indirectly by the fluorescence of Ce(III) produced. The addition of sodium triphate enhances the sensitivity of the method by more than 10-folds. Under optimum conditions, an excellent linear relationship was obtained between the fluorescence intensity and the concentration of carbohydrates. The limits of detection lie in the range of 9.3 x 10(-10) - 1.3 x 10(-9) mol/L. As compared to the normal fluorimetric method, the proposed method is faster and more sensitive.     

粗江蓠多糖的提取及光谱分析

采用热水浸提和乙醇沉淀的方法提取粗江蓠多糖(gracilaria gigas harvey polysaccharides, GHPS),用苯酚-硫酸法测定糖含量,等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP)测多糖中矿物元素的含量,傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析糖类官能团。结果表明：采用热水浸提和乙醇沉淀的方法提取粗江蓠多糖提取率达14.98%,苯酚-硫酸法测得提取物多糖含量为78.2%;ICP测得粗江蓠多糖含Ca,Fe,Mg和S等矿物元素;FTIR分析GHPS有一般糖类物质的特征吸收峰,是一种酸性多糖,同时存在呋喃环和吡喃环。     

探针3-(2-氰基乙基)胞嘧啶同步荧光法测定血清中蛋白质

在模拟人体生理条件下,基于3-(2-氰基乙基)胞嘧啶(CECT)与人血清白蛋白(HSA)和牛血清白蛋白(BSA)之间的相互作用,以CECT为分子光谱探针研究了CECT-蛋白质体系的同步荧光光谱特征。同步荧光光谱特征及强度与Δλ值、反应介质、反应温度等因素有关。在此基础上,建立了以CECT为分子光谱探针定量测定血清样品中蛋白质含量的新方法。在最佳实验条件下,CECT-HSA和CECT-BSA体系的同步荧光强度分别在0～441.4和0～351.0 μg·mL-1的浓度范围内与蛋白质浓度呈现良好的线性关系, 检测限分别为0.023和0.035 μg·mL-1,相对标准偏差(RSD)1.2%～3.3%, 加标回收率为97.2%～100.4%。该方法具有简单、快速、灵敏度较高、线性范围宽、精密度和回收率较好等优点。该法可直接用于血清样品中蛋白质总量的测定,结果令人满意。     

Lysimeter Investigations on the Effect of Winter Catch Crops and Weeded Fallow on the N-Dynamics in a Sandy Treposol Soil of Northeast Germany

Abstract

Lysimeter experiments (soil: sandy treposol, from the region “Havelländisches Luch”, Brandenburg, Germany) with application of ¹⁵N labelled fertilizer (80 kg N per ha as ¹⁵NH₄ ¹⁵NO₃, 10 at.-%¹⁵N exc.; for simulating mineralization in the early autumn period) were carried out to determine to what extent the amount of mineral- N was temporary conserved by winter catch crops, taken up subsequently in the vegetation periods by following crops, taken by subsequently in the vegetation periods by following crops, or percolated in the leaching water, respectively. The results were as follows:

1) Until winter or spring respectively, the catch crop uptake rates of applied mineral-N were 32% for phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia BENTH.), 25% for winter rape (Brassica napus L. cv. ‘AKELA’), and 16% for white mustard (Sinapis alba L.).

2) In the year after, following maize incorporated from 2.1 to 4.5% of the fertilizerborne N. The following plant community of fallow took up from 0.2 to 0.5% N originating from the fertilizer-N.

3) In comparison with the catch crops, N-leaching losses under fallow conditions were highest and equivalent to 17% of the applied fertilizer-N amount. In contrast to 3% of white mustard, phacelia and winter rape reduced N-leaching losses to 0.2 and 0.3% of the applied fertilizer-N amount.

4) In spring of the first year after the beginning of investigations, N-leaching losses were highest under fallow conditions and white mustard cultivation. Thus, the amounts of nitrate losses would exceed the EU limit for drinking water.

5) Three years after the investigations had been started, 10% (white mustard) and 20% (fallow) of the applied fertilizer-N was still found in th lysimeter soil.     

Ultrasonically extracted β-d-glucan from artificially cultivated mushroom,characteristic properties and antioxidant activity

Ganoderma mushroom cultivated recently in Malaysia to produce chemically different nutritional fibers has attracted the attention of the local market. The extraction methods, molecular weight and degree of branching of (1-3; 1-6)-β-d-glucan polysaccharides is of prime importance to determine its antioxidant bioactivity. Therefore three extraction methods i.e. hot water extraction (HWE), soxhlet extraction (SE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (US) were employed to study the total content of (1-3; 1-6)-β-d-glucans, degree of branching, structural characteristics, monosaccharides composition, as well as the total yield of polysaccharides that could be obtained from the artificially cultivated Ganoderma. The physical characteristics by HPAEC-PAD, HPGPC and FTIR, as well as the antioxidant in vitro assays of DPPH scavenging activity and ferric reducing power (FRAP) indicated that (1-3; 1-6)-β-d-glucans of Malaysian mushroom have better antioxidant activity, higher molecular weight and optimal degree of branching when extracted by US in comparison with conventional methods.     

Critical review on alterations in physiochemical properties and molecular structure of natural polysaccharides upon ultrasonication

Natural polymers, such as polysaccharides, cellulose, and starch, have been widely used in the chemical engineering, medicine, food, and cosmetics industries, which had a great many of biological activities. Natural polysaccharides origin from algae, fungi and plants were components of human diet since antique times. Ultrasonication achieved the breakage the polysaccharides reticulum in an ordered fashion. The factors of temperature, ratio of water/material, sonication frequency, time of exposure, pH of the sonication medium influenced the polysaccharide digestion. Sonication improved the enzyme catalysis over its substrate molecule. Positive health promoting slow digestive starch and resistant starch can be prepared quite easily by the sonication process. The aim of this review is to present the current status and scope of natural polymers as well as some emerging polymers with special characteristic. The physiochemical properties and molecular structure of natural carbohydrates under ultrasonic irradiation were also discussed. Moreover, Polysaccharide based films had industrial applications is formed by ultrasonication. Polysaccharide nanoparticles obtained by sonication had efficient water holding capacity. Sonication is an advanced method to improve the food quality. Hence, this review describes the effects of ultrasonication on physical, chemical, and molecular structure of natural polysaccharides.