Study of multipacting effect in sub-harmonic buncher of SSRF linac

During the design process, multipacting effect has been taken into consideration using a 2D simulation code MultiPac and all of the corners are rounded to suppress the multipacting effect in the pill-box cavity. However, unexpected multipacting effect prevents the increase of the input power when the magnetic field of focusing coils is added after adequate conditioning and a novel method is adopted to suppress it by introducing extra coils to counteract the field. This paper focuses on the simulation of multipacting effect in different magnetic field configurations. The experimental observations and simulation results of multipacting effect are presented and details of the multipacting process are also analyzed.     

新型二次电子倍增阴极的蒙特卡罗模拟研究

提出了一种新型二次电子倍增阴极强流二极管,并对其进行了动力学理论简化模型和蒙特卡罗数值模拟的对比验证研究。首先,基于设计结构原型,根据二次电子发射特性进行合理简化,建立了动力学模型,获得了电子速度、位移以及渡越时间的解析结果,并结合Vaughan的二次电子产额模型,确定了该新型二次电子倍增阴极强流二极管的理论工作区间;其次,理论分析了施加径向电场的重要意义,并给出了二次电子运动特征参数(最大位移、渡越时间、碰撞能量等)的理论预估结果;最后,对该新型二次电子倍增阴极强流二极管进行了蒙特卡罗模拟研究,获得了电子的运动轨迹、碰撞能量以及二次电子倍增工作区间等物理图像,并将蒙特卡罗数值模拟结果与理论结果进行了比对,两者吻合程度较好,对可能的误差来源进行了分析讨论。理论和模拟结果表明:新型二次电子倍增阴极强流二极管概念可行,工作区间内通过调整施加电场与磁场幅值,可有效达到电子运动状态可控的目标。另外,理论粗估了二次电子倍增饱和条件下的阴极发射电流密度,结果表明:发射电流密度可达kA/cm2水平,具备强流发射特性;增加外加径向场强幅值可有效提升发射电流密度。最后,对该新型二次电子倍增阴极设计步骤和依据进行了讨论。     

新型二次电子倍增阴极构型设计与动力学过程

提出了一种可由脉冲功率驱动的新型二次电子倍增阴极构型,并对其进行了动力学过程的初步理论研究。首先,针对该二次电子倍增阴极,建立了动力学模型,获得了二次电子的位移和速度方程,讨论了电子初始出射速度对其轨迹、渡越时间和碰撞能量的影响,理论给出了渡越时间和碰撞能量的近似解析表达式。其次,通过动力学方程与Vaughan二次电子产额经验公式的耦合求解,获得了该二次电子倍增阴极的工作区间,并对其进行了细致讨论。结果表明:该新型二次电子倍增阴极二极管概念上是可行的,在涂敷高二次电子产额系数材料的圆柱形介质上施加合适的轴向和径向静电场(MV/m量级)以及轴向静磁场(T量级),可以达到电子沿阴极表面螺旋行进过程中实现二次电子倍增并最终获得电流沿轴向放大的设计目标。另外,讨论了正电荷沉积引发的二次电子倍增饱和现象,并对阴极发射电流密度进行了理论粗估,结果表明:阴极发射电流密度可达kA/cm2水平,具备强流发射特性;增加外加径向场强幅值可有效提升阴极发射电流密度。     

Effect of electron magnetic trapping in a plasma immersion ion implantation system

In this work we describe a two-dimensional computer simulation of magnetic field enhanced plasma immersion implantation system. Negative bias voltage of 10.0 kV is applied to a cylindrical target located on the axis of a grounded vacuum chamber filled with uniform nitrogen plasma. A pair of external coils creates a static magnetic field with main vector component along the axial direction. Thus, a system of crossed E×B field is generated inside the vessel forcing plasma electrons to rotate in azimuthal direction. In addition, the axial variation of the magnetic field intensity produces magnetic mirror effect that enables axial particle confinement. It is found that high-density plasma regions are formed around the target due to intense background gas ionization by the trapped electrons. Effect of the magnetic field on the sheath dynamics and the implantation current density of the PIII system is investigated. By changing the magnetic field axial profile (varying coils separation) an enhancement of about 30% of the retained dose can be achieved. The results of the simulation show that the magnetic mirror configuration brings additional benefits to the PIII process, permitting more precise control of the implanted dose.     

Preliminary design and multipacting simulation of a SRF quarter wave electron gun at Peking University

Peking University is designing a new SRF gun that is composed of a quarter wave resonator (QWR) and an elliptical cavity. Compared to the elliptical cavity, the QWR is sufficiently compact at the same frequency and its electric field is quasi-DC. The RF parameters are determined by optimization of QWR cavity structure and the possible multipacting locations are analyzed by 2D MP simulation. The simulation results show that multipacting is not a critical issue for our optimized cavity structure.     

Eddy current simulation in thick cylinders of finite length induced by coils of arbitrary geometry

Eddy currents are inevitably induced when time-varying magnetic field gradients interact with the metallic structures of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The secondary magnetic field produced by this induced current degrades the spatial and temporal performance of the primary field generated by the gradient coils. Although this undesired effect can be minimized by using actively and/or passively shielded gradient coils and current pre-emphasis techniques, a residual eddy current still remains in the MRI scanner structure. Accurate simulation of these eddy currents is important in the successful design of gradient coils and magnet cryostat vessels. Efficient methods for simulating eddy currents are currently restricted to cylindrical-symmetry. The approach presented in this paper divides thick conducting cylinders into thin layers (thinner than the skin depth) and expresses the current density on each as a Fourier series. The coupling between each mode of the Fourier series with every other is modeled with an inductive network method. In this way, the eddy currents induced in realistic cryostat surfaces by coils of arbitrary geometry can be simulated. The new method was validated by simulating a canonical problem and comparing the results against a commercially available software package. An accurate skin depth of 2.76 mm was calculated in 6 min with the new method. The currents induced by an actively shielded x-gradient coil were simulated assuming a finite length cylindrical cryostat consisting of three different conducting materials. Details of the temporal-spatial induced current diffusion process were simulated through all cryostat layers, which could not be efficiently simulated with any other method. With this data, all quantities that depend on the current density, such as the secondary magnetic field, are simply evaluated.     

基于螺线盘聚焦径向电子束的理论分析与仿真研究

对径向电子束在浸没式聚焦条件下的传输特性进行了理论分析,得到了束流传输过程中轴向扩张幅值与外加引导磁场强度之间的解析表达式。阐述了螺线盘在空间中任意一点产生磁场的理论,给出了通以相反方向电流的螺线盘之间磁场的分布规律。设计了一种基于螺线盘聚焦径向电子束的引导磁场系统,并对电子束的传输特性进行了仿真研究,结果表明径向电子束能够在设计的引导磁场系统下实现束流的稳定传输。     

325 MHz spoke腔的二次电子倍增效应

采用CST软件的粒子工作室模块, 对spoke超导腔中可能发生的二次电子倍增效应进行了分析研究,并采用二次电子倍增效应发生后形成稳定状态时的粒子数增长率来表征其强度。模拟计算表明:该腔存在两处二次电子倍增效应,spoke柱两端的两点一阶倍增; spoke腔两端侧壁与中心圆筒交界处的单点一阶倍增;二次电子倍增在加速腔压为0.65 MV时的增长率最高,而腔压大于1 MV时,增长率均为负,即无倍增发生。     

圆形复合式磁控溅射阴极设计及其放电特性模拟研究

基于二维有限元算法使用COMSOL软件对圆形复合式磁控溅射阴极的磁场进行了计算,结合Matlab优化工具箱分别采用遗传算法和模拟退火算法对圆形复合式磁控溅射阴极的结构进行优化,得到靶材利用率达到最大的最优结构.对得到的最优化磁控阴极,基于自洽粒子模拟方法,使用VSim软件对不同工况下的放电特性进行了模拟.研究发现随着磁场非平衡度的增加,阴极表面电势降落最大的位置和等离子体聚集的位置,沿着阴极表面外沿不断向阴极中心移动,阴极表面磁场的强度不断减小.随着磁场非平衡度的增加,等离子体密度先增加后减小,鞘层厚度先减小后增加,等离子体的密度和鞘层厚度不仅与磁场非平衡度有关,而且与磁场强度有关.最后根据粒子模拟的结果,对复合式磁控阴极的靶材刻蚀深度进行了研究.研究发现,在优化前后靶材的刻蚀范围从60 mm扩展至整个靶面,极大地提高了靶材利用率.     

基于粒子群与遗传算法的矩阵式梯度线圈优化设计

磁共振成像系统中的梯度线圈产生用于选层、频率编码和相位编码的梯度磁场.目前常用的梯度线圈是通过目标场法设计得到的.近些年来,由多个形状相同的线圈组成的矩阵式梯度线圈的梯度磁场均匀度和功率等指标也达到了较为满意的效果.本文首先提出了一种基于粒子群与遗传算法的、适用于开放式永磁型磁共振成像系统的矩阵式梯度线圈设计方法.然后对三个方向上的矩阵梯度线圈的电流分布进行了设计,每个方向上的矩阵式梯度线圈系统由224个大小相同的圆形线圈组成.最后利用有限元仿真软件对设计方案进行仿真计算,得到x、y方向上的平均非均匀度为0.851%,z方向上的平均非均匀度为1.013%,验证了本文提出的方法的有效性.基于该方法可以有效快速地对开放式磁共振成像系统的矩阵梯度线圈进行设计.     

Multipacting simulation and analysis of a taper quarter wave cavity by using Analyst-PT3P

Since the tapered quarter wave resonator (QWR) cavity is proven to have a much lower peak surface magnetic field in the short plate and a lower peak surface electric field near the beam tube compared with the straight outer conductor QWR, it has been recommended for the separated sector cyclotron linac injector system in the heavy ion research facility in Lanzhou. This paper is focused on the multipacting (MP) analysis for the tapered QWR with a frequency of 80.5 MHz and beta of 0.085. Using the Analyst program, MP bands can be simulated and analyzed with the Particle Tracking module to identify potential problems in the cavity design. This paper will present the simulation results of MP for the tapered QWR cavity.     

霍尔推力器磁场位形及其优化的数值研究

基于麦克斯韦方程,在轴对称假设下建立了霍尔推力器磁场的数学模型.用有限差分方法对模型进行了离散.给出了数值求解模型的迭代法.通过对模型的数值求解,得到了相应的数值结果.通过对所得数值结果的分析,研究了磁场线圈电流变化对霍尔推力器磁场位形的影响.通过调整磁场线圈电流的大小找到了理想磁场位形.研究表明,对于理想磁场位形,内通道的磁镜比在3—3.5之间,外通道的磁镜比在0.4—0.9之间;增加磁场线圈的电流,出口的磁场强度随着增加,但不能增加磁镜比.通道内部的磁场强度几乎不随着磁场线圈电流的变化而变化. 关键词： 霍尔推力器 磁场位形 磁场线圈电流 磁镜比     

Multi-objective optimization of gradient coil for benchtop magnetic resonance imaging system with high-resolution

Significant high magnetic gradient field strength is essential to obtaining high-resolution images in a benchtop mag- netic resonance imaging （BT-MRI） system with permanent magnet. Extending minimum wire spacing and maximum wire width of gradient coils is one of the key solutions to minimize the maximum current density so as to reduce the local heating and generate higher magnetic field gradient strength. However, maximum current density is hard to optimize together with field linearity, stored magnetic energy, and power dissipation by the traditional target field method. In this paper, a new multi-objective method is proposed to optimize the maximum current density, field linearity, stored magnetic energy, and power dissipation in MRI gradient coils. The simulation and experimental results show that the minimum wire spacings are improved by 159% and 62% for the transverse and longitudinal gradient coil respectively. The maximum wire width increases from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. Maximum gradient field strengths of 157 mT/m and 405 mT/m for transverse and lon- gitudinal coil are achieved, respectively. The experimental results in BT-MRI instrument demonstrate that the MRI images with in-plane resolution of 50 ~tm can be obtained by using the designed coils.     

Computer-assisted design of surface coils used in magnetic resonance imaging. I. The calculation of the magnetic field

For a number of reasons, it is desirable to fabricate coils which, for a known current, shall produce predetermined values of the magnetic field intensity at a number of points within a nuclear magnetic resonance imager. The calculation of the magnetic field intensity at a set of points involves the integration of the Biot-Savart equation for all components of the segments of conductor which make up the coil. This process in itself is a rather formidable task. When this process is parameterized in terms of coil diameter, coil spacing, etc. the problem is to determine the values of these parameters to match values of magnetic field intensities which are desired. The problem thereby increases in complexity to the point where, by ordinary methods, the problem becomes intractable. This note describes an algorithm and offers a computer subroutine to calculate magnetic fields for coils of arbitrary shape and complexity for fixed currents.     

带辅助磁场等离子体断路开关的数值模拟

 利用全电磁网格粒子方法模拟了外加磁场对等离子体断路开关（POS）断路性能的影响，给出了电压倍增系数与外加磁场的关系曲线。数值模拟表明，外加轴向磁场线圈必须放在同轴型POS阴极的同侧才能显著改善开关的断路性能；当外加角向磁场时，内电极为阴、阳极的同轴型POS的断路性能都得到了不同程度的改善。随着外加磁场的增大，电压倍增系数将达到饱和。     

Automatic compensation of magnetic field for a rubidium space cold atom clock

When the cold atom clock operates in microgravity around the near-earth orbit, its performance will be affected by the fluctuation of magnetic field. A strategy is proposed to suppress the fluctuation of magnetic field by additional coils, whose current is changed accordingly to compensate the magnetic fluctuation by the linear and incremental compensation. The flight model of the cold atom clock is tested in a simulated orbital magnetic environment and the magnetic field fluctuation in the Ramsey cavity is reduced from 17 nT to 2 nT, which implied the uncertainty due to the second order Zeeman shift is reduced to be less than 2×10~(-16). In addition, utilizing the compensation, the magnetic field in the trapping zone can be suppressed from 7.5 μT to less than 0.3 μT to meet the magnetic field requirement of polarization gradients cooling of atoms.     

Reduction of Effect of Concomitant Gradients in Low Magnetic Field MRI via Optimization of Gradient Magnetic System

The effect of concomitant magnetic fields emerging in conjunction with encoding gradients, which is important in the process of the magnetic resonance imaging in low fields, has been considered. The manifestations of concomitant magnetic fields in a concrete gradient system, namely in the system of two coaxial gradient coils, have been thoroughly analyzed. It has been suggested to improve the gradient system via optimization of the interspace between coils on the basis of the standard criterion of the minimum of root-mean-square deviation of the encoding field dependence from a linear one. It has been shown that the optimal interspace is not the Maxwell condition.     

大回旋半径电子枪渐变线圈磁场的设计及优化

对大回旋半径电子枪的渐变线圈磁场进行了设计,采用3个线圈实现所需要的渐变磁场分布,增加了线圈磁场系统的调节能力,理论和计算机仿真的磁场分布结果符合得很好。将实现的渐变磁场分布同给定的静电场分布相结合,通过求解带电粒子的运动方程得到了粒子轨迹,在此基础上建立大回旋半径电子枪的3维粒子仿真模型,在给定静电场分布条件下分析了3个线圈安匝数对电子束参数的影响,完成了工作电压为40 kV、工作电流为1 A的大回旋半径电子枪的参数优化,得到了横纵速度比为1.4～2.5,纵向速度离散小于8%(横纵速度比为1.9时)的大回旋半径电子束。     

反场构形的传输过程

介于惯性约束聚变与磁约束聚变之间的磁化靶聚变技术, 可能是一种实现纯聚变更低廉更有效的途径. 磁化靶聚变一般分为三个过程: 形成过程、传输过程和内爆压缩过程. 利用二维磁流体力学模拟程序MPF-2D, 对反场构形的传输过程进行了理论研究. 结果显示, 反场构形在传输过程中必须外加适当的磁场, 使得其内外磁压平衡, 才能维持其拓扑结构并进行稳定的传输. 还对初始磁压、传输磁场以及线圈间隙对反场构形传输过程的影响进行了详细的分析.     

Shim coil design for Halbach magnet by equivalent magnetic dipole method

Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance magnet(2 MHz) is required for rock core analysis. However, due to its low field strength, it is hard to achieve a high uniform B_0 field only by using the passive shimming. Therefore, active shimming is necessarily used to further improve uniformity for Halbach magnet. In this work, an equivalent magnetic dipole method is presented for designing shim coils. The minimization of the coil power dissipation is considered as an optimal object to minimize coil heating effect, and the deviation from the target field is selected as a penalty function term. The lsqnonlin optimization toolbox of MATLAB is used to solve the optimization problem. Eight shim coils are obtained in accordance with the contour of the stream function. We simulate each shim coil by ANSYS Maxwell software to verify the validity of the designed coils. Measurement results of the field distribution of these coils are consistent with those of the target fields.The uniformity of the B_0 field is improved from 114.2 ppm to 26.9 ppm after using these shim coils.