射频超导谐振腔中的电磁场研究

由高纯铌制成的射频超导谐振腔在高场时会出现Q值下降现象，这是高场下超导腔表面局部磁场增强所致. 为研究高场下超导腔表面的电磁场特性，用单cell超导腔设计了腔表面峰值磁场的研究实验. 通过对单cell超导腔表面峰值磁场的测量，可以确定超导腔焊缝及iris附近表面是否存在缺陷，以便进一步进行腔的处理来改进腔的性能.     

溅射方法干式处理超导加速腔表面的研究与分析

详细研究了利用超高真空氩离子清洗技术发展的一种超导铌腔表面的“干式”处理方法,从微观和宏观角度分析了溅射处理对铌的表面特性和对超导腔性能的影响.与传统的“湿式”处理方法(化学抛光BCP和电抛光EP)相比,干式处理方法具有结构简单、容易控制、没有污染等优点,是一种很有潜力的超导腔处理方法,可以提高超导腔的性能. 关键词： 超导加速腔 溅射 形貌分析 残留电阻比RRR     

改进铜铌溅射型QWR超导腔性能的探讨

通过直流偏压二级溅射方法，在无氧铜腔体表面溅射一层铌膜，研制了铜铌溅射型射频超导1/4波长谐振腔(quarter wave resonator,QWR)，该腔主要用于重离子的加速，是北京放射性核束装置中后加速部分的预研项目.目前国际上很多实验室都在研究进一步提高铜铌溅射型QWR超导腔的性能，通过多种方法的实验研究，发现在无氧铜衬底与铌膜之间加入一层氮 化铌（NbN）薄膜，可以使得表面铌膜的超导温度转变点由原来的8.8K提高到了接近9.6K ，该方法有可能成为提高QWR腔加速性能的重要途径，目前进一步研究正 关键词： 溅射 QWR超导腔 氮化铌NbN 超导温度     

Researches and Preliminary Experiments on Copper-Niobium Sputtered Low-β Superconducting Resonator

Superconducting resonator is the important component of a superconducting accelerator. The best choice of the acceleration cavity for heavy ion superconducting accelerator is quarter wave resonator (QWR). By sputtering a layer of niobium films of several microns on the OFHC copper substrate, good superconducting properties and acceleration properties of the cavity can be obtained. However, it is very difficult to get uniform niobium films by sputtering because the inner surface of the QWR is complicated. To deal with this problem, we developed a multiparameter adjusting method to control the sputtering process of different parts of the QWR. A layer of uniform niobium film with nice superconducting performance is obtained. The low temperature experiments with liquid helium show that the Cu Nb QWR has good superconducting characters. The Q value of the cavity is about 5×10⁸.     

Investigation on the fabrication of the 3rd harmonic superconducting cavity for the SSRF storage ring

A third harmonic superconducting niobium cavity has been proposed for installation in the Shang-hai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) storage ring to improve the Touschek lifetime. In order to investigate the feasibility of the superconducting cavity fabrication indigenously and the possibility to master the fabrica-tion techniques, cavities were fabricated from copper and niobium sheets by deep drawing and electron-beam welding, and a series of measurements, such as resonant frequency, shape dimensions and wall thickness, were carried out during this process. After analysis of various problems existing in the fabrication process, tech-nique improvements were proposed, and finally the precise shape as designed and resonant frequency within 1.2 MHz were achieved for the new completed cavities. In addition, full annealing was finally proved to be a good cure for niobium sheets' tearing up during deep drawing. By fabricating niobium cavities successfully, some problems to the next step were cleared. This paper introduces the process of cavity fabrication and its technique improvements towards forming, and the initial vertical test result of niobium cavity is also presented.     

Investigation on the fabrication of the 3rd harmonic superconducting cavity for the SSRF storage ring

A third harmonic superconducting niobium cavity has been proposed for installation in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility （SSRF） storage ring to improve the Touschek lifetime. In order to investigate the feasibility of the superconducting cavity fabrication indigenously and the possibility to master the fabrica tion techniques, cavities were fabricated from copper and niobium sheets by deep drawing and electron-beam welding, and a series of measurements, such as resonant frequency, shape dimensions and wall thickness, were carried out during this process. After analysis of various problems existing in the fabrication process, technique improvements were proposed, and finally the precise shape as designed and resonant frequency within 1.2 MHz were achieved for the new completed cavities. In addition, full annealing was finally proved to be a good cure for niobium sheets＇ tearing up during deep drawing. By fabricating niobium cavities successfully, some problems to the next step were cleared. This paper introduces the process of cavity fabrication and its technique improvements towards forming, and the initial vertical test result of niobium cavity is also presented.     

超导腔垂直测量系统中的磁屏蔽

简要介绍空间磁场对纯铌超导加速腔性能的影响,以及在超导腔垂直测量时对空间磁场进行有效屏蔽的方法.由于多数磁性材料对应力和温度变化非常敏感,而且国内缺乏在低温下相关磁屏蔽材料性能的数据,为此对8种国产铁磁和软磁材料在低温下的初始磁导率进行了测量,并给出了相应的测试结果.最后介绍了作者研制的1.3GHz超导腔垂直测量低温恒温器内置式磁屏蔽装置及其性能.     

Manufacture of superconducting niobium cavity parts by hydropercussion punching

A complete cycle of manufacturing all parts of superconducting niobium cavities which comprise two half-cells, two drift tubes, and two flanges each has been developed. The cavity half-cells are manufactured by hydropercussion punching, which has a number of advantages over the instrumental stamping technique. For the first time, the diagram of formability of ultrapure niobium has been experimentally obtained for hydropercussion punching and the key parameters of the process have been determined that ensure complete deep-drawing of workpieces, viz., the value of the limit drawing ratio of ultrapure niobium that is 1.92 at a specific impact energy of 0.42 MJ/m². The deviations of the half-cell dimensions from the rated values do not exceed 0.1 mm. Production tools required for all manufacturing steps have been created. The parameters of machining of the niobium cavity parts prior to welding have been experimentally established.     

超导在加速器中的应用概况

文中简要回顾了世界上已建造的大型超导加速器,重点介绍未来的超导加速器方案,对超导新材料在加速器中的应用研究以及我国超导在加速器中的应用研究情况作了简要介绍.     

Anomalous angular dependence of critical current in niobium films

An anomalous angular dependence of the critical current is observed in niobium films. This phenomenon manifests itself in the fact that, under small intensities of the external magnetic field, the critical current attains its maximum in a slightly tilted magnetic field. It is found that the position of the maximum depends on the external magnetic field, as well as on the initial conditions under which the samples were kept. A theoretical model is proposed to explain the results obtained. This model takes into account the effect of diamagnetic properties, pinning of vortices, and the initial conditions on the vortex system in Nb films.     

Cold RF test and associated mechanical features correlation of a TESLA-style 9-cell superconducting niobium cavity built in China

The RF performance of a 1.3 GHz 9-cell superconducting niobium cavity was evaluated at cryogenic temperatures following surface processing by using the standard ILC-style recipe. The cavity is a TESLA-style 9-cell superconducting niobium cavity, with complete end group components including a higher order mode coupler, built in China for practical applications. An accelerating gradient of 28.6 MV/m was achieved at an unloaded quality factor of 4×10⁹. The morphological property of mechanical features on the RF surface of this cavity was characterized through optical inspection. Correlation between the observed mechanical features and the RF performance of the cavity is attempted.     

A laser cavity used as an etalon for interferometric control of its own field

A quantitative relationship between the cavity parameters and the angular structure of the emission scattered in a parallel-plane active cavity filled with an arbitrary set of optical elements has been determined. The multipath interference into the active cavity is demonstrated to have properties which differ radically from similar processes in the etalon—among other things the relatively low finesse of the cavity interference rings is independent of the mirror quality and is a function of the Fresnel number only. The use of the operating laser cavity as an etalon for precise control of its own mode wave parameters is discussed.     

Y对Fe-Si-B 合金非晶形成能力及软磁性能的影响

本文通过铜模吸铸法和单辊甩带法分别制备出一系列楔形试样和非晶条带试样, 系统研究了稀土金属Y对Fe₇₈Si₉B₁₃合金非晶形成能力及其软磁性能的影响. 结果表明, 少量Y取代 Fe-Si-B 非晶合金中的Fe 可大大提高该合金的非晶形成能力并促进过冷液相区的产生. 当Y含量为3 at.%时, 合金具有最大的非晶形成能力, 其临界厚度为313 μm, 相应的非晶过冷液相区宽度达到65 K. 该系列非晶合金具有优良的软磁性能, 其矫顽力(H_c)均低于200 A/m, Y含量为1 at.%时, 饱和磁感应强度(B_s) 达到最大值1.67 T.     

The First Nine-Cell TESLA Cavity Made in China

A totally home-made 9-cell TESLA type superconducting cavity is mane at Peking University. The cavity abrication is according to DESY specification. The cavity is made of high purity niobium from OTIC, Ningxia. The electron beam welding is carried out at Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin. By the cooperation, the cavity is tested at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, USA. The preliminary result shows the acceleration gradient Eacc is 23 MV/m without quench and has potential for improvement.     

基于曲四面体单元剖分的CN E-H TDFEM方法

从采用Crank-Nicolson差分格式的基于麦克斯韦旋度方程的E-H时域有限元方法出发,将展开电场和磁场的叠层矢量基函数与曲四面体单元相结合.对金属球谐振腔及介质填充的圆柱形谐振腔的数值模拟表明：相较于规则四面体单元,在剖分单元数目相同的情况下,曲四面体单元离散表面弯曲结构可以获得更高的计算精度.同时,与0.5阶基函数结合曲四面体单元相比,1.0阶基函数与曲四面体单元结合可以用更少的单元数及未知量数目来获得更高的计算精度.     

Tuning for the first 9-cell TESLA cavity of PKU

A method based on circuit model is used to tune the first home-made 9-cell TESLA type superconducting niobium cavity at Peking University.After tuning,a flat field profile with a final π-mode frequency within 3 kHz of target frequency is achieved.The field flatness is measured by a bead-pull method,and the relative electric field is calculated from the frequency shift perturbed by the bead stepping along the axis of the cavity.     

北京大学国产大晶粒铌材超导腔的性能研究

大晶粒铌材是射频超导领域的研究热点之一. 采用大晶粒铌材的射频超导谐振腔, 其后处理工艺可以大大简化. 北京大学对此进行了深入细致的研究, 自主研制了采用国产大晶粒铌材的射频超导腔, 对这些超导腔进行了简单的表面处理, 包括标准的化学抛光(BCP)和120℃低温烘烤处理, 未进行非常复杂的电抛光处理, 低温性能测试结果表明其低温超导性能优越, 大晶粒1.3GHz超导腔的加速梯度达到了43.5MV/m, 为我国超导加速器的国产化打下了基础.     

NanoSQUID as magnetic sensor for magnetic nanoparticles characterization

Integrated magnetic sensors based on niobium dc SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) for nanoparticle characterizations are presented. The SQUIDs consists of two Dayem bridges of 90 nm × 250 nm and loop area of 4, 1, and 0.55 μm². The devices are realized by using an e-beam lithography nano-fabrication process which can directly pattern the devices in an electron-positive resist and then transferred to a 20 nm single niobium layer by a lift-off post-process. The SQUIDs were designed to have a hysteretic current–voltage characteristic in order to work as a magnetic flux-current transducer. The presence of an integrated niobium coil, tightly coupled to the SQUID, allows us to easily excite the SQUID and to flux bias the SQUID at its optimal working point. Current–voltage characteristics, critical current as a function of the external magnetic field and switching current distributions were performed at liquid helium temperature. A critical current modulation of about 20% and a current-magnetic flux transfer coefficient (responsivity) of 30 μA/Φ₀ have been obtained, resulting in a magnetic flux resolution better than 1 mΦ₀. The authors performed preliminary measurements with and without iron oxide nanoparticles on the SQUID loop in order to show the device sensitivity in view of nano-magnetism applications. It was showed that the presence of magnetic nanoparticles can be easily detected and the magnetic relaxation curve measured.     

射频超导腔加速性能的改进

 为提高超导加速腔的加速梯度和Q值，改进了薄膜型超导腔的加速性能。研究证明，对于铜铌溅射腔，在无氧铜衬底和铌膜之间加入NbN 层可以提高铌膜的超导转变温度，改善晶格结构；对纯铌超导腔提出了改进方法，在传统的纯铌超导腔表面制备多层的超导-绝缘-超导复合膜可以屏蔽Nb腔表面的界面场，提高超导腔的临界磁场，从而提高了铌腔的加速梯度。     

上海光源500MHz超导腔水平测试

上海光源是能量为3.5 GeV的第三代先进中能同步辐射光源,其储存环上安装了三台超导高频腔补偿电子因同步辐射等原因丢失的能量。为保障上海光源的长期稳定高效运行,中国科学院上海应用物理研究所和上海市低温超导高频腔技术重点实验室共同研制了具备低高次模损失参数和可承受更高入射功率的新型500 MHz超导腔,作为上海光源在线运行超导高频腔的备用腔。超导铌腔经低温垂直测试达到所需加速性能后,需要与高功率输入耦合器、高次模吸收器、低温恒温器等集成并完成水平测试,获得超导腔模组的加速性能、低温性能和真空性能。介绍了超导腔备用腔的研制、集成和测试过程,采用文丘里(Venturi)校准法获得模组的静态功耗反应模组的低温性能,并通过高功率测试获得了超导腔备用腔模组的加速性能。测试结果表明:自主研制的500 MHz超导腔备用腔满足上海光源的工作需求,在超导腔的加速腔压为2.0 MV时,无载品质因数为1.2×109 @4.2 K,且低温模组的静态热损耗为36.1 W。