“实验”内涵的演变及其教育启示

实验在物理教学中一直备受重视.在不同的语境之下,“实验”一词有着不同的含义.采用定量研究的方法,对中学物理课程标准中“实验”一词的含义进行了深入分析.结果表明：“实验”可以被理解为“实验室活动、实践活动”“教学法”“课程内容”“科学探究”等多种含义,并且在不同时期对“实验”的理解和使用呈现出不同的特点.在物理教育中,深入了解“实验”的多重意蕴,有利于全面发挥物理实验的教育价值,有效提升学生的核心素养.     

实验反思策略的实践与研究

为了提高中学物理实验教学效果,提出了“实验反思策略”,并通过“测定反应时间”和“测定玻璃砖的折射率”2个具体的案例,展示了“实验反思策略”的重要作用.     

以小见大——静电感应实验再探

关于静电相关的实验现象呈现“老大难”这一情况,以往的教师同行们都做了许多相关探究.文中展现了所在小组研究物理疑难实验过程中对“静电感应”实验的探索,以“静电感应”实验从前的一系列实验研究为基础,在此之上加以改进,减少实验用具,简化实验操作,增强实验成功几率,加强新手物理教师对实验的信心.     

金属薄膜制备及物性测量系列实验

介绍了由模拟真空实验和“金属薄膜的制备”、“金属薄膜厚度的测量”、“金属薄膜电阻率的测量”,以及“金属薄膜生长过程的动态监测”等4个实验组成的金属薄膜制备与物性测量系列实验.这组实验与现代科学技术发展联系紧密,仪器设备可靠,操作简单,适合于普通物理实验阶段的研究性教学.     

基于"三场相说"的研究创新型实验的模式分析

将潜科学的“三场相说”引入创新实验的研究领域,通过对潜科学的“三场相说”与研究创新型实验的特性分析,提出了基于“三场相说”的实验创新活动的新设计模式.     

告别忽悠实验迎合理论，彰显实验格物穷理初衷——对大学物理实验教材中光电效应实验线路能否展示遏止电压的追踪研究

本文以较为流行的几种物理实验教材中“光电效应实验线路”为例，探讨了大学物理实验是否“准确表达实验原理”、“实现教育目的”等问题，并指出应“告别忽悠实验迎合理论，彰显实验格物穷理初衷”。     

几个有趣的课堂引入小实验

物理教学实践表明,采用新颖的、趣味的、生动的、富有悬念的、参与性的实验有利于学生萌发热爱物理学的情感,产生强烈的求知欲.笔者尝试制作了“神奇的滤音电路”“神秘的光电实验”“有趣的电磁琴”“微安表的秘密”等作为新授课的引入实验,取得了不错的教学效果.     

微小位移测量仪

用“差动电容”传感器测量微小位移,可帮助学生完成“弹性模量的测量”等实验。应用现代测量技术,简化了实验过程,提高了实验精度。     

J2353电流化学效应演示器的改进

J 2353电流化学效应演示器,原是中学物理实验和化学实验共用的仪器,随着教学仪器的改进和发展,化学上有了专门的“电解水”等实验装置,根据物理教材的内容,现有“伏打电池”和“电镀”用到该仪器。特别是演示“伏打电池”电介质用稀硫酸,腐蚀性强、极板易损耗和极化,实验不易成功,成了普遍性的问题,个别教学设备较好的学校也不愿做这个实验。几年来,我在教学中,将 J 2353电流化学效应演示器作了改进,收到理想的教学效果,并增加了“水果电池”的演示,提高了     

大学物理实验课反溯教学方法研究

为促进新形势下的“大学物理实验”课程体系改革，推动“高素质、创新型”人才培养朝新方向、高水平前进，北京科技大学“大学物理实验课反溯教学方法研究”课题组提出了物理实验课反溯教学方法，将现代科技的最新发展引入课程，对反溯教学方法进行了探索。课题组从实验现象出发，引导学生反溯基本物理学概念、原理和现象，并相应组织编排物理实验内容，激发学生的探索欲和创造欲，全面提升学生的学习兴趣和学习能力。课题组从实验室建设、新教材建设、新实验编排、本科生科技创新、实验课程与最新科研项目结合等多个角度出发，对“大学物理实验”课程体系进行了全面深化，促进学生变“要我学”为“我要学”,并取得了一系列教学成果。     

"没有"与"为零"的区别--兼谈"能量"概念的物理意义

笔者最近有机会听了一些老师的初中物理课，在一些老师的“内能”概念教学实践中，笔者发现他们总是在想方设法运用各种教学手段强调如下两个教学要点：     

Dancing "atoms" and "molecules" of luminous gas-discharge spots

Highly localized, dynamic particle-like excitations are observed in a dc-driven, quasi-two-dimensional gas-discharge system. These localized excitations undergo a transition from isolated to aggregated state as the discharge current is increased. Although they provide us a macroscopic analogue of microscopic atoms and molecules, they are quite distinct from the latter in the point that they exhibit a rich variety of complex dynamics. The fact that these localized excitations can show synchronous dynamics even in distant places, together with recent theoretical studies, indicates that a global coupling plays an important role on the dynamics of such localized excitations.     

Observation of "Stick" and "Handle" intermediates along the fullerene road

The hypothesis that fullerenes grow in a carbon plasma by the addition of C2 units (the "fullerene road") has been widely acclaimed as the most plausible mechanism for formation of larger fullerenes including C60 and C70. Calculations suggest that the association of C2 with fullerenes proceeds through two classes of intermediates, "sticks" and "handles." Here we report the observation of these species using high-resolution ion-mobility measurements for C(n) cations generated by laser vaporization of graphite and laser desorption of C60. Sticks with up to eight-atom chains have also been found.     

"Aether drag" and moving images

We contrast the two situations in which either a light beam is incident on a moving medium or a moving optical image is incident on a stationary medium. The principle of relativity suggests that the effects on the light of propagating through the medium should be similar. We find, however, that there are subtle differences which we can understand in terms of the relative alignment of the Poynting and wave vectors. Our analysis and experiments investigate both translational motion and rotation.     

Ccontrolling the Transition Between "Higher" and "Lower" State of OB in Coherent Atomic Medium

We present a new experimental demonstration that the threshold points and shape of OB hysteresis curve in a four-level Rb atomic system inside an optical cavity were controllably changed by optical signals.Tuning the triggering optical signal to two different transitions of the atomic system we found that the OB threshold points shift toward different direction and at the same time the shape of the OB curve is also changed.For a given intensity of probe laser the OB system can be reliably inversed from its lower stable state to upper state under the triggering of a suitably tuned optical pulse signal (we named it up-controlling signal).More interesting, the inversed OB state does not drop to its initial lower stable state after the triggering pulse signal has passed, but moves to the upper branch of the initial OB curve and stably stays there until another optical signal tuned on other atomic transition (named down-controlling signal) coming.The result shows that there is the ability of information storage in the OB system.The experiments are reasonably explained with the change of cavity resonant condition resulting from the enhanced third-order nonlinearity in multilevel atomic system owing to atomic coherence.