核磁共振成像教学实验

利用超小型核磁共振成像仪，完成了核磁共振空间编码成像的一系列实验．研究了超小型核磁共振成像仪的性能，并对2种观赏植物、动物骨骼、蛔虫、蚯蚓等生物样品进行了核磁共振成像以及T1加权和氢核密度加权成像．     

核磁共振快速成像及其展望

快速成像为当前核磁共振成像技术中焦点之一。人体器官的运动、被验者的移动，均造成图像的缺陷，速度慢亦增加了成像成本，限制了核磁共振成像的普及。快速的核磁共振成像可能会给核磁共振成像带来实质性的变化，文章回顾了核磁共振快速成像技术发展的历史，讨论了它的现状和未来。     

自制微成像系统的Spiral快速成像实现

自制了一种核磁共振微成像系统,本系统只需4根通用的I/O并行口线,就可以利用常规的NMR谱仪进行核磁共振微成像实验. 文中给出了相关的控制软件、螺旋（Spiral）快速成像相关软件以及实现过程,最后给出实验结果.     

核磁共振成像技术的新进展（上）

核磁共振成像出现至今不过２０年左右。由于它在医学的诊断上起了很大的作用，使它在短短的２０年中取得了飞速的发展。本文在简述了核磁共振成像的基本原理和典型的实验方法──场梯度回波方法和自旋回波方法之后，分别介绍了近年来在快速成像，流体成像，化学移位成像和磁化率成像等方面的新进展。     

核磁共振成像技术的新进展

核磁共振成像出现至贪不过２０年左右。由于它在医学的诊断上起了很大的作用，使它在短短的２０年中取得了飞速的发展，本文在简述了核磁共振成像的基础原理和典型的实验方法－场梯度加波方法和自旋回波方法之后，分别介绍了近年来快速成像，流体成像，化学移位成像和磁化率成像等方面的新进展。     

核磁共振发现50周年

核磁共振在当前有着广泛和重要的应用，文中简明扼要地介绍了核磁共振发现的历史背景和经过，以及相关磁共振的发现，指出了核磁共振的特点、主要进展和多方面的应用，阐述了从核磁共振谱发展到核磁共振成像的重要意义及这种成像的特点；最后对核磁共振的发展作了若干展望。     

磁共振成像在医学上的应用

随着物理学的不断发展,应用医学上听诊和叩诊的声共振原理,共振现象已深入到原子核内部,这就是核磁共振成像（ＭＲＩ）．１ＭＲＩ成像简史 １９４６年,美国斯坦福大学的布劳克和哈佛大学的帕塞尔同时发现了核磁共振现象对结构分析,液体和固体的动态学观察做出了贡献．因此荣获１９５２年诺贝尔物理奖． 核磁共振现象被发现后,如同许多重大的物理事件被发现一样,即用于生命科学的研究上．经过科学家们不断地努力,１９７２年纽约州立大学的劳特布尔（Ｐ．Ｃ．Ｌａｕｔｅｒ－ｂｕｒ）等人首先报道利用核磁共振讯号重建图象的技术．近年…     

核磁共振成像

介绍核磁共振成像的物理原理及临床应用．     

大白鼠脑中风模型的核磁共振成像(英文)

核磁共振成像现今已经成为临床神经影像的常规工具.在诊断、评估和监测中风从急性到慢性的各个阶段的脑组织的变化过程中,核磁共振成像扮演了一个重要的角色.该综述提供了多种核磁共振成像方法的描述,以及选择性地展示了作者在美国亨利福特医院神经科核磁共振成像实验室所获得的大白鼠栓塞中风模型的核磁共振成像研究成果.     

脉冲动态核极化增强的NMR 和MRI 系统研究

该文介绍了一种自行设计和构建的可扩展脉冲动态核极化谱仪,可以实现核磁共振波谱与磁共振成像的功能．该仪器的新颖设计主要有：1) 采用基于PCIe 的分布式总线结构,能够极大地提高数据传输效率和通信可靠性,实现精确控制脉冲序列;2) 采用外部高速的DDR 芯片存储脉冲序列元素和FID 数据,可以极大的提高脉冲序列的执行速度,减少快速成像序列的TR 时间间隔;3) 采用时钟移相技术,可以精确产生分辨率为纳秒级别的数字脉冲．最后对该仪器的动态核极化-磁共振波谱与核磁共振成像功能进行了实验验证．     

一种基于时空变换和压缩感知的磁共振螺旋采样的图像重建算法

螺旋采样磁共振快速成像在功能性成像、并行成像和动态成像等领域发挥着越来越重要的作用.螺旋采样图像重建的传统算法是用核函数将螺旋状分布的k空间数据插值到均匀网格中,再利用傅里叶变换和最小二乘法进行重建.但是基于网格化的算法对核函数过于依赖,在网格化过程中产生难以避免的误差.该文提出了基于时空变换和压缩感知的l1范数的最优化模型和重建算法.时空变换矩阵描述了空间上的磁共振图像与采集到的时域信号间的关系,使得算法直接使用采集到的数据作为保真约束项,避免了网格化过程产生的误差.此外,基于图像处理单元的并行计算被用来提高时空变换矩阵的运算速度,使得算法具有较强的应用价值.     

螺旋MRI的网格化数据重建算法比较

螺旋MRI的原始数据是在不均匀的 k- 空间螺旋轨迹上采样得到的,需要通过网格化算法等手段将数据变成等间距的网格数据后,才能采用FFT进行重建,最后得到供临床使用的图像. 本文对Jackson网格化算法和Claudia大矩阵算法的重建速度和图像结果进行了比较, 并得出以下结论：1）在获得相近图像质量的情况下,Claudia大矩阵重采样算法比Jackson算法要快且更方便在仪器上实现. 2）在Jackson双倍细网格算法的实现方式中,数据驱动插值比网格驱动插值更有效率. 3）在Claudia大矩阵重采样算法中,对冗余比大于310∶1的数据进行图像重建的时候,网格点的幅值不平均化比平均化后的效果还要好. 这几个结论都将有利于MRI图像重建技术的进一步提高.      

Real-time color-flow MRI at 3 T using variable-density spiral phase contrast

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate and evaluate the performance of real-time color-flow MRI at 3 T using variable-density spiral (VDS) phase contrast. Spiral phase contrast imaging was implemented within a flexible real-time interactive MRI system that provided continuous image reconstruction and an intuitive user interface. The pulse sequence consisted of a spectral-spatial excitation, bipolar gradient, spiral readout and gradient spoiler. VDSs were utilized to increase spatial and/or temporal resolution relative to uniform-density spirals (UDSs). Parameter choices were guided by specific applications. Sliding window reconstruction was used to achieve a maximum display rate of 40 frames/s. No breath-holding or gating was used. Our results demonstrated that real-time color-flow movies using UDS and VDS provided adequate visualization of intracardiac flow, carotid flow and proximal coronary flow in healthy volunteers. Average aortic outflow velocity measured at the aortic valve plane using VDS was 29.4% higher than that using UDS. Peak velocity measured in the common carotid artery using VDS was 9.8% higher than that using UDS.     

Exploiting the wavelet structure in compressed sensing MRI

Sparsity has been widely utilized in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to reduce k-space sampling. According to structured sparsity theories, fewer measurements are required for tree sparse data than the data only with standard sparsity. Intuitively, more accurate image reconstruction can be achieved with the same number of measurements by exploiting the wavelet tree structure in MRI. A novel algorithm is proposed in this article to reconstruct MR images from undersampled k-space data. In contrast to conventional compressed sensing MRI (CS-MRI) that only relies on the sparsity of MR images in wavelet or gradient domain, we exploit the wavelet tree structure to improve CS-MRI. This tree-based CS-MRI problem is decomposed into three simpler subproblems then each of the subproblems can be efficiently solved by an iterative scheme. Simulations and in vivo experiments demonstrate the significant improvement of the proposed method compared to conventional CS-MRI algorithms, and the feasibleness on MR data compared to existing tree-based imaging algorithms.     

低场MRI系统中线扫描扩散张量成像方法的研究

磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)是在扩散加权成像(DWI)基础上发展起来的一种新型技术,可以无创伤显示脑白质纤维,诊断脑白质病变. 但是由于各种原因,DTI一般只在超导高场磁共振成像(MRI)仪器上进行,这就限制了这一重要诊断手段临床应用的广泛性. 本文在低场磁共振成像系统上应用线扫描实现了扩散张量成像,并测量了健康志愿者大脑内主要解剖结构的表观扩散系数(ADC)和各项异性分数(FA),得到的数据与高场仪器上的相关数据比较是吻合的. 因此临床上使用在低场强上得到的DTI图像评价脑白质是可行的,而且通常在临床上这也是足够的.     

Off-resonance frequency filtered magnetic resonance imaging

One of the main problems with rapid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques is the artifacts that result from off-resonance effects. The proposed off-resonance frequency filtered MRI (OFF-MRI) method focuses on the elimination of off-resonance components from the image of the observed object. To maintain imaging speed and simultaneously achieve good frequency selectivity, MRI is divided into two steps: signal acquisition and post-processing.     

Simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging of diffusion anisotropy and diffusion gradient

The theory of diffusion gradient-weighted MRI (DGWI) is presented in this paper. The Bloch-Torrey equation was modified to include the effect of intravoxel spatial-location variation of water diffusion (diffusion gradient) on MRI signal, in addition to the effect of intravoxel spatial-direction variation of water diffusion (diffusion anisotropy). An analytical solution for a diffusion-encoding spin-echo pulse sequence was derived. Unlike water diffusion which attenuates the image signal intensity, this newly derived solution relates the spatial gradient of the water diffusion with the phase of the image signal. This novel MRI technique directly measures both the water diffusion and its spatial gradient, and thus offers a noninvasive imaging tool to simultaneously investigate the intravoxel inhomogeneity and anisotropy of tissue structures. In addition, as demonstrated with our preliminary data, this new method may be utilized to delineate the interfaces of tissues with different diffusion. This method is an extension of the successful diffusion tensor MRI (DTI), but requires no additional data acquisition. In addition to the measured diffusion tensor, this new method provides measurements of the spatial derivatives of the three principal diffusivities of the tensor, thereby providing additional information for improving white matter fiber tractography.     

Parallel MRI at microtesla fields

Parallel imaging techniques have been widely used in high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multiple receiver coils have been shown to improve image quality and allow accelerated image acquisition. Magnetic resonance imaging at ultra-low fields (ULF MRI) is a new imaging approach that uses SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) sensors to measure the spatially encoded precession of pre-polarized nuclear spin populations at microtesla-range measurement fields. In this work, parallel imaging at microtesla fields is systematically studied for the first time. A seven-channel SQUID system, designed for both ULF MRI and magnetoencephalography (MEG), is used to acquire 3D images of a human hand, as well as 2D images of a large water phantom. The imaging is performed at 46 mu T measurement field with pre-polarization at 40 mT. It is shown how the use of seven channels increases imaging field of view and improves signal-to-noise ratio for the hand images. A simple procedure for approximate correction of concomitant gradient artifacts is described. Noise propagation is analyzed experimentally, and the main source of correlated noise is identified. Accelerated imaging based on one-dimensional undersampling and 1D SENSE (sensitivity encoding) image reconstruction is studied in the case of the 2D phantom. Actual threefold imaging acceleration in comparison to single-average fully encoded Fourier imaging is demonstrated. These results show that parallel imaging methods are efficient in ULF MRI, and that imaging performance of SQUID-based instruments improves substantially as the number of channels is increased.     

Correlation imaging with arbitrary sampling trajectories

The presented work aims to develop a generalized linear approach to image reconstruction with arbitrary sampling trajectories for high-speed MRI. This approach is based on a previously developed image reconstruction framework, “correlation imaging”. In the presented work, correlation imaging with arbitrary sampling trajectories is implemented in a multi-dimensional hybrid space that is formed from the physical sampling space and a virtually defined space. By introducing an undersampling trajectory with both uniformity and randomness in the hybrid space, correlation imaging may take advantage of multiple image reconstruction mechanisms including coil sensitivity encoding, data sparsity and information sharing. This hybrid-space implementation is demonstrated in multi-slice 2D imaging, multi-scan imaging, and radial dynamic imaging. Since more information is used in image reconstruction, it is found that hybrid-space correlation imaging outperforms several conventional techniques. The presented approach will benefit clinical MRI by enabling correlation imaging to be used to accelerate multi-scan clinical protocols that need different sampling trajectories in different scans.     

Magnetic resonance imaging as an adjunct to sonography in the evaluation of the female pelvis

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis is generally considered to be most beneficial in those cases where the pelvic sonogram is limited or equivocal. All cases that underwent both sonographic and MRI examinations at our institution for the evaluation of the female pelvis in the past two years were retrospectively reviewed. We reviewed the sonographic and MRI reports and the subsequent clinical management in the 41 cases that had both studies to assess whether MRI contributed to the clinical management decision. Both studies were interpreted independently based upon the known clinical and laboratory data available at the time. MRI was obtained in 21 cases because the sonogram was suboptimal or inconclusive. In the other 20 cases it was obtained for additional information, even though the sonogram was diagnostic. Of the 21 inconclusive sonographic studies, MRI established or clarified the diagnosis in all cases. Of the 20 studies where MRI was obtained for additional information, MRI added useful data that helped contribute to the clinical management of 11 patients. MRI is an important adjunct to pelvic sonography. It established, clarified, or added significant data in 78% of cases.