圆形平面换能器产生的二次谐波声场及对非线性声参量成像的影响

在利用二次谐波进行非线性声参量B／A层析成像中,发射换能器的声场特性,尤其是在近场区域的特性对成像结果的定性及定量分析极其重要。本文从理论及实验上分析了圆形平面活塞换能器在传播介质中产生的二次谐波声场,就其对非线性声参量成像的影响进行了分析和讨论．研究结果有助于在非线性声参量成像中降低重建误差,提高分辨灵敏度．     

基于等效弹性模量的微裂纹-超声波非线性作用多阶段模型

提出了一种基于等效弹性模量的微裂纹-超声波非线性作用多阶段模型.该模型将微裂纹微观层面的界面几何特征和宏观层面的界面相对运动统一为介观单元弹性模量的变化,利用等效弹性模量表征损伤区域的"应力-应变",然后利用分段函数来描述微裂纹-超声波非线性相互作用,最后通过有限元仿真对波动方程进行求解,验证了模型的有效性,获得了超声波在经过微裂纹后传播的非线性波动规律.仿真结果表明本文提出的模型相比于双线性刚度模型、接触面模型,能更好地体现一个谐波周期内超声波经过微裂纹损伤区域时波形会发生畸变.同时,仿真实验还分析了裂纹倾角、裂纹长度和超声波激励幅值对超声波经过微裂纹后产生的二次和三次谐波的幅值的影响.最后,对比分析了该模型的仿真计算结果与实验测试结果,表明本文提出的多阶段模型与实验测试均能较好地体现微裂纹-超声波非线性作用产生的二次谐波信号,且结果基本一致,验证了模型的有效性.该模型为开展超声波非线性效应定量检测微裂纹提供了一种新的仿真手段.     

双折射吸收非线性介质薄膜中倍频的产生

从二次谐波电场满足的波动方程出发,考虑到介质对二次谐波的吸收以及把完全边界条件应用于基频波和二次谐波在介质的入射面和出射面之间的反射效应,推导出了单光轴非线性薄膜介质中的二次谐波输出功率的计算式.结果表明：当采用复折射率的概念时,可以把非线性无吸收介质的二次谐波输出功率计算式应用到非线性吸收介质二次谐波输出功率计算式中去. 关键词： 非线性 倍频 二次谐波功率     

双折射吸收非线性介质薄膜中倍频的产生

从二次谐波电场满足的波动方程出发，考虑到介质对二次谐波的吸收以及把完全边界条件应用于基频波和二次谐波在介质的入射面和出射面之间的反射效应，推导出了单光轴非线性薄膜介质中的二次谐波输出功率的计算式.结果表明：当采用复折射率的概念时，可以把非线性无吸收介质的二次谐波输出功率计算式应用到非线性吸收介质二次谐波输出功率计算式中去.     

二维矩形波导管中的非线性声传播

本文采用部分波和二阶微扰理论对二维矩形波导管内声波的非线性传播问题进行了研究。由二次谐波的边界条件和初始条件，可得到物理图象清晰、便于计算的二次谐波声场解析式。结果表明，不同基波传播模式间的相互作用不存在二阶非线性，管内任意振幅分布的稳态激发源产生的二次谐波为各个模式二次谐波之和，且二次谐波声场分布具有对称性。     

各向异性固体板中的非线性超声导波

将超声导波的非线性视为线性波动响应的一个二阶微扰,采用二阶微扰近似和导波的模式展开分析方法,从理论上研究了各向异性固体板中超声导波的二次谐波发生效应,给出了超声导波二次谐波声场的一般形式解.板材的各向异性可从多个方面对二次谐波发生效应产生影响,尤其是板材各向异性引起的导波模式相速度的改变,可显著地影响到构成导波二次谐波声场的二倍频导波模式随传播距离的积累增长程度.根据理论分析和数值计算结果可知,在不同传播方向上超声导波的非线性效应存在较显著的差异,伴随基频导波模式的传播所发生的二次谐波对固体板材的各向异性表现出更为敏感的性质,这一结果可为准确定征板材的弹性各向异性提供一种理论依据.     

有限振幅驻波声场中的分岔实验研究

在一维有限振幅驻波声场中观察到了分岔现象。除了理论所预期的高次谐波存在外，次谐波、分数谐波亦存在于有限振幅驻波声场中。随基波声压级提高，最终达到混饨状态。     

基于Fourier-Bessel级数的Bessel型超声场二次谐波近场特性研究

将Fourier-Bessel级数引入KZK方程的求解，用于计算黏滞媒质中零阶Bessel型超声场的二次谐波声场，得到其级数形式的解析解，并由此得出二次谐波声场在近场分布的一个新结论.设声源表面声压分布为J₀(α₀r)，则二次谐波声压在近场的径向分布服从J²₀(α₀r)函数规律.这一结论合理解释了相关的实验结果，表明二次谐波声场在近场和远场有不同的径向分布，从而解决了非线性Bessel型超声场二次谐波的近场分布问题.研究还发现二次谐波声场具有类似基波声场的有限衍射特性.给出了一个数值计算和仿真实例.     

分层结构中兰姆波二次谐波发生的模式展开分析

采用二阶微扰近似和模式展开方法,对分层结构中兰姆波的二次谐波发生问题进行了深入研究,得到了二次谐波声场的一般表达式。兰姆波在分层结构中传播时,固体板材的体弹性非线性效应导致在各固体层的内部及表面出现二倍频的体驱动力及面驱动应力,其作用是在分层结构中激发出一系列二倍频兰姆波的简正模式,这些简正模式的叠加即构成分层结构中兰姆波的二次谐波声场。当构成二次谐波声场的某一二倍频兰姆波简正模式的相速度等于基频兰姆波的相速度时,该二倍频兰姆波简正模式分量表现出随传播距离积累增长的性质。本文还就铝板-环氧粘接层-铝板结构中兰姆波的二次谐波声场进行了数值分析,结果显示,软粘接层性质对二次谐波声场的影响很大。     

非线性声场中的参量激发

本文基于求解单频声波方程近似解的方法,得到了非线性声场中谐波的声压与介质性质、初始声压幅值及频率之间的定量关系.并对两列相对声压幅值和相对频率不同情况下的声场分布进行了研究.通过分析单、双频声源辐射场中的谐波分布和传播规律发现:在非线性声场中会不断地出现新的谐波,激发的各阶谐波随着声波传播距离的增大逐渐增强而后减弱.在声源的附近,谐波的声压随基波声压振幅的增大而增大;但在基波的频率增大时反而会减小.在输入总声能相同的情况下,与单频声场相比双频声源辐射场的声能量分布较均匀,声的传播距离较大,远场中的谐波含量较大.结果表明,基波的频率越高,衰减得越快,谐波的积累越缓慢;声压的极值越大,基波声能量转移得越多,产生的谐波越多,基波的衰减越快,声压对远场声能的负效应增大;如果改用多频声源,并适当地控制输入声波的组成成分,可以达到改善声场分布均匀性、增大声辐射距离的效果.     

非线性波动方程的新数值迭代方法

提出了一种新的求解非线性波动方程的数值迭代法,它是一种半解析的方法.与完全的数值计算方法扰法相比,它能够考虑各阶谐波的相互作用,且能够满足能量守恒定律.用它研究了非线性声波在液体中的传播性质,结果表明,在微扰法适用的声强范围内迭代法也适用,在微扰法不适用的一个较宽的声强范围内迭代法依然适用.     

Cumulative solutions of nonlinear longitudinal vibration in isotropic solid bars

Based on the strain invariant relationship and taking the high-order elastic energy into account, a nonlinear wave equation is derived, in which the excitation, linear damping, and the other nonlinear terms are regarded as the first-order correction to the linear wave equation. To solve the equation, the biggest challenge is that the secular terms exist not only in the fundamental wave equation but also in the harmonic wave equation （unlike the Duffing oscillator, where they exist only in the fundamental wave equation）. In order to overcome this difficulty and to obtain a steady periodic solution by the perturbation technique, the following procedures are taken： （i） for the fundamental wave equation, the secular term is eliminated and therefore a frequency response equation is obtained; （ii） for the harmonics, the cumulative solutions are sought by the Lagrange variation parameter method. It is shown by the results obtained that the second- and higher-order harmonic waves exist in a vibrating bar, of which the amplitude increases linearly with the distance from the source when its length is much more than the wavelength; the shift of the resonant peak and the amplitudes of the harmonic waves depend closely on nonlinear coefficients; there are similarities to a certain extent among the amplitudes of the odd- （or even-） order harmonics, based on which the nonlinear coefficients can be determined by varying the strain and measuring the amplitudes of the harmonic waves in different locations.     

通过梯形激光场和半周期场的合成扩展高次谐波截止频率

本文提出了一个在少周期梯形激光场上叠加半周期场来扩展高次谐波谱截止频率的方案.通过采用求解含时薛定谔方程,理论模拟了一维模型氢分子离子体系在不同激光场条件下的高次谐波谱,并结合时频分布图,分析了半周期场对高次谐波产生的影响.计算结果表明,使用梯形激光和半周期场的组合方法,可以有效实现扩展谐波截止频率的目的 .     

Detection of fatigue-induced micro-cracks in a pipe by using time-reversed nonlinear guided waves: a three-dimensional model study

Localization of fatigue-related micro-cracks in pipelines is of increasing importance in industrial applications. A three-dimensional (3D) fatigue-crack imaging technique combining nonlinear guided waves with time reversal is proposed in this paper for potential applications in pipeline inspections. By using this method, the non-classical nonlinear guided waves generated from micro-cracks with hysteretic behavior are recorded, and the third harmonic waves are used to reconstruct the fatigue-crack images in a pipe by using a time reversal (TR) process. The feasibility of this method is examined by the imaging simulations for a steel pipe with varied defect areas. A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) code is programmed to solve the wave equations under cylindrical coordinates, and simulate the experimental process of wave propagation. The results show that: (1) the proposed technique has excellent spatial retrofocusing capability; (2) the accuracy of defect localization and sizing depends on the crack orientation and the adopted guided wave mode; and (3) different displacement/stress components have varied sensitivities to the crack orientation.     

Experimental study of nonlinear acoustical effects in limestone

Results of an experimental and theoretical study of nonlinear acoustic effects (amplitude-dependent loss, resonance frequency shift, second and third harmonic generation, and sound by sound damping) in a limestone bar resonator are reported. The observed effects are analytically described in the framework of phenomenological equations of state with allowance for the low-frequency hysteretic nonlinearity and the high-frequency dissipative nonlinearity. Experimental and analytical dependences of nonlinear effects are compared to find the parameters of the hysteretic and dissipative nonlinearities of the limestone sample studied.     

Acoustic nonlinearity parameter tomography for biological tissues via parametric array from a circular piston source--theoretical analysis and computer simulations

The acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A describes the nonlinear features of a medium and may become a novel parameter for ultrasonic tissue characterization. This paper presents a theoretical analysis for acoustic nonlinear parameter tomography via a parametric array. As two primary waves of different frequencies are radiated simultaneously from a circular piston source, a secondary wave at the difference frequency is generated due to the nonlinear interaction of the primary waves. The axial and radial distributions of sound pressure amplitude for the generated difference frequency wave in the near field are calculated by a superposition of Gaussian beams. The calculated results indicated that the difference frequency component of the parametric array grows linearly with distance from the piston source. It therefore provides a better source to do the acoustic nonlinearity parameter tomography because the fundamental and second harmonic signals both have a near field that goes through many oscillations due to diffraction. By using a finite-amplitude insert substitution method and a filtered convolution algorithm, a computer simulation for B/A tomography from the calculated sound pressure of the difference frequency wave is studied. For biological tissues, the sound attenuation is considered and compensated in the image reconstruction. Nonlinear parameter computed tomography (CT) images for several biological sample models are obtained with quite good quality in this study.     

通过梯形激光场和半周期场的合成扩展高次谐波截止频率

本文提出了一个在少周期梯形激光场上叠加半周期场来扩展高次谐波谱截止频率的方案。通过采用求解含时薛定谔方程,理论模拟了一维模型氢分子离子体系在不同激光场条件下的高次谐波谱,并结合时频分布图,分析了半周期场对高次谐波产生的影响。计算结果表明,使用梯形激光和半周期场的组合方法,可以有效实现扩展谐波截止频率的目的。     

通过双色场和静电场的合成来拓宽高次谐波谱

本篇文章提出了一种通过双色激光场和静电场合成来拓宽高次谐波谱平台区域的方案.我们针对氦原子数值求解了一维含时薛定谔方程,并且得到了不同合成激光场条件下的高次谐波谱,并结合了经典电离-回碰动能分布图和时频分布图分析了静电场对高次谐波谱产生过程的影响.计算结果表明,通过在双色激光场上叠加一个静电场,可以有效地拓宽高次谐波谱的平台区域,从而得到一个频带宽度为358eV的超连续谱.     

Numerical simulations of type-III solar radio bursts

The first numerical simulations are presented for type-III solar radio bursts in the inhomogeneous solar corona and interplanetary space, that include microscale quasilinear and nonlinear processes, intermediate-scale driven ambient density fluctuations, and large scale evolution of electron beams, Langmuir and ion sound waves, and fundamental and harmonic electromagnetic emission. Bidirectional coronal emission is asymmetric between the upward and downward directions, and harmonic emission dominates fundamental emission. In interplanetary space, fundamental and/or harmonic emission can be important. Langmuir and ion sound waves are bursty and the statistics of Langmuir wave energy agree well with the predictions of stochastic growth theory.     

高频聚焦超声声场和温度场的仿真研究

为探究临床常用的7 MHz高频聚焦超声在多层生物组织中的声传播以及毫秒级时间内的生物传热规律问题,基于Westervelt方程和Pennes传热方程,使用有限元方法建立高频聚焦超声辐照多层组织的非线性热黏性声传播及传热模型。首先分析了线性模型和非线性模型之间的差异,然后在非线性模型下探究换能器的参数对声场和温度场的影响。仿真结果显示：在7 MHz频率下,当换能器输出声功率超过5 W时,声波传播的非线性效应不可忽视(p <0.05);当声功率从5 W增大到15 W时,非线性模型与线性模型预测的温度偏差从20%增加到34.703%;高频聚焦超声波的非线性行为比低频更加显著,基频能量向高次谐波转移的程度增大,声功率为10 W和15 W时4次谐波与基波之比分别达到7.33%和12.12%;高频换能器参数的改变对组织中声场和温度场分布的影响较大,换能器焦距从12 mm减小到11.2 mm,焦点处最高温度增加了77%。结果表明,7 MHz聚焦超声的非线性声传播需要考虑到4次谐波的影响。该文提出的多层组织非线性仿真模型可为高频聚焦超声换能器参数优化及制定安全、有效的术前治疗方案提供理论参考。