考虑环境的能量转换系统环境(火用)经济建模与优化

按照能量转换系统中(火用)流及废物流变化特征,提出了增设废物处理子系统进行系统排放废物的达标处理,并将整个系统划分为能量转换主子系统及废物治理附属子系统.给出了两个子系统各自的同时考虑热力学、经济学、环境三个目标的环境(火用)经济优化目标及相应的约束条件;提出了能量转换系统的环境(火用)经济分解协调优化策略,在子系统分别优化的基础上协调,达到系统全局的优化.     

考虑环境成本的能量系统(火用)经济学分析模型

随着可持续发展战略的实施,对传统的(火用)经济学提出了新的挑战。本文在传统佣经济学分析的基础上,将环境成本引入到(火用)经济学分析中,首先提出了“广义子系统”的概念,建立了包括(火用)环境成本平衡在内的各种平衡方程;在系统生产结构的描述中,将系统中的(火用)流划分成外界输入(火用)流、内部(火用)流以及向外界输出(火用)流三类,最终建立了以矩阵形式表示的各种平衡方程,用于求解系统中各股(火用)流的单位(火用)成本、单位(火用)经济成本、单位环境成本、单位综合(火用)经济成本等性能参数。最后针对某国产200MW机组进行了实例计算。     

复杂系统能量传递-转换模型(Ⅰ)

(火用)效率是以(火用)的概念进行系统分析和综合的目标函数。它的定义是否正确和合理,将直接关系到这些工作的结果。 本文将复杂的生产系统看成一个复杂的能量传递-转换系统。如何正确和合理定义复杂的能量传递-转换系统(火用)效率,是一个尚未解决的问题。本文用文献[1]提出的“能量单元”概念,运用系统工程的方法,从考察能量单元间连接的关系上,提出了几种典型的复杂系统能量传递-转换模型及其(火用)效率定义式,由此明确节     

基于(火积)理论的热系统分析和优化的能量流法

熵产、炳损最小等准则函数法及传统能量流法是热系统性能优化的常用方法,但这些方法难以整体揭示热系统中的部件特性和拓扑特征,增加了系统整体分析和优化的难度。本文基于(火积)理论,利用流体进口温差(或算数平均温差)为特征温差重新定义了换热器的热阻,揭示了热量输运中驱动力和阻抗的本构关系,提出了换热器稳态性能分析的能量流法。在此基础上,针对双回路热管理系统,根据其拓扑特征及换热器的热阻构建了系统的能量流模型;基于基尔霍夫定律,揭示了系统中包含传递和输运两种阻力的热量整体输运规律。最后,应用拉格朗日乘子法优化该系统,获得了系统中换热器的最小总热导及热容量流的最佳分配,说明了本文基于(火积)理论提出的新能量流法在热系统分析和优化中的先进性。     

单耗分析理论与结构系数法的对比分析

本文简要阐述了结构系数法和能源利用的单耗分析理论,并针对链式系统进行了初步的对比分析;尽管都是基于热力学第二定律的分析方法,并且它们的结果有一定的相似性,但结构系数法存在某些错误。比较而言,单耗分析理论显得更全面,也更实用。本文以锅炉供热系统为对象进行了详细的单耗分析,对系统中间子系统的(火用)耗损变化所带来的影响进行了详细的分析,结果证明结构系数法所作的“某一子系统(火用)效率变化,其他子系统(火用)效率不变”的假设是不恰当的, 其结论也是不准确的。     

物质系统的和的统一表达式

文献[1]指出,在物质流的能量方程中,pv这一项不是物质所携有的一种能量(流动能),而是克服压力所作的流动功.但是现有的物质系统的(火用)和(火无)的计算公式(例如文献[2])中,仍然将pv这一项视为物质流所携有的一种能量.文献[3]得到了一个(火用)和(火无)的统一公式.但是文献[3]将pv这一项视为环境功l_am.还有,文献[3]的(火无)的统一公式中不包括u_am,这也是不合理的.     

热网加热器的热经济优化设计

一、引言 传统的能量利用过程热力学第二定律分析是以提高系统的(火用)效率或减小其熵产作为寻优目标。然而,不同过程的不可逆性损失的来源、性质等可能不同,不可按一种耗散过程同等对待,因此有必要从能量的经济价值入手研究这一问题。 热经济优化设计手段已应用于能量利用过程的设计之中。因此,根据耗散(火用)分类及其设计思想,本文建立了换热器热经济优化设计的数学模型,并应用于热网加热器的优化设计之中。     

热力学(火用)的基本表达式与应用

把系统和环境构成的多相复合系统作为(火用)的物质属体,进一步明确了(火用)的定义,直接从理论上给出热力学(火用)的基本表达式,该式适用于均相或多相开口系统、封口系统、稳流系统等各类物理化学(火用)的计算。     

工程热物理学报2003年第24卷总目录

期(页)水煤浆与干粉给料方式两种IGCC系统的(火用)分析…………………刘泽龙 金红光 高林 郝少军 蔡睿贤 1(1)中高温热泵工质及试台研究、………………………………刘南希 史琳 李扬帆 韩礼钟 1(5)考虑环境的能量转换系统环境佣经济建模与优化…………………………陈清林 朱雪飞 王松平 尹清华 华贲 1(9)碳氢化合物/阻燃剂混合工质替代HCFC22的研究………………王怀信 李海龙 马利敏 1(13)论“一氧化氮的分子行为特性及其在生命科学中之重要意义”………………………童景山 1(16)     

冷热电联产系统的评价准则

本文通过对以燃气轮机回热循环为动力系统的冷热电联产系统进行热力学分析,对几种常用的评价准则进行了比较。通过分析,认为能量利用系数将冷、热、电等各股能量等价看待,(火用)效率过分看重能量的作功能力,折合发电效率过分关注冷、热能的输出,均不适于冷热电联产系统的评价;节能率反映的是输入能量的使用情况,经济(火用)效率在某种程度上是经济性的表现,比较适于冷热电联产系统的评价。研究中发现,燃气轮机温比有利于系统性能的提高,但针对不同的目标有不同的最佳压比;在节能率的使用中需要明确参照系统的性能。     

Comparative Analysis of Energy and Exergy Performance of Hydrogen Production Methods

The study of the viability of hydrogen production as a sustainable energy source is a current challenge, to satisfy the great world energy demand. There are several techniques to produce hydrogen, either mature or under development. The election of the hydrogen production method will have a high impact on practical sustainability of the hydrogen economy. An important profile for the viability of a process is the calculation of energy and exergy efficiencies, as well as their overall integration into the circular economy. To carry out theoretical energy and exergy analyses we have estimated proposed hydrogen production using different software (DWSIM and MATLAB) and reference conditions. The analysis consolidates methane reforming or auto-thermal reforming as the viable technologies at the present state of the art, with reasonable energy and exergy efficiencies, but pending on the impact of environmental constraints as CO₂ emission countermeasures. However, natural gas or electrolysis show very promising results, and should be advanced in their technological and maturity scaling. Electrolysis shows a very good exergy efficiency due to the fact that electricity itself is a high exergy source. Pyrolysis exergy loses are mostly in the form of solid carbon material, which has a very high integration potential into the hydrogen economy.     

基于光声光谱技术的NO,NO2气体分析仪研究

NO, NO₂是大气污染源中的常见气体, 对环境具有严重的危害性. 为检测污染源中这两种气体的浓度, 构建了成本较低的基于红外热辐射光源的光声光谱气体检测系统. 分析计算得到了NO, NO₂ 在2500–6667 nm波段吸收谱线. 通过建立光声传输线RLC振荡电路模型和仿真得到品质因数、声压大小与谐振腔长、内腔半径以及调制频率的关系, 据此设计了光声池几何结构. 实验表明该系统所测得的光声信号与气体浓度有很好的线性关系, 并且对NO, NO₂气体极限检测灵敏度分别达到4.01 和1.07 μL. 通过调节激光发射波长和选取滤波片, 该系统还可用于其他微量气体的浓度检测. 关键词： 大气污染 光声光谱 气体检测     

Exergy-Based Multi-Objective Optimization of an Organic Rankine Cycle with a Zeotropic Mixture

In this paper, the performance of an organic Rankine cycle with a zeotropic mixture as a working fluid was evaluated using exergy-based methods: exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental analyses. The effect of system operation parameters and mixtures on the organic Rankine cycle’s performance was evaluated as well. The considered performances were the following: exergy efficiency, specific cost, and specific environmental effect of the net power generation. A multi-objective optimization approach was applied for parametric optimization. The approach was based on the particle swarm algorithm to find a set of Pareto optimal solutions. One final optimal solution was selected using a decision-making method. The optimization results indicated that the zeotropic mixture of cyclohexane/toluene had a higher thermodynamic and economic performance, while the benzene/toluene zeotropic mixture had the highest environmental performance. Finally, a comparative analysis of zeotropic mixtures and pure fluids was conducted. The organic Rankine cycle with the mixtures as working fluids showed significant improvement in energetic, economic, and environmental performances.     

涡流管性能的热力学分析

涡流管是一种新型的能量分离装置,热力学参数和几何参数对其的性能影响很大。该文依据热力学第一、第二定律,建立了涡流管能量分离过程热力学模型,将不可逆过程可用能损失归结为热量火用收益和压力损失两部分,获得了一种基于热力学火用分析的涡流管性能优化新途径。结合不同进气压力、喷嘴数和冷端出口直径的涡流管能量分离性能实验,得到上述诸因素对涡流管能量分离过程中火用变化的影响,通过对能量分离过程中热量火用收益和压力损失的比较,实现了涡流管能量分离性能的优化设计。     

Study on ultrasonic treatment for degradation of Microcystins (MCs)

In recent years, The ecological environment of rivers and lakes have been seriously polluted, and the eutrophication of water bodies has become increasingly prominent, which not only seriously affects the living environment of surrounding residents, but also poses a major threat to the ecological security of water environment. The growth of algae is characterized by short cycle, rapid reproduction and great harmfulness. Conventional algal removal technology is expensive, easy to produce secondary pollution, and difficult to effectively inhibit algae outbreaks, therefore, a new environmental protection technology, ultrasonic algae removal technology, has been put forward. Under the background of ecological environment pollution, in this paper, the effect of ultrasonic technology on degradation of Microcystins (MCs) under different conditions and is investigated. Results show that Microcystins removal rate reaches 81% when Microcystin solution with a concentration of 12.43 mu/L is treated by ultrasound (1200 W) for 5 min; the removal rate of Microcystin reaches 99% after 15 min of ultrasound treatment (1200 W), and almost all of them are removed; no matter wastewater containing Microcystis is treated by ultrasound alone or ultrasound-coagulation method, the levels of Microcystins in the water do not increase. The results also prove that ultrasound can directly destroy the wall and kill algae, inhibit the growth activity of un-killed algae and degrade Microcystins. In addition, the technical principle and application prospect of ultrasonic algae removal instrument in ecological environment are introduced. The paper provided certain direction and theoretical support for the subsequent improvement of ultrasonic algae removal technology.     

界面常质量流湍流（火用）传递

导出了常温下充分发展湍流传递方程组,依此研究了界面常质量流管内湍流传递,研究了由于粘性耗散、径向和轴向传质不可逆性引起的损率随流体性质、边界条件及空间位置的变化规律,分析了不同地点由于不同过程产生损失的机理.对单位长度的总损率计算表明,对给定的流体单位长度总损率是传质单元几何参数、边界条件和雷诺数的多元函数,通过损率最小化可设计和优化传质单元.     

The effect of geometrical characteristics of wavy strip turbulator and thermodynamic properties of fluid on exergy loss and heat transfer in a tube in tube heat exchanger

The present work conducts an experimental investigation into the influence of flow, thermodynamic and geometrical characteristics of the wavy strip on exergy loss and dimensionless exergy loss in a tube in tube heat exchanger. The working fluid is water with hot water passing the inner tube and cold water passing annulus. Wavy strips with four different angles and three widths were investigated experimentally. The result of exergy loss and dimensionless exergy loss for various conditions is presented and on the basis of curve fitting, three empirical correlations are suggested to predict dimensionless exergy loss in a double tube heat exchanger.     

Exergy Analysis of a Bio-System: Soil–Plant Interaction

This paper explains a thorough exergy analysis of the most important reactions in soil–plant interactions. Soil, which is a prime mover of gases, metals, structural crystals, and electrolytes, constantly resembles an electric field of charge and discharge. The second law of thermodynamics reflects the deterioration of resources through the destruction of exergy. In this study, we developed a new method to assess the exergy of soil and plant formation processes. Depending on the types of soil, one may assess the efficiency and degradation of resources by incorporating or using biomass storage. According to the results of this study, during different processes from the mineralization process to nutrient uptake by the plant, about 62.5% of the input exergy will be destroyed because of the soil solution reactions. Most of the exergy destruction occurs in the biota–atmosphere subsystem, especially in the photosynthesis reaction, due to its low efficiency (about 15%). Humus and protonation reactions, with 14% and 13% exergy destruction, respectively, are the most exergy destroying reactions. Respiratory, weathering, and reverse weathering reactions account for the lowest percentage of exergy destruction and less than one percent of total exergy destruction in the soil system. The total exergy yield of the soil system is estimated at about 37.45%.     

两级中冷回热再热布雷顿热电联产装置的性能

应用有限时间热力学理论和方法建立了恒温热源不可逆两级中冷回热再热布雷顿热电联产装置模型,基于分析的观点,导出了装置无量纲输出率和效率的解析式。在给定总压比的情形下,通过数值计算分别研究了输出率和效率与两个中冷压比和两个再热压比的关系,当总压比变化时,发现输出率和效率对总压比存在最大值,并分别求出了两个相应的最佳的中冷压比和再热压比。分析了回热度、中冷度、再热度、压气机和涡轮机效率、压降损失等特征参数对装置性能的影响。最后发现分别存在最佳的用户侧温度使输出率和效率取得双重最大值。