中冷回热布雷顿热电联产装置的(火用)性能优化

建立了变温热源内可逆中冷回热布雷顿热电联产装置模型,基于(火用)分析的观点,用有限时间热力学理论和方法研究了装置的性能,导出了无量纲(火用)输出率和(火用)效率的解析式.对热导率的分配、中间压比的选取进行了优化,得到了最大(火用)输出率及相应的(火用)效率和最大(火用)效率及相应的(火用)输出率,进一步对总压比进行优化...     

实际闭式中冷回热布雷顿循环新析

用有限时间热力学方法分析了变温热源条件下实际闭式中冷回热布雷顿循环的性能,导出了无因次功率及效率的解析式。由数值计算,分析了循环最优功率和最优效率时的最佳中间压比分配,并研究了中冷度等一些主要循环参数对性能的影响,发现了不管有无回热,中冷都可以提高循环效率这一新结果。     

间冷过程对三级回热压缩S-CO2循环系统的影响

三级回热压缩循环效率高、结构简单,是一种比再压缩循环更具潜力的超临界二氧化碳循环.间冷过程是一种常用的提高布雷顿循环效率的方法,当应用该方法时,可进一步提高循环效率.本文研究了三级回热压缩循环与间冷过程耦合时的特性,计算发现,当间冷压力偏离最优值时,循环效率会有明显下降,甚至低于同参数无间冷循环的效率.而在最优间冷压力...     

复合冷凝空调机组的分析

以家用分体式空调作为节能改造对象,将传统单一冷凝改进为复合冷凝,即在压缩机排气管路上串联一个水冷冷凝器,吸收部分冷凝热制备生活热水。并在此基础上建立了分析模型。模拟计算结果表明,复合冷凝空调的目的效率得到了大大的提高,当空调的蒸发温度为0℃、冷凝温度为30℃时,空调目的效率由单一冷凝时的52%上升到70%。     

行波热声发动机驱动制冷机的匹配研究

本文使用RC负载法首先在不同压比下对发动机的输出声功与负载之间的匹配关系进行了深入研究,研究表明发动机存在高效区和效率低下区.针对行波热声制冷机的阻抗进行了分析,发现由于制冷机阻抗处于发动机的效率低下区,使得发动机输出效率很低,从而导致整机效率低下,其中在发动机和制冷机之间的1m长连接管起到了调节负载阻抗和放大声压的作用,但其调节作用有限.     

燃气轮机回热循环进一步新析-考虑平均传热温差与流阻的关系

本文考虑丁回热器传热温差与流动阻力损失的关系,进一步论证了燃气轮机回热循环的评价准则可采用传热温差代替传统的回热度.研究了典型的主表面式回热器传热温差与流动阻力损失的关系,探讨了考虑平均传热温差与流动阻力损失情况下,新的评价准则与燃气轮机回热循环压比、温比及效率的对应关系.并给出了回热循环效率与最佳压比的解析表达式.结果表明,燃气轮机循环效率、流动阻力损失随着平均传热温差的增大而降低.在新的准则下,燃气轮机最佳压比数值随温比变化不大,其平均值仍约为3.     

空间站主动热控系统回路的热负荷分配优化

空间站主动热控系统回路包括低温回路、中温回路和外回路。以减轻系统总质量为优化目标,本文基于系统质量模型和能量平衡关系式,分别针对体装式辐射器和展开式辐射器的设计,对冷板热负荷在低温回路和中温回路的分配比例进行了优化分析。结果表明,存在一个最佳热负荷分配系数值,使系统在总换热量一定时总质量达到最小;同时给出了对应的各回路工作温度与分配系数之间的关系。辐射器在系统总质量中占了绝大部分,因此在优化时应尽可能减少辐射器面积。此外,不同的冷凝空气热负荷下对应的最佳冷板热负荷分配系数值也不同。     

槽式集热器效率分析和互补电站镜场设计

为实现给水加热型互补发电系统中太阳岛与动力岛更好耦合,本文建立了槽式集热器炯效率的热力学模型,分析了200 kW典型集热器效率随运行参数的变化规律:平均辐照600 W/m~2时最大效率为33%左右,最佳温度范围为250～350℃,并进行了实验验证,最后分析了互补发电系统集热场效率在设计辐照和偏离设计辐照时的特性规律,初步给出了热互补电站设计的原则。本研究结果为太阳能与火电互补发电技术的集热场设计提供了一个基本依据,具有较好的工程实用价值。     

存在热斑及总压梯度时静叶正弯对透平级气热特性的影响

通过三维非定常数值计算,研究了透平进口存在热斑及总压梯度时静叶正弯引起的高压燃气透平气热性能变化,分析了静叶正弯对动叶壁面、叶顶和端壁热负荷的影响。结果表明:静叶正弯改变了静叶吸力面静压及载荷分布,削弱了端壁二次流,使透平效率略有增加;同时静叶正弯增强了静叶吸力面侧流体从端壁向叶片中部的迁移,削弱了热斑的径向耗散。总压梯度的存在使静叶正弯不会引起动叶壁面二次流结构的显著变化,但热斑耗散程度的减弱会影响动叶热负荷分布。静叶正弯使动叶压力面高热负荷区传热恶化,但可以显著削弱动叶叶顶、下端壁及机匣的高温区域。     

恒温热源闭式燃气轮机中冷循环性能优化

本文运用有限时间热力学(FTT)理论,导出了恒温热源条件下闭式燃气轮机不可逆中冷循环功率、效率和功率密度的解析式,分别优化了循环最优功率和功率密度时各换热器热导率分配、中间压比和总压比,并比较了相应性能。     

Output power analyses for the thermodynamic cycles of thermal power plants

Thermal power plant is one of the important thermodynamic devices, which is very common in all kinds of power generation systems. In this paper, we use a new concept, entransy loss, as well as exergy destruction, to analyze the single reheating Rankine cycle unit and the single stage steam extraction regenerative Rankine cycle unit in power plants. This is the first time that the concept of entransy loss is applied to the analysis of the power plant Rankine cycles with reheating and steam extraction regeneration. In order to obtain the maximum output power, the operating conditions under variant vapor mass flow rates are optimized numerically, as well as the combustion temperatures and the off-design flow rates of the flue gas. The relationship between the output power and the exergy destruction rate and that between the output power and the entransy loss rate are discussed. It is found that both the minimum exergy destruction rate and the maximum entransy loss rate lead to the maximum output power when the combustion temperature and heat capacity flow rate of the flue gas are prescribed. Unlike the minimum exergy destruction rate, the maximum entransy loss rate is related to the maximum output power when the highest temperature and heat capacity flow rate of the flue gas are not prescribed.     

Exergetic efficiency optimization for an irreversible heat pump working on reversed Brayton cycle

This paper deals with the performance analysis and optimization for irreversible heat pumps working on reversed Brayton cycle with constant-temperature heat reservoirs by taking exergetic efficiency as the optimization objective combining exergy concept with finite-time thermodynamics (FTT). Exergetic efficiency is defined as the ratio of rate of exergy output to rate of exergy input of the system. The irreversibilities considered in the system include heat resistance losses in the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers and non-isentropic losses in the compression and expansion processes. The analytical formulas of the heating load, coefficient of performance (COP) and exergetic efficiency for the heat pumps are derived. The results are compared with those obtained for the traditional heating load and coefficient of performance objectives. The influences of the pressure ratio of the compressor, the allocation of heat exchanger inventory, the temperature ratio of two reservoirs, the effectiveness of the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers and regenerator, the efficiencies of the compressor and expander, the ratio of hot-side heat reservoir temperature to ambient temperature, the total heat exchanger inventory, and the heat capacity rate of the working fluid on the exergetic efficiency of the heat pumps are analysed by numerical calculations. The results show that the exergetic efficiency optimization is an important and effective criterion for the evaluation of an irreversible heat pump working on reversed Brayton cycle.     

The effect of geometrical characteristics of wavy strip turbulator and thermodynamic properties of fluid on exergy loss and heat transfer in a tube in tube heat exchanger

The present work conducts an experimental investigation into the influence of flow, thermodynamic and geometrical characteristics of the wavy strip on exergy loss and dimensionless exergy loss in a tube in tube heat exchanger. The working fluid is water with hot water passing the inner tube and cold water passing annulus. Wavy strips with four different angles and three widths were investigated experimentally. The result of exergy loss and dimensionless exergy loss for various conditions is presented and on the basis of curve fitting, three empirical correlations are suggested to predict dimensionless exergy loss in a double tube heat exchanger.     

Performance Optimizations with Single-, Bi-, Tri-, and Quadru-Objective for Irreversible Diesel Cycle

Applying finite time thermodynamics theory and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II), thermodynamic analysis and multi-objective optimization of an irreversible Diesel cycle are performed. Through numerical calculations, the impact of the cycle temperature ratio on the power density of the cycle is analyzed. The characteristic relationships among the cycle power density versus the compression ratio and thermal efficiency are obtained with three different loss issues. The thermal efficiency, the maximum specific volume (the size of the total volume of the cylinder), and the maximum pressure ratio are compared under the maximum power output and the maximum power density criteria. Using NSGA-II, single-, bi-, tri-, and quadru-objective optimizations are performed for an irreversible Diesel cycle by introducing dimensionless power output, thermal efficiency, dimensionless ecological function, and dimensionless power density as objectives, respectively. The optimal design plan is obtained by using three solution methods, that is, the linear programming technique for multidimensional analysis of preference (LINMAP), the technique for order preferences by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), and Shannon entropy, to compare the results under different objective function combinations. The comparison results indicate that the deviation index of multi-objective optimization is small. When taking the dimensionless power output, dimensionless ecological function, and dimensionless power density as the objective function to perform tri-objective optimization, the LINMAP solution is used to obtain the minimum deviation index. The deviation index at this time is 0.1333, and the design scheme is closer to the ideal scheme.     

Exergy Analysis of a Bio-System: Soil–Plant Interaction

This paper explains a thorough exergy analysis of the most important reactions in soil–plant interactions. Soil, which is a prime mover of gases, metals, structural crystals, and electrolytes, constantly resembles an electric field of charge and discharge. The second law of thermodynamics reflects the deterioration of resources through the destruction of exergy. In this study, we developed a new method to assess the exergy of soil and plant formation processes. Depending on the types of soil, one may assess the efficiency and degradation of resources by incorporating or using biomass storage. According to the results of this study, during different processes from the mineralization process to nutrient uptake by the plant, about 62.5% of the input exergy will be destroyed because of the soil solution reactions. Most of the exergy destruction occurs in the biota–atmosphere subsystem, especially in the photosynthesis reaction, due to its low efficiency (about 15%). Humus and protonation reactions, with 14% and 13% exergy destruction, respectively, are the most exergy destroying reactions. Respiratory, weathering, and reverse weathering reactions account for the lowest percentage of exergy destruction and less than one percent of total exergy destruction in the soil system. The total exergy yield of the soil system is estimated at about 37.45%.     

Energy and exergy analysis of a solid oxide fuel cell plant fueled by ethanol and methane

The method of exergy analysis is presented for a SOFC power plant involving external steam reforming and fueled by ethanol and methane. The optimal operation parameters of the integrated SOFC plant are specified after minimizing the existing energy and exergy losses. A comparison of methane and ethanol as appropriate fuels for a SOFC-based power plant is provided in terms of exergetic efficiency assuming the minimum allowable (for carbon-free operation) reforming factors for both cases. Then, a parametric analysis provides guidelines for practical design. It is concluded that the exergy calculations pinpoint the losses accurately and that the exergy analysis gives a better insight of the system's process. Paper presented at the 9th EuroConference on Ionics, Ixia, Rhodes, Greece, Sept. 15 – 21, 2002.     

能··传递链式发展的相贯性及必然性

依据热力学第一、第二定律(下文简称一、二定律)阐述了能具有量和质的双重属性,能量与能质系于同一属体而不可分离。(火用)是由热力学第二定律所赋予的用以表征能质的参数。能量传递必然伴随着能质(火用)的传递,(火用)传递如同热传递一样是客观存在的。由(火用)概念发展到(火用)传递有其必然性。     

Ecological optimization of an irreversible harmonic oscillators Carnot heat engine

A model of an irreversible quantum Carnot heat engine with heat resistance, internal irreversibility and heat leakage and many non-interacting harmonic oscillators is established in this paper. Based on the quantum master equation and semi-group approach, equations of some important performance parameters, such as power output, efficiency, exergy loss rate and ecological function for the irreversible quantum Carnot heat engine are derived. The optimal ecological performance of the heat engine in the classical limit is analyzed with numerical examples. Effects of internal irreversibility and heat leakage on the ecological performance are discussed. A performance comparison of the quantum heat engine under maximum ecological function and maximum power conditions is also performed.