纳秒激光烧蚀冲量耦合数值模拟

为研究激光烧蚀靶产生冲量过程和机理, 建立了一个复杂的一维热传导和流体动力学模型. 以空间碎片常见材料Al为例, 用建立的模型数值计算了纳秒脉宽激光烧蚀靶产生的冲量及冲量耦合系数随时间变化情况. 数值结果和已有的实验数据符合的较好. 数值计算表明: 激光脉冲时间内, 靶获得的冲量随时间迅速增加, 在脉冲时间结束后, 冲量变化随时间趋于稳定; 在冲量耦合过程中, 烧蚀等离子体向真空膨胀, 羽流尺度逐渐增大, 同时吸收入射激光能量, 导致激光与靶耦合的能量降低. 关键词： 激光烧蚀 冲量耦合 等离子体     

水滴烧蚀多脉冲激光推进性能

 用实时的推力测试方法研究了水滴烧蚀模式多脉冲TEA CO2激光推进的推进性能。用纹影法研究了伴随水滴烧蚀产生的激波等流场变化过程。多脉冲激光推进的比冲和冲量耦合系数等性能参数随激光脉冲重复频率的变小和脉冲数目的增加而逐渐下降。与激光传输相反和相同方向的激波传播最大速度分别为10 km/s和7 km/s。与纹影法结果同步获得的推力曲线表明：汽化过程对推力的形成过程贡献最大,激波也对推力的形成过程有一定贡献。     

Effects of laser energy density on impulse coupling coefficient of laser ablation of water for propulsion

Time-resolved force sensing and intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) imaging techniques were applied to the study of the effects of laser energy density on impulse coupling coefficient of laser ablation of water for propulsion. A Transversely Excited at Atmospheric pressure (TEA) CO₂ laser operated at 10.6 μm, 30 J pulse energy was used to ablate water contained in a quadrate quartz container. Net imparted impulse and coupling coefficients were derived from the force sensor data and relevant results were presented for various laser energy densities. ICCD imaging was used in conjunction with the dynamic force techniques to examine the dependencies on laser energy density. Results showed that the impulse coupling coefficient could reach a maximum value when laser energy density was about 10⁵ J/m², and it would increase before laser energy got to this point and would decrease after this point, and ICCD imaging supplied important phenomenon to explain this variation, which were water ablation before laser energy density got to 10⁵ J/m² and laser-induced air-breakdown with water as an induction when laser energy density was higher than 10⁵ J/m².     

激光辐照不规则空间碎片冲量矢量计算

研究了不规则空间碎片受激光辐照后的冲量变化。利用不论激光入射方向如何,烧蚀反喷方向始终沿着烧蚀平面法向方向这个实验现象,同时,根据NASA对于空间碎片形状的基本划分,分别计算了球体、柱形体和立方体受激光辐照后的冲量变化情况。计算结果表明:对于球体和立方体,无论激光辐照方向如何变化,冲量方向总是和辐照方向相同,冲量大小和垂直辐照相同材料的平板分别成固定比例关系;而对于柱形体,冲量大小和方向随着激光辐照方向变化而变化。     

Design and characterization of nozzles and solid propellants for IR laser propulsion

In this article, we present an experimental study of the effect of conical section nozzles coupled to solid targets on laser ablation propulsion. The impulse produced on the target by laser ablation was measured in terms of the coupling coefficient C _m using a piezoelectric (PZT) sensor. The standard deviation of the PZT signal was used as an estimator of the transferred impulse. The ablation was performed with a TEA CO₂ laser at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The targets were pellets of 90/10 % w/w Zn/CaCO₃ concentration ratio. Aluminum nozzles with conical section were coupled to these propellant pellets. A comparative study of the variation of C _m using nozzles of different inlet and outlet diameters of the ejected material as well as of different heights was made. The results demonstrate that for the pellet composition analyzed, as the nozzle’s height increases and its diameter decreases improvements up to 250 % respect to the target without nozzle are obtained. These are promising results for the potential development of laser ablation microthrusters.     

基于扭秤的激光干涉差动测量微小冲量方法

基于扭秤测量冲量原理,结合激光干涉法差动测量角度的方法,提出一种基于扭秤的激光干涉差动测量微小冲量的方法。介绍系统的基本组成和测量过程,给出扭秤结构设计参数,并对系统参数进行了标定,结合设计参数与标定结果,对系统的分辨率、量程和精度进行了校核,在典型的测量环境下,对激光烧蚀靶材所形成的Ns量级微小冲量进行了测量,给出了典型的测量结果并进行分析。结果表明:所提出的基于扭秤的激光干涉差动测量微小冲量方法,系统分辨率可达10-7Ns量级,测量范围跨5个数量级,最大可以测量10-2Ns量级冲量,测量精度优于95%。     

Application of a broadband blue laser diode to trace NO2 detection using off-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy

We applied for the first time, to our knowledge, broadband off-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (BB-OB-QEPAS) to trace NO2 detection using a broadband blue laser diode centered at 450?nm. A detection limit of 18?ppbv (parts in 10(9) by volume) for NO2 in N2 at atmospheric pressure was achieved with an average laser power of 7?mW at a 1?s integration time, which corresponds to a 1?σ normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 4.1×10(-9) cm(-1)?W=Hz(1=2). An Allan variance analysis was performed to investigate the long-term stability of the BB-OB-QEPAS-based NO2 sensor.     

激光烧蚀掺杂金属粉工质的推进性能

 为结合金属高比冲和聚合物工质高冲量耦合系数的优点,为激光推进光船优选工质,对掺入金属粉末的聚甲醛(POM)工质在CO₂激光辐照下的推进性能开展了实验研究。结果表明：在一定的条件下金属粉末能提高工质的推进性能。掺入微米铝粉的聚甲醛工质的冲量耦合系数最大值由12×^-5 N/W提高到21.72×10^-5 N/W,在直筒结构的约束下,最高冲量耦合系数和比冲分别提高到61.64×^-5 N/W和727.32 s,能量利用率超过了100%,表明工质参与了化学反应。     

铝靶三倍频激光烧蚀参数实验研究

叙述了采用时间空间积分晶体谱仪和时间分辨晶体谱仪等探测器测量铝平面靶强激光烧蚀参数的方法，给出了三倍频强激光烧蚀铝平面靶的质量烧蚀速率和烧蚀压。实验结果与收集到的国外数据进行了比较，它们在误差范围内一致。     

激光烧蚀冲量耦合系数解析计算模型

利用激光清除空间碎片被认为是一种可行手段,冲量耦合系数是数值计算空间碎片清除效果的重要参数。建立了激光烧蚀冲量耦合系数解析计算模型,引入电离度参数,将气化机制与等离子体机制两种机制下的冲量耦合系数解析计算模型联系起来,建立统一的耦合系数解析模型。以空间碎片常见材料Al为例,计算得到冲量耦合系数、电离度、激光功率密度三者之间的变化关系。随着激光功率密度的增加,气化机制逐渐向等离子体机制过渡,电离度增加,直至完全电离,冲量耦合系数先增加后减少,并且在等离子机制占主导情况下达到最优冲量耦合。     

窄脉宽LD泵浦全固态绿光激光器的实验研究

研究了绿光平均功率达84W的高稳定声光调Q全固态激光器。通过理论分析和试验研究,针对KTP热效应以及Nd∶YAG棒的热致双折射效应,设计并优化了谐振腔来压窄脉宽。采用35个20W的高功率LD侧面抽运Nd∶YAG棒和Ⅱ类相位匹配KTP晶体(24℃时相位匹配角为Φ=23.6°,θ=90°,尺寸为7mm×7mm×7mm),采用双声光Q开关,高效平凹结构,实现了高功率内腔倍频激光器的稳定运转;在抽运电流25A时,获得了重复频率为10kHz,脉冲宽度优于45ns,输出功率为84W的高功率、高重频、窄脉宽绿光(532nm)输出,光_光转换效率为14.3%,不稳定度为±3%。     

Optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy with a quantum cascade laser

Optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy is demonstrated in the mid-IR by using a quantum cascade laser (emitting at 4.46 μm). The laser linewidth reduction and frequency locking by selective optical feedback from the resonant cavity field turns out to be particularly advantageous in this spectral range: It allows strong cavity transmission, which compensates for low light sensitivity, especially when using room-temperature detectors. We obtain a noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 3 × 10(-9)/cm for 1 s averaging of spectra composed by 100 independent points. At 4.46 μm, this yields a detection limit of 35 parts in 10(12) by volume for N(2)O at 50 mbar, corresponding to 4 × 10(7) molecules/cm(3), or still to 1 fmol in the sample volume.     

Vibration testing based on impulse response excited by laser ablation

This paper proposes an innovative vibration testing method based on impulse response excited by laser ablation. In conventional vibration testing using an impulse hammer, high-frequency elements of over tens of kilohertz are barely present in the excitation force. A pulsed high-power YAG laser is used in this study for producing an ideal impulse force on a structural surface. Illuminating a point on a metal with the well-focused YAG laser, laser ablation is caused by generation of plasma on the metal. As a result, an ideal impulse excitation force generated by laser ablation is applied to the point on the structure. Therefore, it is possible to measure high-frequency FRFs due to the laser excitation. A water droplet overlay on the metal is used to adjust the force magnitude of laser excitation. An aluminum block that has nine natural frequencies below 40 kHz is employed as a test piece. The validity of the proposed method is verified by comparing the FRFs of the block obtained by the laser excitation, impulse hammer, and finite element analysis. Furthermore, the relationship between accuracy of FRF measurements and sensitivity of sensors is investigated.     

Experimental investigation of recoil-momentum-generation efficiency under near-IR femtosecond laser ablation of refractory metals in vacuum

The use of ultrashort laser pulses is a way to increase recoil momentum under laser ablation of materials, because, in this case, the energy deposition per unit volume of the target material is substantially higher due to reduced heat dissipation. By using methods of combined interferometry, we estimated the specific impulse (～200–900 s), momentum coupling coefficient (～2 × 10^?5?3 × 10^?4 Ns/J), laser-energy conversion efficiency to kinetic energy of the gas-plasma flow (～0.05–0.82), and degree of the gas-plasma flow monochromaticity (～0.72–0.92) under femtosecond (τ ～ 45 fs, λ ～ 800 nm) ablation of refractory metals (Ti, Zr, Mo, and Nb) in vacuum.     

Femtosecond laser ablation of silicon in air and vacuum

Femtosecond(fs) pulse laser ablation of silicon targets in air and in vacuum is investigated using a timeresolved shadowgraphic method. The observed dynamic process of the fs laser ablation of silicon in air is significantly different from that in vacuum. Similar to the ablation of metallic targets,while the shock wave front and a series of nearly concentric and semicircular stripes,as well as the contact front,are clearly identifiable in the process of ablation under 1×10 5 Pa,these phenomena are no longer observed when the ablation takes place in vacuum. Although the ambient air around the target strongly affects the evolution of the ablation plume,the three rounds of material ejection clearly observed in the shadowgraphs of fs laser ablation in standard air can also be distinguished in the process of ablation in vacuum. It is proven that the three rounds of material ejection are caused by different ablation mechanisms.     

Extreme ultraviolet interferometry of warm dense matter in laser plasmas

We demonstrate that interferometric probing with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) laser light enables determination of the degree of ionization of the "warm dense matter" produced between the critical and ablation surfaces of laser plasmas. Interferometry has been utilized to measure both transmission and phase information for an EUV laser beam at the photon energy of 58.5 eV, probing longitudinally through laser-irradiated plastic (parylene-N) targets (thickness 350 nm) irradiated by a 300 ps duration pulse of wavelength 438 nm and peak irradiance 10(12) W cm(-2). The transmission of the EUV probe beam provides a measure of the rate of target ablation, as ablated plasma becomes close to transparent when the photon energy is less than the ionization energy of the predominant ion species. We show that refractive indices η below the solid parylene N (η(solid) = 0.946) and expected plasma values are produced in the warm dense plasma created by laser irradiation due to bound-free absorption in C(+).     

脉冲激光与碲镉汞相互作用时的冲量耦合

在激光功率密度为４．０×１０８～５．０×１０９Ｗｃｍ－２的范围内，用冲击摆测量了ＮｄＹＡＧ脉冲激光（波长为１．０６μｍ，脉宽为１０ｎｓ）辐照大气中不同面积的ＨｇＣｄＴｅ样品时的冲量耦合系数。从理论上建立了等离子体爆轰模型，对激光结束后等离子体的膨胀过程进行了比较详细的描述，用此模型计算了不同能量的脉冲激光与不同面积的ＨｇＣｄＴｅ相互作用时的冲量耦合系数，计算值与测量值符合得较好。     

XPS investigation on Upilex-S polyimide ablated by pulse TEA CO2 laser

Laser ablation of Upilex-S polyimide films 80 μm thick was performed in air using a pulse TEA CO₂ laser with wavelength 9.3 μm. A halo surrounding the hole was observed, which is covered with sub-micro particles. Pieces of ablation products protrude from the ablated surface, leading to considerable roughness of the ablated area. Chemical and structural changes of Upilex-S polyimide film surface irradiated by the pulse TEA CO₂ laser in air were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Relative C content in the ablated area was found to be higher, whilst both O and N contents were lower than in the untreated area. This means that TEA CO₂ laser ablation released both the O and N atoms. Also, the peak areas corresponding with carbonyl group (C=O) in the imide system were reduced much more and a new component at 287.0 eV assigned to the amide structure (N---C=O) was detected after laser ablation. These suggest that the pyrolysis of the Upilex-S polyimide was the decomposition of the imide ring between the nitrogen/aromatic carbon atom and carbonyl carbon atom. In addition, another new component arising from >C=O groups was also detected for higher fluence (7.83 J/cm²), and its peak areas is very small. This result indicates that the slight oxidation may take place with higher fluence during laser ablation in air. Based on above-mentioned experimental results, a possible thermally-induced decomposition path of Upilex-S polyimide ablated by TEA CO₂ laser is presented.     

激光单脉冲冲量的扭摆测量方法

 激光脉冲作用于工质，使工质烧蚀反喷，产生微小冲量。研究了扭摆微小冲量测量方法，提出了在激光烧蚀反喷作用力下扭摆的运动方程，激光单脉冲作用下冲量所满足的积分方程。进一步通过积分方程的离散化方法，提出了激光单脉冲冲量的计算方法，并且进行了精度分析。为采用扭摆测量激光单脉冲冲量，提供了工程测量和计算方法。     

Picosecond laser ablation of thin copper films

The ablation process of thin copper films on fused silica by picosecond laser pulses is investigated. The ablation area is characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The single-shot ablation threshold fluence for 40 ps laser pulses at 1053 nm has been determinated toF _thres = 172 mJ/cm². The ablation rate per pulse is measured as a function of intensity in the range of 5 × 10⁹ to 2 × 10¹¹ W/cm² and changes from 80 to 250 nm with increasing intensity. The experimental ablation rate per pulse is compared to heat-flow calculations based on the two-temperature model for ultrafast laser heating. Possible applications of picosecond laser radiation for microstructuring of different materials are discussed.