低阻无箔渡越辐射振荡器励磁系统

为开展L波段低阻无箔渡越辐射高功率微波发生器的单次实验,设计了一种满足需要的电容器储能脉冲磁场系统。系统储能电容5.4 mF,设计的螺线管线圈长45 cm,其理论电感和电阻值分别为42 mH和0.66 。基于该设计,绕制了磁场线圈并搭建了实验平台,线圈实际电感和电阻值分别为40 mH和0.61 。目击靶实验进一步证实了励磁系统产生的导引磁场能够较好地约束电子束。     

强激光产生的强磁场及其对弓激波的影响

强激光照射金属线圈后,会在打靶点附近的背景等离子体中诱发冷电子的回流,在金属丝内形成强电流源,从而产生强磁场.本文利用神光II高功率激光器产生的强激光照射金属丝靶,产生了围绕金属丝的环形强磁场.利用B-dot对局域磁感应强度进行了测量,根据测量结果,结合三维模拟程序,反演得到磁场的空间分布.再利用强激光与CH平面靶相互作用产生的超音速等离子体撞击该金属丝,产生了弓激波.通过光学成像手段研究了磁场对冲击波的影响,发现磁场使得弓激波的轮廓变得不明显并且张角变大.同时,通过实验室天体物理定标率,将金属丝表面等离子参数变换到相应的天体参数中,结果证明利用该实验方法可以在实验室中产生类似太阳风的磁化等离子体.     

“闪光二号”5 T脉冲强磁场装置

为了满足闪光二号加速器材料热力学效应研究的新需求,设计了一套电容器储能型脉冲强磁场装置。装置主要由储能电容器、半导体放电开关、磁场线圈及高压恒流充电源组成。磁场线圈中心处最大磁感应强度可达5 T,并且可以通过调整磁场线圈与二极管的相对位置实现磁透镜比的调节。通过理论计算和数值模拟相结合的方法对脉冲强磁场的关键参数进行了分析,然后进行了脉冲强磁场的工程设计,最后使用该强磁场装置进行了实验研究。强磁场实验中,当储能电容器充电21 kV时,在磁场线圈中心处获得了5.3 T脉冲强磁场。     

用于激光等离子体中脉冲强磁场产生的电感耦合线圈

脉冲强磁场装置是磁化激光等离子体实验的核心设备.本文研制了一种用于优化脉冲强磁场设备的电感耦合线圈,相对于单匝磁场线圈可以进一步提高磁场强度.通过实验和模拟研究了电感耦合线圈的初级螺线管匝数和直径对磁场强度的影响,发现对于2.4μF电容的放电系统,电感耦合线圈的初级螺线管在35匝、35 mm直径时,可以在5 mm内径的次级磁场线圈中获得最高的峰值磁场强度,是相同尺寸单匝磁场线圈产生磁场强度的3.6倍.在充电电压20 kV时,峰值磁场强度达到19 T,使用铍铜材料的电感耦合线圈克服强磁场中线圈炸裂问题,在35 kV的充电电压下得到了33 T的峰值磁场强度.这种新方法产生了更强的磁场、降低了对回路电感的要求、提升了实验排布的灵活性,为研究强磁场下的激光等离子体行为创造了条件.     

10T脉冲磁场的亥姆霍兹线圈热和力分析

亥姆霍兹线圈在产生数十T的准静态脉冲磁场的装置中得到广泛应用。以自行研制的一套用于磁压剪实验技术的脉冲磁场发生系统的亥姆霍兹线圈为研究对象,结合装置的电参数,利用有限元软件ANSYS对装置放电过程中线圈的热和力进行了仿真研究。研究结果表明,当装置在线圈中产生上升时间约1.34 ms、幅值14.37 kA的放电电流和10.7 T的磁场时,线圈中的最大温升约150℃,最大应力近0.5 GPa,铜导线中的最大应力约0.2 GPa,线圈导线变形位移小于0.05 mm。基于分析结果,在线圈制作时,选择绝缘层耐温超过200℃、抗拉强度0.5 GPa的铜导线作为线圈绕线,选择抗拉强度达5.8 GPa的柴龙纤维绕制在铜导线外层进行加固,并制作了相应结构的亥姆霍兹线圈对。利用该线圈对进行的放电实验测试结果表明,在满足设计指标的情况下,线圈对结实可靠,可重复使用。     

激光等离子体强磁环境研究进展

高功率强激光技术的发展使得在实验室模拟复杂天体等离子体环境成为可能。近年来在激光等离子体强磁环境下模拟天体物理现象是实验室天体物理研究的一个热点方向,文章简单介绍了利用强激光产生强磁场的各种机制,包括毕尔曼电池效应、线圈靶诱发磁场等,并介绍了在实验室诊断此类磁场的一些常用方法,如法拉第旋转法、质子背光法、B-dot法等。最后介绍该方向几个研究的最新进展,包括磁场压缩、喷流等,同时提出一些在实验室产生强磁场的新思路。     

强激光驱动线圈靶磁场产生及应用研究进展

介绍了以强激光驱动电容线圈靶的实验方法产生磁场的基本模型及其发展过程。对比了实验室中常用的三种磁场诊断方法,包含:B-dot、法拉第旋转以及质子背光,发现前两种方法在实验中仅可以获得距离靶较远处的有限个磁场值,通过结合模拟工具获得靶处的磁场值与测量点的值跨越几个数量级,容易产生误差;质子背光诊断可以在实验中获得全局磁场信息,能够较好地满足线圈靶磁场诊断的需求。由于线圈靶磁场强且可持续时间长,在时空分布上具有一定可控性,因此我们将其应用到了磁重联的研究中,并成功获得了重联出流等特征。另外线圈靶在带电粒子的约束和磁流体动力学研究等多方面也得到了应用。     

低能质子束在氢等离子体中的能损研究

实验测量了100 keV的质子束穿过部分电离氢等离子体靶后的能量损失. 等离子体靶由气体放电方式产生, 其自由电子密度在10¹⁶ cm^-3量级, 电子温度约1–2 eV, 维持时间在微秒量级. 研究结果表明: 质子束在等离子体靶中的能量损失与自由电子密度密切相关且明显大于在同密度条件下中性气体靶中的能量损失; 在自由电子密度达到峰值处, 通过实验结果计算得到此时的自由电子库仑对数约为10.8, 与理论计算结果符合较好, 该值比Bethe公式给出的中性气体靶中束缚电子库仑对数高4.3倍,相应的能损增强因子为2.9.     

65T脉冲强磁体设计与实验研究

研制并实验测试一台65T脉冲强磁场磁体。磁体线圈采用14层纯铜导线与Zylon纤维交替缠绕而成,内绕组采用分布式加固技术,实现应力分布的优化,外层由不锈钢套筒与碳纤维加固。内外绕组分别采用两种不同横截面导线平衡能量分布,实现内外绕组温度分布相对均匀,避免局部过热。磁体孔径为12mm,高为120mm,通过1MJ/3.2mF/25kV高储能密度电容器供电,在20.6kV电压时,获得了磁感应强度为65T、持续时间为20ms的脉冲磁场。     

测量低频大电流的自积分罗氏线圈设计

为测量电容储能脉冲功率源模块电流,设计了磁芯式自积分罗氏线圈。给出了磁芯的选择方法,分析了磁芯饱和问题。解决饱和问题的方法是使用饱和磁感应强度较大的材料,对测量线圈施加去磁磁场,以及等效减小线圈的励磁电流。分析表明:通过增大磁芯直径和截面积,选取线径合适的导线多层绕制的方法来增大线圈自感与电阻比值,可以有效提高线圈的测量幅值范围。使用设计的线圈实测了脉冲功率源模块电流,通过改变模块的充电电压,可以得到线圈出现饱和时对应的电流值。实验结果与理论分析相符合。对于脉冲功率源模块的ms量级脉冲电流信号,改进后的自积分线圈测量范围可以超过50kA。     

基于动态阻抗模型的磁控式持续电流开关

本文研究了高温超导闭合线圈的重要励磁方式——持续电流开关(persistent current switch).高温超导闭合线圈在各种场合中被广泛地应用和研究.为了使高温超导线圈能够工作在持续电流模式(persistent current mode)下,需要持续电流开关利用超导体在超导状态和电阻状态之间的转换来实现开关状态的切换,而磁控式持续电流开关具有响应速度快、励磁效率较高等优点,因而在闭合超导线圈的励磁中具有广阔应用前景.本文提出一种基于动态阻抗模型的磁控式持续电流开关,将动态阻抗以及磁控式持续电流开关的理论研究与探究实验相结合,深入分析磁控式持续电流开关应用于线圈励磁的影响因素,从而实现动态阻抗的灵活设计以及闭合线圈励磁性能的改善.     

强磁场下ITER垂直稳定性线圈的电磁性能研究

垂直稳定性线圈是ITER托卡马克装置中用以维持等离子体垂直稳定性的核心部件,然而该线圈处于强磁环境下,一旦线圈励磁运行以后,线圈电流与外部背景场交互作用激发的电磁载荷将会对线圈产生强烈的电磁冲击.为了分析稳态和瞬态电磁载荷对线圈结构的影响,首先采用电流丝等效模型并基于椭圆积分计算了背景场线圈和等离子体电流的磁场,以及极端运行状态下背景场所诱发的电磁力.在电磁计算的基础上,创建循环对称磁-结构耦合分析模型并采用间接耦合法,将电磁力密度以载荷边界条件插值到结构分析模型,计算评估线圈在稳态电磁载荷下的力学性能.此外,针对脉冲电流引起的电磁疲劳,采用ASME主应力方向恒定的疲劳设计规范,结合Goodman修正法并以无限次循环条件下材料应力强度为评定标准,对线圈各组件的应力进行了评定,结果表明线圈各组件均有足够的安全裕度.该分析方法可为托卡马克其它磁体线圈的电磁性能评估提供参考.     

Surface acceleration of fast electrons with relativistic self-focusing in preformed plasma

We report an observation of surface acceleration of fast electrons in intense laser-plasma interactions. When a preformed plasma is presented in front of a solid target with a higher laser intensity, the emission direction of fast electrons is changed to the target surface direction from the laser and specular directions. This feature could be caused by the formation of a strong static magnetic field along the target surface which traps and holds fast electrons on the surface. In our experiment, the increase in the laser intensity due to relativistic self-focusing in plasma plays an important role for the formation. The strength of the magnetic field is calculated from the bent angle of the electrons, resulting in tens of percent of laser magnetic field, which agrees well with a two-dimensional particle-in-cell calculation. The strong surface current explains the high conversion efficiency on the cone-guided fast ignitor experiments.     

Multi-objective optimization of gradient coil for benchtop magnetic resonance imaging system with high-resolution

Significant high magnetic gradient field strength is essential to obtaining high-resolution images in a benchtop mag- netic resonance imaging （BT-MRI） system with permanent magnet. Extending minimum wire spacing and maximum wire width of gradient coils is one of the key solutions to minimize the maximum current density so as to reduce the local heating and generate higher magnetic field gradient strength. However, maximum current density is hard to optimize together with field linearity, stored magnetic energy, and power dissipation by the traditional target field method. In this paper, a new multi-objective method is proposed to optimize the maximum current density, field linearity, stored magnetic energy, and power dissipation in MRI gradient coils. The simulation and experimental results show that the minimum wire spacings are improved by 159% and 62% for the transverse and longitudinal gradient coil respectively. The maximum wire width increases from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. Maximum gradient field strengths of 157 mT/m and 405 mT/m for transverse and lon- gitudinal coil are achieved, respectively. The experimental results in BT-MRI instrument demonstrate that the MRI images with in-plane resolution of 50 ~tm can be obtained by using the designed coils.     

Transmit-Only/Receive-Only Radiofrequency System for Hyperpolarized 13C MRS Cardiac Metabolism Studies in Pigs

Hyperpolarized ¹³C magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pig models enables metabolic activity mapping, providing a powerful tool for the study of the heart physiology, but requires the development of dedicated radiofrequency coils, capable of providing large field of view with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data. This work describes the simulations and the tests of a transmit-only (TX) volume coil/receive-only (RX) surface coil both designed for hyperpolarized studies of pig heart with a clinical 3T scanner. The coil characterization is performed by developing an SNR model for coil performance in terms of coil resistance, sample-induced resistance and magnetic field pattern. In particular, coil resistances were calculated from Ohm’s law, while magnetic field patterns and sample-induced resistances were calculated using a numerical finite-difference time-domain algorithm. Experimental phantom chemical shift image, showed good agreement with the theoretical SNR-vs-depth profiles and highlighted the advantage of the novel configuration over the single transmit–receive coils throughout the volume of interest for cardiac imaging in pig. Finally, the TX-birdcage/RX-circular configuration was tested by acquiring metabolic maps with hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate injected i.v. in a pig. The results of the phantom and pig experiments show the ability of the coil configuration to image well the metabolites distribution.     

Inverse design of an organ-oriented RF coil for open,vertical-field,MR-guided,focused ultrasound surgery

The advantages of open, vertical-field, magnetic resonance-guided, focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) are attractive. The inverse technique using the bi-boundary conditions is proposed to design a uterine-oriented intraoperative RF coil with an ultrasound aperture for the MRgFUS system. In the current proposed scheme, the desired magnetic field of the RF coil was set to completely overlap the target organ. The current density distribution on the RF coil surface, accounting for the expected magnetic field, was solved using the inverse technique. The stream function was available through the ‘discretization’ of the current density distribution on the RF coil surface. The coil windings were obtained from the contour plot of the stream function. As a modification of previous designs, the bi-boundary conditions are proposed in the inverse technique for the existence of the ultrasound aperture. Based on the obtained coil windings, a prototype coil was constructed. MR imaging of the phantom and the human body was performed to show the efficacy of the prototype coil. The results of temperature measurement using the prototype coil in a 0.4-T MR system were satisfactory. The performance of the prototype coil improved compared with the previously reported design.