8～14μm波段折衍混合红外光学系统的热补偿设计

大多数军用和空间光学仪器的工作环境温度变化范围都较大，温度变化时光学元件的曲率、厚度和间隔都将发生变化，同时元件基体材料的折射率及所在介质的折射率也将发生变化。由于红外光学材料的折射率温度系数dn／dT较大，环境温度对红外光学系统的影响显得尤为严重。因此在红外成像系统中不得不加入主动或被动补偿机构，以补偿温度变化造成像面移动所引起的系统性能的降低。利用衍射元件独特的温度特性实现红外光学系统热补偿设计的方法，设计了波段为8～14μm、视场为16。的折衍混合红外光学系统。该系统使用硒化锌和锗两种红外材料，在一40～60℃的温度范围内的成像质量接近衍射极限，并且体积小、结构简单，重量轻。     

新型长波红外折衍混合消热差系统

为了提高大靶面高分辨率光学系统的性能,基于衍射元件独特的温度特性以及热补偿理论,设计了工作波段为8~12μm、视场角为16°、F/#为1.9、后工作距为133 mm的新型折衍混合消热差系统.系统采用三片式结构,使用锗和硒化锌两种常用的红外材料,仅引入一个二次非球面和一个衍射面,使系统具有结构简单、体积小、重量轻、成本低等优点.实验结果表明:系统在较大视场内成像质量接近衍射极限,且在-30℃～70℃温度范围内性能稳定,适用于像元尺寸为35μm,像元数为640×480的现代非制冷型焦平面阵列探测器,从而实现了消热差设计.     

光学被动式和机电式组合消热差方法的研究

为了解决机电式消热差中光学系统热差太大,透镜的移动不能补偿温度变化引起的像面漂移问题,提出光学被动式和机电式消热差相结合的无热设计方法。该方法先通过光学被动消热差方法得到合理的消热差透镜组合,使热差控制在较小的范围内;然后通过机电消热差的方法消除剩余热差。在(-40～60)℃温度范围内,利用该方法对波长为(7.5～10.5)μm的双视场红外光学系统进行无热化设计,借助传递函数(MTF)对设计结果进行评价,说明该设计在整个温度范围内满足系统像差要求。     

中波红外折衍光学系统消热差设计与杂光分析

论述了红外折衍混合消热差光学系统的设计原理与方法,利用衍射光学元件特性进行消热差与色差,设计出工作波段为3.5μm~5.2μm、F数为2、焦距为100 mm、全视场角7,°具有100%冷屏效率的折衍混合消热差光学系统。对系统进行杂光分析,理想成像光线的像面辐照度为1.5×104W/m2,其他非成像光线的像面辐照度为2 W/m2。该系统在-50℃~80℃的温度范围内成像质量接近衍射极限,适用于像元尺寸为30μm、像元数320×256的致冷型红外焦平面阵列探测器。     

长焦距变焦镜头的温度分析及补偿

为了提高长焦距变焦镜头的温度稳定性,分析了温度对光学系统的影响。在CODE V里对长焦距变焦镜头光学系统进行温度仿真分析,发现温度对光学系统的像质影响很大。采用无热化技术成熟的主动调焦式补偿方式对光学系统的温度效应进行补偿,发现采取补偿后像质有很大改善,但在相机的最大空间频率处的MTF还是较低,且变焦系统各焦距时的最佳像面并不能齐焦。采用机械被动式补偿和主动调焦式补偿混合的方式进行温度补偿,使得变焦系统在要求的全温度范围内有良好的像质,短焦时MTF大于0.5,长焦时的MTF大于0.25,并且焦距也得到补偿,各焦距时的最佳像面齐焦并与CCD的像面位置重合。     

温度变化对1.23 m望远镜光机系统的影响

为了实现1.23 m望远镜在环境温度从-35℃~+55 ℃变化范围内,光机系统的成像质量的指标要求,本文从原理上分析了温度变化对光机系统中光学元件面形准确度及相对位置关系的影响,推导出了主次镜间光学间隔变化与像面离焦量的比例关系.通过对1.23 m望远镜光学结构的像质分析,结合光机结构设计,搭建了适合环境温度变化的光机系统,从方案设计上满足了望远镜系统的成像要求.通过实际的成像实验,验证了温度变化导致的主次镜光学间隔变化对望远镜系统成像带来的离焦的影响,并给出了具体的温度补偿措施,即采取次镜调焦的方式,可满足具体观测实验的要求.同时,为今后1.23 m望远镜以及类似的大口径望远镜系统的实验和技术改造提出了切实可行的意见.     

折/衍混合大视场消热差红外双波段光学系统设计

根据双波段消热差理论设计了大视场消热差红外双波段光学系统.系统为4片式反远结构,包括一个衍射面和一个非球面,设计波长为3.5~4.8μm/8~12μm,焦距为8mm,全视场80.2°,F/#为2,系统出瞳与冷光阑严格匹配,满足100%冷光阑效率.根据消热差条件和波段间消色差条件,得出4片分离薄透镜光焦度分配的解,进一步建立了三维投影消热差图,据此合理选择光学材料.根据环境温度要求,利用光学被动式消热差的方法实现了系统在-40~60℃的温度变化范围内的消热差设计.结果表明,系统在环境温度变化范围内成像质量良好,实现了光学系统无热化.     

宽温度范围双层衍射元件优化设计及应用

建立了环境温度对双层衍射元件衍射效率影响的数学模型，给出高衍射效率衍射元件的优化设计方法。通过选择宽温度范围内设计波长对，计算衍射元件微结构参数，确保双层衍射元件在基底材料确定的情况下仍具有高衍射效率，发现混合成像光学系统具有最佳像质。最后设计了一套含有此双层衍射元件的中波红外混合成像光学系统。结果表明，与传统设计相比，本文方法能够有效地改善混合成像光学系统的无热化设计像质，设计结果更好。     

可见光折/衍射混合光学系统消热差设计

由于一些可见光折衍射混合光学系统结构复杂,光学材料种类繁多且光热性能差异大,不能像红外系统那样通过解消色差、消热差方程组得到初始结构。通过分析衍射光学元件的温度特性,采取使用衍射光学元件先消色差再消热差的方法,完成了可见光波段遥感物镜的消热差设计。系统在20℃～100℃范围内成像质量均保持良好,调制传递函数下降范围在6％之内。设计结果表明利用衍射光学元件的混合光学设计使系统结构简单化,并在要求的温度范围内性能稳定。     

采用智能温度补偿电路的分布式光纤喇曼温度传感器

采用一种智能温度补偿电路对雪崩光电二极管的反偏电压进行温度补偿,抵消环境温度对雪崩光电二极管的影响,从而大大降低了系统的温度漂移.采用该温度补偿电路的系统可在0℃到60℃的环境温度范围内将温漂引起的测量偏差控制在±0.1℃之内.和传统的恒温装置相比,采用该温度补偿电路可有效地降低系统的功耗和成本.相对采用热敏电阻的温度...     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.