新一代核能布雷顿闭式循环热力学分析研究

核能利用是２０世纪最激动人心的科学成就之一。核能和平利用的重点在核能发电,至今核电站反应堆多为低温水冷堆,采用水或重水作为冷却剂和慢化剂,堆出口载热工质温度较低（２８０“Ｃ～３４０“ｑ,因而多应用常规的Ｒａｎｋｉｎｅ蒸汽热力循环,热转功的效率较低（２８％～３３％）。９０年代以来,随着工业和航空燃气轮机技术长足进步和高温核反应堆的进展,核能布雷顿闭式循环（ＮＥＢＣＣ）展现出提高性能的潜力和发展前景,受到普遍关注。近期提出的模块化高温气冷堆氦气轮机（ＭＨＲ－－ＧＴ）［‘－‘］就是应用ＮＥＢＣＣ的典型…     

我国高温气冷堆技术及产业化发展

正一、前言1.高温气冷堆简介高温气冷堆属于热中子裂变反应堆,用氦气作冷却剂,石墨作慢化材料,采用包覆颗粒燃料以及全陶瓷的堆芯结构材料。模块式高温气冷堆安全性好、氦气堆芯出口温度高,是目前国际核能领域公认的新一代核能系统,在工艺供热、核能制氢、高效发电、空间电源甚至军用领域都有广泛的应用前景。高温气冷堆的高温特性和安全性能首先源于其独特的包覆颗粒燃料(图1)。目前压水堆使用的燃料由氧化铀陶瓷芯块和锆合金包壳组成,高温气冷     

基于超高温气冷堆的氢电联产系统设计分析

超高温气冷堆耦合碘硫循环制氢是一种极具发展前景的核能制氢技术。本文提出了一种基于超高温气冷堆的新型氢电联产系统,采用碘硫循环和氦气透平循环来制氢和发电,建立了能量分析的热力学模型,分析了氦气透平循环总压比和反应堆出口温度对系统性能的影响。然后本文以系统氢电效率最大为目标,在总压比、反应堆入口温度、系统净输出功等参数的约束条件下,对系统进行关键参数优化,并分析了反应堆出口温度对优化结果的影响。结果表明：950?C、1000?C、1050?C三种反应堆出口温度下,建议的氦气分流比控制范围分别为0.031～0.750、0.112～0.750、0.181～0.750,对应的产氢率变化范围分别为17.4～295.6 mol·s^-1、61.4～298.0 mol·s^-1和96.5～299.8 mol·s^-1。     

高温氦气加热甲烷蒸汽重整制氢热力学分析

对高温氦气加热的甲烷蒸汽重整制氢过程进行了热力学分析。结果表明,在较高温度条件下压力对系统重整性能的影响很小。在重整压力大于1 MPa,水碳比大于2时,随着温度的升高,热效率先增加到最大值然后又缓慢下降;在温度800~1000℃范围内,随着水碳比的增加热效率先升高后下降。分析表明,利用高温气冷堆氮气供热的甲烷蒸汽重整制氢系统,选择较高的水碳比和重整温度有利于提高系统热效率和制氢性能。得到了匹配高温气冷堆供热系统且能使氢气产量和热效率的接近最大值的甲烷蒸汽重整反应优化操作参数范围.     

改进型氢氧联合循环及其性能初步分析

1前言氢能既具备矿石燃料的优点，又符合长远能源发展的要求，被称为21世纪的能源。氢能发电是氢能利用的一个重要方面，近年来出现了各种氢能发电方案。文献山提出了氢氧联合循环（包括混合式和面式）；此外还有高温蒸汽朗肯循环，氢氧燃烧，加热氦（或二氧化碳）的闭式透平K’］；对燃用液氢的系统也有论述＊’］。本文在已有工作的基础上，综合了混合式和面式氢氧联合循环的一些特点，提出了氢氧联合循环的改进型式。本文将着重讨论这种改进循环的性能，并与混合式多级再热氢氧联合循环加以比较，对氢氧联合循环的进一步发展作一初步尝…     

气冷快堆概述

正一、前言与工作原理气冷快堆,英文名称为Gas Cooled Fast Reactor,简称为GFR,是一种高温气体冷却快谱反应堆。顾名思义,气冷快堆采用气体作为堆芯冷却剂。由于气体工质密度一般相对较低,对中子的慢化能力较弱,在不显著添加其他慢化剂的情况下,中子能谱为快谱。气体工质的慢化能力一般也弱于金属冷却剂,因此气冷快堆的中子能量要高于金属快堆,也就是说气冷快堆的中子能谱更"硬"。     

基于VHTRC的棱柱式高温气冷堆核设计程序验证北大核心CSCD

高温气冷堆是国际公认的固有安全性高的反应堆堆型。针对高温气冷堆包覆颗粒燃料引入的燃料组件的双重非均匀性以及棱柱式堆芯布置的非均匀性和强空间耦合效应,提出基于蒙特卡罗均匀化-确定论输运方法的RMC-SaraGR程序系统作为棱柱式高温气冷堆的核设计程序。基于日本棱柱式高温气冷堆临界实验装置VHTRC基准题,针对此套核设计程序系统开展了均匀化模型研究和初步验证。研究结果表明,基于蒙特卡罗均匀化方法,采用全堆模型、合适的能群结构和分区方式产生组件群常数,并经过超级等效均匀化方法进行等效均匀化修正,可以保证堆芯多群均匀计算具有较高的计算精度。     

IGCC空气侧整体综合优化的研究

主要符号表X。。氮气回注系数如空分整体化系数E。；c燃气轮机压气机效率G。l回注氮气流量万燃气轮机透平前温尼。”系统相对效率G。。煤气氮气掺混流量Ea；，c空气专用压缩机效率N。”系统相对功率1前言整体煤气化联合循环（IGCC）系统模拟与优化逐步受到重视，开展了许多相关研究［‘－‘］。但是，现有的方法［‘，‘］一个突出的问题，它是在设定的具体流程方案下的数值分析，这常常导致落入“局部优化掩盖了整体最优”的误区。本文是研究以空分系统为中心的空气侧子系统的整体优化，阐述基本概念，尝试新方法，并结合大型商业化装…     

吸附式空调的性能研究

1引言近年来固体吸附式制冷或热泵得到了制冷工程研究领域的普遍关注,已有各种吸附式制冷机／热泵被开发研制的报导,其中大多数是活性炭一甲醇、分子筛一水、硅胶一水、氯化钙一氨以及金属氢化物一氢等。其中比较典型的有太阳能热利用的间隙式制冷机［‘］、回热型循环制冷机［‘］和复叠式制冷系统［’］。新的热力循环,如热波型制冷循环l‘］和对流热波型制冷循环问也在不断研究探索之中。对吸附式制冷的研究兴趣主要在于这种制冷方式没有CFCS方面的问题、其价格效用比高、结构简单、与吸收式制冷系统比不需溶液泵或分馏装置,另外它…     

抑制换热器湿空气侧结霜的研究

1前言抑制换热器湿空气侧结霜的命题，是由传热传质学中加热面粗糙度对液体沸腾过程的影响和在低能表面上能形成珠状凝结的启示而提出的l‘－4］。随后，考虑到水蒸汽分子是强极性分子，换热器金属表面也是极性的，从而提出在换热器壁面涂以高疏水性材料（即低能表面）以阻止或减缓结霜的思路。沿着这一思路，国内外有关专家学者做了不少工作［‘，’］。采用低能表面抑制结霜的关键问题是霜将随时间推移而完全覆盖壁面，这之后低能表面因与新凝华的水蒸汽隔离而失去作用。因此，学术界普遍认为低能表面对实现珠状凝结（汽液相变）是有效的…     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.