氢氧联合循环——设计点及变工况初步分析

一、前言 氢氧完全反应生成物是水蒸汽,膨胀过程包括了部分底循环,可以没有常规联合循环中燃机排气放热与蒸汽吸热过程,这是氢氧循环提出的出发点,也是此循环的最大优点。氢氧反应放出的大量能量除提高生成物温度外,还加热底部循环工质,加热方式分为直接混合式加热和面式加热两种。本文着重讨论以上两种氢氧联合循环的性能。     

新型氢氧——燃煤联合循环系统热力学性能分析

本文在传统燃煤发电机组和氢氧联合循环的基础上,提出一种新型的氢氧-燃煤联合循环系统。该系统把超超临界燃煤机组与氢氧联合循环相耦合,实现了氢能和燃煤的高效利用,丰富了两种燃料的利用形式。本文使用EBSILON对该系统进行了初步模拟,研究结果表明,该系统在蒸汽初压为25.6 MPa,最高温度为1300℃时,发电效率可达到49.74%,并可通过提高循环最高温度和燃气透平膨胀比达到更高的发电效率。     

联合循环、STIG循环、HAT循环及其相关循环的热力性能比较

1引言本文分析并比较了燃气一蒸汽联合循环（CC）（图川山、注蒸汽燃气轮机（STIG）循环z图2）l’］、湿空气透平（HAT）循环（图3）［’1及采用中冷或再热手段后相应循环的性能．为了不使系统过于复杂，只采用一级中冷、一级再热，中冷器和再燃室的位置与通常的设计相同。中冷器所用冷却水来自环境，吸收热量后又回到环境。选用余热锅炉型CC，HAT循环选用文献［3］提供的结构。2计算结果及分析计算条件：（a）环境温度20”C，压力0．101325MPa，湿度sg／bgDA；（b）压气机绝热效率0．88，燃气透平相对内效率0．9，蒸汽透平相对内效…     

焦载热气化燃煤联合循环系统的数学模型研究

１焦载热燃煤联合循环系统简介中国能源工业以煤炭为主的格局,决定了能源发展及可持续发展战略必须立足于“煤的高效及清洁燃烧技术”。在这一方面,燃煤的联合循环技术最具潜力;它能大幅度地提高发电厂的热效率,并使污染问题得到解决。清华大学近年来一直致力于这方面的工作。１９９２年,清华大学申报了差速循环流化床和飞灰造粒回燃两项专利,同时对载热气化技术进行了深入地研究。在以上工作基础上,提出了一种易于实现的新型燃煤联合循环发电技术：载热部分气化联合循环技术,并于同年申报了专利。该系统［１－２］采用高温颗粒流动…     

联合循环中蒸汽底循环优化设计的方法与模型

1背景联合循环发电与联产系统已成为传统火电站强有力的竞争者，蒸汽底循环已成为联合循环的有机组成部分。高性能的燃气轮机要求高效率的底循环与之相匹配，以达到提高系统效率的最终目的。关于蒸汽底循环的设计，目前的方法可分为：案例分析【‘1、特定流程的特定方法［‘］、未实现梯级利用的压力匹配设计l’］。这些方法都未能对燃机排热实现有效的梯级利用，而且不能全面考虑底循环面对的限制。本文克服已有方法的局限性，提出底循环灵活、统一的模型，真实反映燃机排热最有效的梯级利用方式，适应不同联合循环对底循环的不同要求和实…     

任意逆循环的致冷系数

由任意正循环的效率η（Ｑ１－Ｑ２）／Ｑ１，容易被误为与其相应逆循环的致冷系数也必是ε＝Ｑ２／（Ｑ１－Ｑ２）．本文论述了任意逆循环致冷系数的正确表达式，并对文献［１］提出了某些疑问．     

基于化学链燃烧的氢氧联合循环

提出一种新颖的基于化学链的氢氧联合动力循环系统,该系统利用透平余热提供化学链中天然气和Fe3O4反应热,将余热转换为高品位化学能。系统综合了化学链零能耗分离CO2和氢氧联合循环高效率的优点。与化学链燃烧联合循环相比,该循环取消了余热锅炉和底循环,系统内能量品位匹配更加合理。根据图像分析方法,阐明了化学链氢氧联合循环中损...     

太阳能燃气轮机与卡林那循环联合的热发电系统

本文提出了一种带间冷回热的太阳能燃气轮机与卡林那循环组成的联合循环发电系统,对其热力性能进行了分析,并研究了关键运行参数对热力性能影响。塔式太阳能接收器将经过间冷压缩的压缩空气加热至1000℃用以驱动燃气轮机做功。卡林那循环用以回收燃气余热发电。基于蔡睿贤的比较法,推导出了该系统太阳能热发电效率的简明解析式。结果表明,当燃气轮机入口温度为1000℃时,该系统的(火用)效率和太阳能热发电效率分别可达到29%和27.5%,比太阳能燃气-蒸汽联合循环分别高1.8%和1.6%。该系统的提出,为提高太阳能热发电系统的太阳能热发电效率提供了一种方法,并且对太阳能热发电耗水大的问题提供了一个解决途径。     

IGCC中布雷顿循环特性和优化的研究

１前言整体煤气化联合循环（ＩＧＣＣ）是把煤气化技术和联合循环结合起来的能量转换利用系统。ＩＧＣＣ中联合循环以燃气轮机（布雷顿循环）为主,其性能参数对ＩＧＣＣ系统的热力特性至关重要,因此关于燃气轮机的研究受到特别重视［１－４］,但现有的研究仍很粗糙,主...     

固体吸附式制冷中热波循环的分析研究

1引言由Tehernev博士和S．V．Shelton教授提出的热波循环，是吸附式制冷中引起广泛兴趣的一种循环方式。其特点是高效回热，Shelton采用斜波法［‘］和方波法［‘］分析了热波循环，回热率达70％，热泵工况COP超过1．6。其它学者作了改进研究［‘并热波循环的模拟效果很好，但实验方面进展相当缓慢。采用螺旋板式换热器作吸附器，也发现热波循环的运行效果很不理想问。目前，相关的文献主要是系统模拟，而对其关键，热波的形成、特性研究较少。另外，研究侧重于系统性能（COP），对能量密度（SPD）考虑较少。本文将从传热的角度分析热…     

Hydrogen and oxygen generation with polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)-based electrolytic technology

With dwindling liquid fuel resources, hydrogen offers a credible alternative. The use of hydrogen in a fuel cell offers the highest fuel conversion efficiency compared with all other technologies and it also has the potential to substantially reduce greenhouse gas and particulate emissions at least at the end-user sites. One of the major barriers to the introduction of the hydrogen economy and its wider acceptance is the lack of the rather costly hydrogen generation, transportation and distribution infrastructure to meet the local transport fuel demands. On-site or distributed hydrogen generation would remove the need for this up-front infrastructure requirements and assist with the early large-scale trials of the fuel cell technology for both transport and stationary applications and also introduction of the hydrogen economy. In this paper, the development of polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis technology for on-site, on-demand hydrogen generation has been discussed. The major emphasis is given on reducing catalyst cost; interface design and modifications; interconnect materials, design and fabrication; and investigation of the sources of degradation. Stacks to 2 kW_{H 2} capacity have been constructed and tested and show initial efficiencies of >87% at 1 A cm⁻².     

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell as a hydrogen flow rate monitoring device

There is a substantial demand for hydrogen flow rate monitoring devices in applications where hydrogen is utilised or produced and which include oil refineries, ammonia production, food and chemical industries, coal gasification, methane steam reforming and water electrolysis. In this paper, a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell has been demonstrated for measuring accurate flow rates of hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases. The concept involves applying a constant voltage to a PEM fuel cell to oxidise the entire hydrogen supplied to the anode compartment of the fuel cell and observing limiting current values attained and relating these to the hydrogen flow rates. PEM fuel cells with an active area of 50 cm² were constructed and used to accurately measure the flow rates of hydrogen up to 170 mL/min. A device with a capability to monitor significantly higher hydrogen flow rates can be constructed by using several cells in a stacking arrangement or by using electrically isolated cells in a single device. The paper discusses advantages and limitations of the technique and the flow rate-measuring response for gases containing 5–100 % hydrogen. The response time for hydrogen gas was of the order of 1–2 min. However, the fuel cell flow field design can be optimised for faster response times.     

Exergy method for estimating the ramjet specific impulse

The exergy method is developed for computing the ramjet thrust-economic characteristics with regard for real thermodynamic properties of combustion products when using as fuel the hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuel for the freestream Mach numbers M = 4 ÷ 14. The estimates for the specific impulse of the given engine using the presented technique are shown to agree with the estimates computed by other authors. The computational method is intended for obtaining the ramjet characteristics and conduction of the parameter analysis at the research initial stage as well as for its use at the conceptual developments of hypersonic flying vehicles.     

Influence of methanol impurity in hydrogen on PEMFC performance

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells [PEMFC] have become highly attractive for stationary as well as mobile energy applications due to their good efficiency compact cell design and zero emissions. PEM fuel cells mainly consist of anode and cathode containing platinum/platinum alloy electrocatalysts and Nafion membrane as the electrolyte. They operate on hydrogen fuel, which is generally produced by reforming of hydrocarbons, alcohols such as methanol and may contain large amounts of impurities such as methanol, carbon dioxide, trace amounts of carbon monoxide, etc. The studies on the effect of methanol impurity in hydrogen on fuel cell performance and methods of mitigation of poisoning are very important for the commercialization of fuel cells and are described in a limited number of papers only. In this paper, we present the studies on the influence of methanol impurity in hydrogen for the PEM fuel cells. The effect of various parameters such as methanol concentration, cell voltage, current density, exposure time, reversibility, operating temperature, etc. on the cell performances was investigated using pure hydrogen. Various methods of methanol poisoning mitigation were also investigated.     

聚变-裂变混合堆快裂变包层与抑制裂变包层的比较

以生产核燃料为主要目的的聚变-裂变混合堆包层,可采用两种不同的设计方案:快裂变包层和抑制裂变包层。它们各具有其长处和不足。本文以两个典型的包层结构为例,作了快裂变包层和抑制裂变包层的中子学计算和对比分析。其结果可作为包层选型设计及技术可行性、安全性、经济性分析的参考。     

CFETR偏滤器靶板的概念设计与分析

基于以前的偏滤器研究,提出了中国核聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)偏滤器靶板的概念设计。在最差工况下进行的热工水力分析和力学分析表明,应力和温度都在允许范围内,验证了该设计模型的可靠性。该概念模型和对其所做的分析可以为以后的工程设计提供参考。     

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基于以前的偏滤器研究,提出了中国核聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)偏滤器靶板的概念设计.在最差工况下进行的热工水力分析和力学分析表明,应力和温度都在允许范围内,验证了该设计模型的可靠性.该概念模型和对其所做的分析可以为以后的工程设计提供参考.     

某支板式超音速剪切流燃烧的数值研究

针对某支板火焰稳定结构数值研究了二维超音速流动和燃烧规律,提出不同燃料供给方案,比较了采用全氢气、全甲烷和不同比例的混合燃气等情况下的燃烧性能.结果表明:单一燃料时,氢气超燃性能很好,但会出现热量雍塞,而甲烷无法燃烧,两种混合燃料方案均在燃烧室内出现了稳定的火焰,但氧气消耗率不理想,基于上述结论给出了一些提高超燃性能的改进措施.     

The thorium cycle for fast breeder reactors

The role that could be played by liquid metal-cooled fast breeder reactors (LMFBRs) in the utilization of India’s considerable thorium resources is reviewed in this article. Distinct advantages of thorium-based fuels over plutonium-uranium fuels in LMFBRs pertain to a more favourable coolant voiding reactivity coefficient and better fuel element irradiation stability. The poorer breeding capability of thorium-fuelled fast reactors can in principle be overcome by improved core design and development of advanced fuel concepts. The technical feasibility of such advanced thorium fuels and core designs must be established by sustained research and development. It is also necessary to efficiently close the thorium fuel cycle of fast breeder reactors by appropriate development of the fuel reprocessing and refabrication stages. The Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam is expected to be an important tool for development of thorium fuel and fuel cycle technology. A quick look at the economics of the thorium cycle for fast reactors, vis-a-vis the more conventional uranium cycle indicates only a small and acceptable cost disadvantage on account of the need for remote fabrication of recycled thorium fuel. The authors felicitate Prof. D S Kothari on his eightieth birthday and dedicate this paper to him on this occasion.