Wavelength conversion between picosecond pulses using cascaded second-order nonlinearity in LiNbO<Subscript>3</Subscript> waveguides

Wavelength conversion between picosecond pulses with the cascaded second-order nonlinearity in LiNbO₃ waveguides is simulated numerically using finite difference beam propagation method. The influences of group-velocity mismatching and input pulse parameters on conversion efficiency and generated pulse characteristics are analyzed. The results indicate that increasing the input pump pulse width will enhance conversion efficiency but diminish compression ratio of the generated pulse. The generated pulse is inevitably compressed under pulsed pumping, and introducing the initial time delay can reshape the generated pulse.     

Wave-coupling theory of linear electro-optic effect for ultrashort laser pulses

A wave-coupling theory of linear electro-optic (EO) effect for ultrashort laser pulses has been developed. As one of its applications, the linear EO effect of ultrashort Gaussian pulses propagating in LiNbO₃ crystal is demonstrated, with the intensity lower than the damage threshold. It is found that the EO effect is sensitive to both the azimuth angle and the polar angle of wave vector of light. And the larger the applied electric field, the shorter the crystal used for optimization of EO coupling is. The numerical results show that, with the duration of input pulse changing from 150 fs to 5 fs, the durations of output pulses are broadened due to the group-velocity dispersion, as well as the first- and second-order refractive dispersion. In addition, when input pulse duration is larger than 20 fs, in contrast with zero chirp, the output durations can be slightly compressed if a positive chirp input pulse is used. The validities of slowly varying amplitude approximation and continuous wave approximation are also discussed. The influence of self-phase modulation and cross-phase modulation on the EO effect is also discussed briefly.     

基频倍频光群速度对超短脉冲三倍频的影响分析

在超短脉冲的谐波转换过程中, 由于不同波包之间的群速度失配的存在, 非线性晶体的有效厚度、转换效率及带宽等将相互制约, 不能获得理想结果。基于耦合波方程, 在平面波和小信号近似条件下推导出了关于基频、倍频光群速度关系的解析表达式。通过对200 fs超短脉冲在II类KDP晶体中的混频过程的模拟分析, 发现在满足相位匹配的前提下, 三次谐波转换效率随着基频、倍频光群速度倒数的差值的平方呈现出指数衰减的关系, 与理论结果吻合。得出的关于基频光、倍频光群速度的表达式, 作为三倍频群速度匹配关系式的必要补充, 对寻找合适的色散晶体和选择有效的匹配措施, 实现宽带三次谐波转换具有理论指导意义。     

High idler conversion with an intracavity optical parametric oscillator and difference frequency generation

Tunable mid IR generation is analyzed with an optical parametric oscillator (OSO) and difference frequency generation (DFG) based on two periodically poled gratings. To obtain chirped-pulse amplification techniques, in the difference frequency generation the group-velocity must be matched. If grating periods are selected, appropriately, the wider tunable range of output pulse can be obtained. Because the group velocity is matched, the parametric bandwidth and the maximum effective length will be enhanced. We theoretically demonstrate high idler conversion in a femtosecond optical parametric oscillators with two different and cascaded periodically poled gratings. In the first grating the signal and the idler 1 are generated, while in the second one, the midwave infrared idler 2 is generated. The dependence of the lengths of the two cavities on the conversion efficiency is discussed.     

Reduction of light signal pulse distortion in cascaded sum-frequency-generation and difference-frequency-generation wavelength conversion

Cascaded sum-frequency-generation (SFG) and difference-frequency-generation (DFG) can implement a wavelength conversion between arbitrary combinations of input and output signal wavelengths. By using a tunable wavelength pump light, the output wavelength can be tuned to a desired wavelength. As in many wavelength conversion devices using the nonlinear optical effect, the group velocity difference between light pulses with different wavelength causes a walk-off effect deforming the output pulse shape. Thus the device length should be kept short to avoid the walk-off effect resulting in limited conversion efficiency. In this report, we propose a method for a quasi-phase matched (QPM) device to maintain the pulse shape of the SFG light pulse along the propagation distance. The output DFG light pulse deformation is suppressed and the conversion efficiency can be increased by extending the device length.     

超短脉冲在单块晶体中的三次谐波理论模拟

讨论了群速度失配、自相位调制和交叉相位调制、晶体厚度、基波的频率啁啾等因素对超短脉冲单块晶体的三次谐波转换效率、三倍频光脉冲形状以及频谱的影响.结果表明：群速度延迟使三倍频光脉冲展宽；自相位调制和交叉相位调制会降低转换效率,并使三倍频光脉冲形状发生畸变；晶体厚度对三倍频光脉冲频谱展宽有着较大的影响；合适的基频光频率啁啾可以减小三倍频光脉冲的畸变,并有效地提高三倍频转换效率.     

基于频域相位共轭技术的交叉相位调制所致失真的复原

理论分析和讨论了基于频域相位共轭技术的交叉相位调制所致信号失真的复原和补偿机理，数值模拟了在交叉相位调制作用下，高斯脉冲在中距相位共轭光纤系统中的传输演化过程.结果表明，频域相位共轭技术能够抑制交叉相位调制对光纤系统中传输信号的损害，复原其所导致的信号失真，并能够同步补偿群速度色散和自相位调制非线性效应所导致的信号失真.合适的初始脉冲时延和初始脉冲啁啾有利于频域相位共轭技术对交叉相位调制所致信号失真的抑制. 关键词： 频域相位共轭 交叉相位调制 色散 自相位调制     

超短激光脉冲二倍频理论分析

采用快速傅里叶变换（FFT）算法和Rung-Kutta法对KDP晶体中超短激光脉冲二倍频过程作了研究。详细讨论了群速度失配、群速度色散和三阶非线性相位调制效应对倍频光脉冲波形、光谱及转换效率的影响。研究结果表明：在超短激光脉冲二倍频中，三阶非线性相位调制效应可使二倍频光脉冲形状发生畸变，光谱明显展宽且转换效率降低；当入射基频光功率密度大于100GW/cm2时，三阶非线性效应是影响倍频过程的主要因素。     

Combined frequency conversion and pulse compression in nonlinear tapered waveguides

We suggest an application of pump-degenerate four-wave mixing process in tapered waveguides for generation of ultrashort pulses with central frequency tunable over the material transparency range. Our method can produce strongly compressed frequency-converted pulses in presence of group-velocity mismatch and group-velocity dispersion. Additionally, the proposed technique does not require pulse phase synchronization and effectively operates for strongly chirped pump pulses, thus enabling the use of longer nonlinear media for high conversion efficiency.     

啁啾匹配和同步抖动对光参量啁啾脉冲放大的影响

 通过研究光参量啁啾脉冲放大过程转换效率随泵浦光啁啾参数的变化,以及信号光和泵浦光波长的对应关系,确立了信号光和泵浦光同步时实现线性啁啾匹配的方法。以磷酸二氢钾作为非线性晶体,研究了信号光和泵浦光之间的线性啁啾匹配和时间同步抖动对光参量啁啾脉冲放大后信号光脉冲波形和转换效率的影响。结果表明：在时间同步的情况下,线性啁啾匹配时的信号光脉冲波形很对称,转换效率也较高;在同步抖动程度一定的情况下,不同泵浦光啁啾参数时,信号光的增益及放大后的脉冲波形差异较大;在线性啁啾匹配程度一定时,信号光和泵浦光时间同步抖动越严重,放大信号光的脉冲波形变化越大,信号光增益越小,且转换效率也越低。     

掺铒光纤环镜中超短光孤子的放大与压缩Ⅱ.环镜及输入脉冲特性对放大结果的影响

最近的研究发现,用掺铒光纤环镜放大并压缩超短光孤子不仅能避免常规掺铒光纤放大器中由于非线性效应引起的孤子畸变,而且可克服绝热放大技术中放大器长度随输入脉宽增大而指数规律增大的困难。进一步研究了环镜及输入脉冲特性对放大结果的影响。数值计算表明,对于确定的输入脉冲,当环镜参量(环镜长度、增益、耦合器功率耦合系数)在较大范围内变化时,环镜放大器的孤子输出性能基本稳定。对于确定的环镜,输入脉冲形状的变化、初始输入功率的起伏以及高阶效应等因素对放大结果的影响较小;相对而言,初始频率啁啾对输出孤子宽度的影响较大,但对输出孤子质量的影响并不严重。     

Femtosecond soliton generation induced by intrapulse stimulated Raman scattering in optical fibers

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群速度色散对高功率激光系统前端整形脉冲的影响

基于高功率激光系统前端全光纤脉冲整形系统输出的脉冲特性，以两路脉冲堆积为例，理论分析并讨论了光纤中群速度色散的作用，提出了分离距离的概念，得出了整形脉冲时间调制周期、瞬时频率，以及初始啁啾对脉冲波形影响的解析结果。数值模拟了脉冲波形、瞬时频率在正、负色散光纤中随时间的变化特性，以及时间调制周期与传输距离之间的关系。结果表明，堆积脉冲不同位置瞬时频率变化不同；脉冲时间调制周期与时延和初始啁啾以及色散符号有关。     

半导体激光器型全光波长转换器的啁啾分析

利用速率方程分析了转换信号光的频率啁啾,考虑到了外界注入信号光的放大.转换过程中,信号光的注入将会导致了光腔内载流子数发生变化,进而引起激光器输出频率的改变,产生啁啾.研究发现,较大的激光器注入电流可以有效地抑制频率啁啾,较高的注入信号光功率则可以在保证高转换信号消光比的同时抑制频率啁啾.     

Optimization of the idler wavelength tunable cascaded optical parametric oscillator based on chirp-assisted aperiodically poled lithium niobate crystal

We present the numerical results for the optimization of the pump-to-idler conversion efficiencies of nanosecond idler wavelength tunable cascaded optical parametric oscillators(OPO) in different wavelength tuning ranges, where the primary signals from the OPO process are recycled to enhance the pump-to-idler conversion efficiencies via the simultaneous difference frequency generation(DFG) process by monolithic aperiodically poled, magnesium oxide doped lithium niobate(APMg LN) crystals. The APMg LN crystals are designed with different chirp parameters for the DFG process to broaden their thermal acceptance bandwidths to different extents. The idler wavelength tuning of the cascaded OPO is realized by changing the temperature of the designed APMg LN crystal and the cascaded oscillation is achieved in a single pump pass singly resonant linear cavity. The pump-to-idler conversion efficiencies with respect to the pump pulse duration and ratio of OPO coefficient to DFG coefficient are calculated by numerically solving the coupled wave equations. The optimal working conditions of the tunable cascaded OPOs pumped by pulses with energies of 350 μJ and 700 μJ are compared to obtain the general rules of optimization. It is concluded that the optimization becomes the interplay between the ratio of OPO coefficient to DFG coefficient and the pump pulse duration when the idler wavelength tuning range and the pump pulse energy are fixed. Besides, higher pump pulse energy is beneficial for reaching higher optimal pump-to-idler conversion efficiency as long as the APMg LN crystal is optimized according to this pump condition. To the best of our knowledge,this is the first numerical analysis of idler wavelength tunable cascaded OPOs based on chirp-assisted APMg LN crystals.     

Formation of parabolic pulses in inhomogeneous fiber optical amplifiers

The conditions for forming pulses with parabolic envelope asymptotics in inhomogeneous fiber optical amplifiers are investigated. The profile of normal group-velocity dispersion, which ensures formation of parabolic pulses with a reduced rate of frequency modulation, is determined. It is shown by numerical simulation that the presence of chirp in the input pulse may cause narrowing of the spectrum at a certain energy.     

紫外超短脉冲激光放大过程中脉宽压缩的方案设计

采用放电泵浦KrF准分子激光放大器放大波长为248.4nm的紫外超短脉冲激光。对于能量为0.7mJ、脉宽为550fs的输入脉冲,在光束直径保持10mm不变的条件下,能量放大到15mJ,脉宽展宽到1200fs。为了压缩输出脉冲宽度,分析了群速度色散和自相位调制效应对脉宽展宽的影响。利用棱镜对,采用4种不同的实验方案对脉冲引入负的线性频率啁啾,以补偿KrF准分子激光放大器CaF2窗镜中的群速度色散和自相位调制对脉冲引入的正的线性频率啁啾。结果表明:在放大器之前放置棱镜对的方式可以在保持输出脉冲能量为15mJ的同时,在棱镜对间距为110cm的条件下,将输出脉冲宽度压缩到370fs,输出波长为248.4nm、带宽为0.4nm。     

铌酸锂晶体中飞秒激光脉冲线性电光效应及其色散补偿

针对铌酸锂晶体中飞秒激光脉冲线性电光效应, 研究了光学相位共轭 对群速度色散 以及一阶和二阶折射率色散的补偿方案. 结果发现, 在任意初始输入脉宽条件下, 这些色散基本上都能得到补偿, 输出脉冲波形基本上和输入脉冲相同. 在此方案中, 若同时在色散补偿铌酸锂晶体上对输出脉冲进行电光相位调制, 则在一定外加电场作用下, 输出脉冲的脉宽将进一步被压缩, 初始输入脉宽越小, 压缩程度越大.     

铌酸锂晶体中飞秒激光脉冲线性电光效应及其色散补偿

针对铌酸锂晶体中飞秒激光脉冲线性电光效应, 研究了光学相位共轭 对群速度色散 以及一阶和二阶折射率色散的补偿方案. 结果发现, 在任意初始输入脉宽条件下, 这些色散基本上都能得到补偿, 输出脉冲波形基本上和输入脉冲相同. 在此方案中, 若同时在色散补偿铌酸锂晶体上对输出脉冲进行电光相位调制, 则在一定外加电场作用下, 输出脉冲的脉宽将进一步被压缩, 初始输入脉宽越小, 压缩程度越大.     

Femtosecond pulse propagation in silicon waveguides: Variational approach and its advantages

We investigate the propagation characteristics of ultrafast pulses inside silicon waveguides considering frequency chirp associated with each input pulse. Effects of linear losses, two-photon absorption, and free-carrier dynamics are included analytically within the framework of a modified variational formalism and the results are validated by comparing them with full numerical simulations. It is found that an initial chirp helps in maintaining the pulse shape and spectrum in the anomalous-dispersion regime, thereby resulting in soliton-like propagation of ultrashort optical pulses.