可弯曲式微腔有机电致发光器件的光学特性

设计了结构为上反射镜/有机层/下反射镜/柔性基板的可弯曲式有机电致发光器件(FOLED)。利用几何光学模型计算了器件在不同弯曲情况下,其发光光谱随观测角和曲率的影响,并与平整器件的光谱作了比较。结果表明:1)基板向内弯曲时,随着观测角的增大,器件的发光光谱峰值出现蓝移,且蓝移的程度相对平整器件要大;随着曲率的增大,器件的发光光谱峰值出现蓝移。2)基板向外弯曲时,随着观测角的增大,器件的发光光谱峰值出现红移,但红移的程度不大;随着曲率的增大,器件的发光光谱峰值出现红移,且与基板向内弯曲时蓝移的程度相当。     

功能层厚度对叠层有机电致发光器件出光性能影响的数值研究

功能层厚度是影响有机电致发光器件出光效率的主要因素之一,故获得不同功能层厚度对器件出光特性的影响规律是制备高性能器件的重要基础. 本文基于薄膜光学原理、电偶极子辐射理论及Fabry-Pérot微腔原理,建立了结构为glass/ITO/N,N0-bis（naphthalen-1-yl）-N,N0-bis（phenyl）-benzidine（NPB）/tris（8-hydroxyquinoline）aluminum（Alq₃）/molybdenum trioxide（MoO₃）/NPB/Alq₃/Al的叠层有机电致发光器件的光学模型,系统地研究了各个功能层厚度对叠层有机电致发光器件出光强度的影响,得到了功能层厚度对器件出光强度影响的规律. 该模型的建立与所获得的结果可对深入了解叠层有机电致发光器件的工作机理以及制备高性能的器件提供一定的帮助. 关键词： 叠层有机发光器件 出光特性 厚度 数值研究     

侧边抛磨光纤波导传输特性的理论分析

在建立侧边抛磨光纤D型光纤边界条件的基础上,用三维有限差分光束传输法计算和分析了侧边抛磨光纤器件的光功率衰减随光纤的侧边抛磨长度、光纤侧边抛磨后剩余包层的厚度、以及填充聚合物材料折射率三个参量变化的特性.结果表明,侧边抛磨光纤器件的光功率衰减随着抛磨长度的增加而增大;当抛磨长度等于9 mm时,光功率衰减随着剩余包层厚度的增大而单调递减.而当抛磨长度大于9 mm时,剩余包层厚度小于3 μm的范围内,光衰减随着剩余包层厚度的增加出现振荡;当聚合物折射率与纤芯折射率相同时,光功率衰减最大.     

BCP在多层有机电致发光器件中的作用

作为空穴阻挡材料,BCP通常被用在蓝光以及白光有机电致发光器件中,其空穴阻挡能力随着其厚度的增加而增强;另一方面,在电场作用下,空穴也能隧穿厚度较薄的BCP层。为了深入了解BCP在多层有机电致发光器件中的作用,文章研究了不同电压下BCP层厚度对器件ITO/NPB/BCP/Alq₃∶DCJTB/Alq₃/Al电致发光光谱的影响。实验发现,较薄的BCP层可以部分地阻挡空穴并能调节能量在不同发光层之间的传递,从而容易获得白光器件;但该种结构器件的电致发光光谱随着电压的变化变动较大。当BCP层足够厚时,器件的电致发光光谱也变得相对较稳定; 当BCP的厚度为15 nm以上时,空穴就很难再隧穿过去。文章还讨论了不同电压下多层器件的电致发光光谱发生变化的原因。     

界面空间电荷对双层有机电致发光器件效率的影响

本文建立了双层有机电致发光器件中载流子在有机/有机界面复合的无序跳跃理论模型.计算表明:①内界面处电子和空穴的有效势垒高义决定OLEDs中的电子和空穴密度的分布,而电子与空穴密度又决定了电场强度的大小;且复合效率随着有效势垒高度的增加而增加;②当电压较低时,复合效率随载流子有效跳跃距离的增加而增加;当电压较高时,复合效率随载流子的有效跳跃距离的增加而减少;③当界面场强差较小时,有机层界面场强突变增大,复合效率增大,当界面场强差达临界值时,复合效率反而随着界面场强差的增大而减小.该理论模型可较好地解释相关的实验现象.     

有机电致发光器件的封装热特性研究

有机电致发光器件的稳定性与其封装结构密切相关,封装技术的优劣直接影响有机电致发光二极管器件的寿命.本文采用热阻抗模型对三种常用有机电致发光二极管器件封装结构进行热阻抗分析,并利用ANSYS有限元分析软件的热分析模块对热特性进行研究,得出各种器件封装结构的温度场分布,根据温度场分布比较得出各种封装结构散热性能的差异.分析得出,传统后盖式封装结构与混合封装结构散热效果相差不大,Barix封装结构具有最好的散热性能.模拟仿真结果显示,当玻璃厚度从0.5 mm增加至0.9 mm时,传统封装结构的发光层温度升高了0.124℃,Barix封装结构的发光层温度升高了0.262℃,表明玻璃层厚度的增减对有机电致发光二极管器件的散热影响较小.改变器件表面空气流动速度,使对流系数从25W/(m²·K)变为85W/(m²·K)时,传统封装结构有机电致发光二极管发光层的温度由42.911℃递减到26.85℃,可见增大表面空气流动速度对降低有机电致发光二极管有源层的温度作用显著.     

基于MoOx层减反射膜调节白光色度的顶发射有机电致发光器件

为了改进白光顶发射器件的色纯度,使用高折射率的材料MoOx作为光输出耦合层,通过对器件的减反射膜厚度的优化,制作了硅基顶发射有机白光器件。器件结构为Si/Ag(60nm)/MoOx(2nm)/NPB(50nm)/DPVBi(7nm)/rubrene(0.2nm)/Alq3(43nm)/LiF(1nm)/Al(1nm)/Ag(20nm)/MoOx。并结合实验,优化了减反射膜的厚度。随着MoOx厚度的增加,在460nm左右的蓝光区域出现了一个明显的发光峰,色坐标逐渐向白光等能点(0.33,0.33)靠近,实现了对白光色度的调节,制作出了高效率的白光顶发射有机电致发光器件。     

微腔有机发光器件中的电致发光光谱

设计了结构为Glass/DBR/ITO/TPD/Alq3/Ag的微腔有机发光器件。从理论上详细地研究了腔内各层结构对器件电致发光谱性能的影响。结果表明:随着腔长厚度的增加,器件的归一化电致发光谱强度不断减小;在可见光区,器件的EL谱随发光层厚度的增加出现振荡变化。空穴传输层和发光层的界面位置对器件电致发光谱的影响也很大。最后得到,在设计微腔时发光层厚度要尽量窄,并且中心发光区域应位于谐振腔中电场的峰值位置。     

ZnS薄膜参数对有机/无机复合发光器件特性的影响

半导体量子点(QDs)具有发光效率高和发光波长可调等特点。采用胶体CdSe QDs作电致发光器件的有源材料,TPD(N,N′-biphenyl-N,N′-bis-(3-methylphenyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine)作空穴传输层,ZnS作电子传输层,研究了有机/无机复合发光器件ITO/TPD/CdSe QDs/ZnS/Ag的电致发光特性。TPD和CdSe QDs薄膜采用旋涂方法、ZnS薄膜采用磁控溅射方法沉积,器件表面平整。CdSe QDs的光致发光和电致发光谱峰位波长均位于～580 nm,属于量子点的带边激子发光。我们与以前的ITO/ZnS/CdSe QDs/ZnS/Ag发光器件结构进行了对比,发现新的器件结构的电致发光谱没有观察到QDs表面态的发光,而且新器件的发光强度是ITO/ZnS/CdSe QDs/ZnS/Ag结构的～10倍。发光效率的提高归因于碰撞激发与载流子注入两种发光机制并存的结果：一方面电子经过ZnS 层加速后,碰撞激发CdSe QDs发光;另一方面,空穴从TPD层注入CdSe QDs 与QDs中激发的电子复合发光。我们进一步研究了ZnS电子加速层厚度对发光特性的影响,选择ZnS薄膜的厚度分别是80,120 和160 nm,发现随着ZnS层厚度增大,器件启亮电压升高,EL强度增大,但是击穿电压降低。EL峰位随着ZnS厚度的减小发生明显蓝移,对上述实验现象进行了机理解释。     

双平行圆柱形MDM纳米棒等离子体波导的传输特性分析

设计了一种由双平行圆柱形纳米棒构成的金属-介质-金属(MDM)型等离子体波导,采用时域有限差分方法(FDTD)分析了波导结构的传输特性。当光波垂直主轴入射时,电磁场被很好地局限在两纳米棒所形成的中间区域以及介质层中,从而在该波导中能够有效地耦合电磁场能量。在工作波长为1 550 nm的情况下,随着内层金属芯半径的增大,有效折射率减小,传播距离增大;而中间介质层厚度增大时,有效折射率增大,传播距离减小。当外层金属壳厚为20 nm时,电场可以很好地被限制在纳米棒的介质层内。上述结果表明:通过调整波导结构的几何参数可以显著提高金属纳米棒的场限制,降低波导本身的损耗, 使波导的有效折射率和传播长度达到最优化。这种等离子体波导能够实现亚波长的光限制,可以应用于光子器件集成和传感器领域。     

非周期微纳结构增强有机发光二极管光耦合输出的研究进展

有机发光二极管（OLED）具有功耗低、重量轻、色域宽、响应时间快及对比度高等优点,在全彩平板显示和固态照明等领域均显现出巨大的应用潜力,受到人们的广泛关注.然而,较低的光输出效率使得器件的外量子效率远低于内量子效率,这严重制约了OLED器件的发展和应用.因此如何提高OLED器件的光耦合输出效率已成为备受关注的研究课题.本文主要介绍了采用非周期微纳结构提高OLED器件光耦合输出效率的最新研究进展,对随机微纳透镜结构、光散射介质层、聚合物多孔散射薄膜、随机凹凸波纹结构及随机褶皱结构等多种对器件亮度分布和光谱稳定性无明显影响的光耦合输出技术进行了总结和讨论.最后,对提高OLED器件光耦合输出研究做了总结和展望.     

Analysis of light out-coupling from microlens array

Microlens array has been known to be effective in enhancing the out coupling efficiency of LEDs, OLEDs and other thin film light emitting devices. However, mechanism of efficiency enhancement by use of microlens arrays is still ambiguous, apart from suggestions that it leads to randomization of photons. We have studied the photon dynamics in the presence of microlens arrays and the effect of various parameters e.g. microlens contact angle, absorption and substrate refractive index using ray tracing simulations. Microlens array leads to extraction of a portion of photons outside the escape cone at the cost of reduced extraction from within the escape cone. The reduced extraction from within the escape cone is compensated by multiple reflections from the back surface. Increase in microlens contact angle reduces the number of reflections required for out-coupling hence reducing the absorption in the device.     

Light extraction efficiency enhancement in organic light emitting diodes based on optimized multilayer structures

The main focus of this study is to improve the light extraction efficiency, as well as directionality of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) using multi-layer structures between Indium tin Oxide (ITO) and glass layers in a typical OLED. In conventional OLEDs, only about half of the light generated in the emission zone can reach to the glass substrate due to refractive index mismatch in ITO (n = 1.8?i0.01)/glass (n = 1.51) interface. The main attempt is to reduce the share of total internal reflection (TIR) and hence, the effect of different structures such as Thue-Morse and Fibonacci have been investigated and optimized with suitable layer thickness and materials based on Transfer Matrix Method (TMM). The most effective Multi-layer structures have been added to conventional OLED and have been analyzed the extraction efficiency using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. Results show large enhancement of extraction efficiency (about 40%) in ITO/glass interface. Using this idea and applying micro-lenses array to glass substrate at the same time, one can get even higher extraction efficiency in OLED. The interesting aspect of this project is its easy fabrication process in order to commercialize the product with highest extraction efficiency and low fabrication cost.     

Enhanced Coupling of Light from Organic Electroluminescent Device Using Diffusive Particle Dispersed High Refractive Index Resin Substrate

To improve light extraction from organic electroluminescent (EL) devices, we introduced a diffusive substrate with 25 μm thickness consisting of high refractive index resin and scattering particles. It is expected that the diffusive substrate with high refractive index matrix converts the waveguided emission into external emission from both glass substrate and indium-tin-oxide/organic layer. We used the ray tracing method to optimize the scattering effect and to verify the coupling out effect of the diffusive high refractive index substrate. With the use of the ray tracing calculation, an increase in the external emission up to a factor of 2.7 was expected compared to use of a common glass substrate. Experimentally, the coupling out effect of the diffusive high refractive index substrate strongly depended on the thickness of electron transporting layer (ETL) due to the well-known interference effect. The current efficiency increased by a factor of 1.3 for an organic EL device with a 60-nm-thick ETL and by a factor of 6.8 for one with a 120-nm-thick ETL.     

有机发光二极管光取出技术研究进展

有机发光二极管(OLED)在通信、信息、显示和照明等领域均显现出巨大的商业应用前景,十几年来一直是光电信息领域的研究热点之一.但是,OLED的外量子效率远低于内量子效率,极大程度地制约了其发展和应用.本文主要介绍了多种有效提高器件效率的光取出技术,对微透镜、光子晶体结构、纳米图案和纳米多孔膜以及微腔技术等多种OLED修饰方法进行了回顾和讨论.在此基础上,对一些光取出技术的研究做了展望.     

Novel Field Emission Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Dynode

This work presents novel field emission organic light emitting diodes(FEOLEDs) with dynode,in which an organic EL light-emitting layer is used instead of an inorganic phosphor thin film in the field emission display(FED).The proposed FEOLEDs introduce field emission electrons into organic light emitting diodes(OLEDs),which exhibit a higher luminous efficiency than conventional OLED.The field emission electrons emitted from the carbon nanotubes(CNTs) cathode and to be amplified by impact the dynode in vacuum.These field emission electrons are injected into the multi-layer organic materials of OLED to increase the electron density.Additionally,the proposed FEOLED increase the luminance of OLED from 10 820 cd/m2 to 24 782 cd/m2 by raising the current density of OLED from an external electron source.The role of FEOLED is to add the quantity of electrons-holes pairs in OLED,which increase the exciton and further increase the luminous efficiency of OLED.Under the same operating current density,the FEOLED exhibits a higher luminous efficiency than that of OLED.     

Light outcoupling efficiency enhancement in organic light emitting diodes using an organic scattering layer

Crystallized 4,7‐diphyenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (BPhen) films deposited by convenient vacuum thermal evaporation technique have been found to be an efficient means to extract the substrate wave guided light in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The optimized BPhen film working as organic scattering layer was successfully used with OLEDs for light outcoupling efficiency improvement. Enhancement of 26%, 15% and 6% in efficiency of the blue, green and red OLEDs were obtained, respectively. The achievement was found to be advantageous in terms of simplicity of fabrication method and feasibility for large area OLED applications. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

微腔效应对顶发射串联蓝光有机电致发光器件性能的影响

相比于传统有机电致发光器件,串联有机电致发光器件的发光效率与寿命均得到明显提升.因此,深入研究微腔效应对顶发射串联有机电致发光器件性能的影响具有重要意义.本文以蓝光器件为例,通过光学仿真模拟与实际实验相结合的方法,研究了顶发射串联蓝光器件的光学性能与电学性能变化规律.具体实验为:分别制备了顶发射串联蓝光器件,使其两个发光层位置分别位于器件光学结构中的第一与第二反节点、第二与第三反节点、第三与第四反节点.分析并确定了顶发射串联蓝光器件的两个发光层位置分别位于第二反节点与第三反节点处时,器件性能较佳.即:当器件电流密度为15 mA/cm^2时,器件电流效率为10.68 cd/A(色坐标CIEx,y=0.14,0.05),其亮度衰减到95%所需时间为1091.55 h.可能原因是:器件腔长较长时,既可以改善第一发光单元的空穴与电子平衡度、削弱表面等离激元效应,降低膜厚波动性对器件腔长的影响性;又可以在一定程度内起到包裹Partical的作用,提高效率,延长寿命.这一研究成果为设计高效率、长寿命的顶发射串联器件提供了重要依据.