理想气体吸热和放热的讨论

根据热力学第一定律和理想气体状态方程推导了理想气体的热容量公式,并对理想气体在p-V图上的直线过程和循环过程的温度变化及吸热和放热进行了讨论.     

关于理想气体定义的再认识

本文指出：只需玻意耳定律和阿伏伽德罗定律即可定义理想气体．玻意耳定律和焦耳定律不是相互独立的，遵守玻意耳定律的气体必然服从焦耳定律，反之则不然．最后，作者对今日热力学教材中如何定义理想气体提出了建议．     

范德瓦耳斯气体与焦耳-湯姆孙效应

大体说来,仅当密度很小时,气体才近似地遵守理想气体定律(主要有两个,即理想气体状态方程和焦耳定律,它们是彼此独立的).从微观上看,当气体密度不很小时,理想气体定律发生偏差的原因可归结为分子间有相互作用力(质心间距离较近时相吸,距离甚近时相斥).     

范德瓦耳斯气体与焦耳-汤姆孙效应

大体说来,仅当密度很小时,气体才近似地遵守理想气体定律(主要有两个,卽理想气体状态方程和焦耳定律,它们是彼此独立的)。从微观上看,当气体密度不很小时,理想气体定律发生偏差的原因可归结为分子间有相互作用力(质心间距离较近时相吸,距离甚近时相斥),因此,真实气体性质的研究,不仅有重大实际意     

灵活多样地解一道习题

高中二年级物理课本第117页的习题第10题,是一道富有灵活性的好题目。此题是安排在学生已经具备了理想气体三大定律的知识,并进一步学习了理想气体气态方程之后。认真地帮助学生合理地去思考理想气体状态变化的     

迥然不同的pV=nRθ与pV=nRT

理想气体的状态方程ｐＶ＝ｎＲθ,是依据三个实验定律进行热力学理论推导的结果。根据它可以用理想气体实现热力学温标。ｐＶ＝ｎＲＴ是依据实验事实得到的理想气体绝对温标的定义式。两者的物理意义是不相同的。     

关于理想气体卡诺循环的一点注记

在证明理想气体卡诺循环的效率时,一般教科书都利用理想气体的绝热过程方程 常数(或与其等价的方程),但是这一方程是在假定y为一与温度无关的常数下得到的近似方程,利用了上述近似方程容易使人怀疑证明的结果是否也有近似的性质.答案自然是否定的,本文提出一种改进了的证明,其中只利用热力学第一定律和理想气体的定义.从而避免了 中含有近似成份的不正确想法。 证明如下: 考虑理想气体的卡诺循环如图(1) (1)1→2.等温膨胀过程.由第一定律和理想气体的内能仅为温度的函数可知。在这个过程中系统内能不变,系统对外作的功等于系统从热源T1中吸…     

重整热力学第二定律理论体系的一种新方法

利用理想气体可逆过程的规律来建立热力学第二定律的理论体系并无必要.本文提出一种新的方法.     

求解热循环过程效率的一种一般方法

在普通物理热学课中,经常碰到求热循环过程的效率问题.热效率 ,要求出η,必须解算循环过程对外做的总功 A和从外界吸收的全部热量 Q[1].本文对于理想气体,从状态方程和热力学第一定律出发,给出求吸收的热量Q的一种一般方法。 设有n摩尔理想气体经过某种热循环,过程方程P=P(V)已经给出. 据热力学第一定律dQ=dU dA 其中,dQ为吸热,CV为定容摩尔比热,dT和dV分别代表温度和体积的微分. 由理想气体状态方程p·V=n·R·T(2)得 (3) 式(3)代入(1)式得 对于理想气体,CP=CV R CP表示定压摩尔比热. (4) 下面分两种情况讨论 i)当dV>0时,欲使d…     

重整势力学第二定律理论体系的一种新方法

利用理想气体可逆过程的规律来建立热力学第二定律的理论体系并无必要。本提出一种新的方法。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.