HL-2A装置电子回旋打火保护系统设计

电子回旋打火保护系统由打火弧光探测器、A/D转换单元和逻辑处理单元组成。弧光探测器响应时间小于2μs,A/D转换单元和逻辑处理单元响应时间小于1μs。打火保护系统输出保护信号关断各供电电源的响应时间小于20μs。     

Hybrid Transmission Line for ECRH in the Helically Symmetric Experiment

The HSX oversized, mode-converting ECRH transmission line has been upgraded to a hybrid system to increase launched microwave power and reduce electrical arcing. Filtering of high-order, spurious modes ensures efficient coupling to a Gaussian beam for optimal electron heating. A Vlasov mode converter and two phase-correcting ellipsoidal mirrors convert the TE₀₂ gyrotron output mode to a symmetric, linearly polarized, microwave beam. A swappable twist reflector plate rotates beam polarization for 2nd-harmonic X-mode or fundamental O-mode ECRH. Long distances are traversed by coupling the beam to a dual-mode (TE₁₁ + TM₁₁), smooth, circular cross-section waveguide. This system has been successfully tested without arcing for 50 ms pulses and over 100 kW of launched power. Analysis of the microwave beam for 50 kW, 2 ms microwave pulses reveals agreement with predicted beam shapes at two beam locations. The new system has also demonstrated increased plasma stored energy for ECRH plasmas with equal launched power.     

用于回旋管测试台的高压电源及控制系统设计北大核心CSCD

从一套用于回旋管测试台的基于脉冲阶梯调制(PSM)技术的-60kV DC/50A高压电源入手,提出了一套基于单片机和现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的控制系统设计,不仅满足了电源系统各种运行尤其是1kHz调制的要求以及各种监控的要求,还满足了回旋管测试台的各种逻辑控制与快速联锁保护的要求。最终测试结果表明:该套电源及控制系统逻辑结构清晰,操作简洁,运行可靠,能够满足测试台系统对高压电源各项逻辑控制、精确定时控制、快速保护等控制要求。     

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介绍了以Siemens S7-300PLC为控制核心的HL-2A装置电子回旋共振加热控制与保护系统的设计与实现。系统采用了基于工业以太网的分布式结构,使用VFC/FVC电路和光纤隔离技术传输高电压/大电流的测量与控制信号,确保了控制系统运行的电气安全性,增强了信号传输过程中的抗干扰能力;加热系统的保护采用基于CPLD/FPGA实现的快速保护技术。实验证明该控制与保护系统具有兼容装置现场强电磁干扰的能力,运行稳定可靠、功能完善并具有良好的扩充性能。     

基于PLC的HL-2A装置电子回旋共振加热系统控制与保护

介绍了以Siemens S7-300PLC为控制核心的HL-2A装置电子回旋共振加热控制与保护系统的设计与实现。系统采用了基于工业以太网的分布式结构,使用VFC/FVC电路和光纤隔离技术传输高电压/大电流的测量与控制信号,确保了控制系统运行的电气安全性,增强了信号传输过程中的抗干扰能力;加热系统的保护采用基于CPLD/FPGA实现的快速保护技术。实验证明该控制与保护系统具有兼容装置现场强电磁干扰的能力,运行稳定可靠、功能完善并具有良好的扩充性能。     

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介绍了HL-2A装置电子回旋共振加热系统打火保护装置的改进。在改进设计过程中,实测了2类光电转换模块、4种型号的运算放大器芯片,定量测量了防自激电容的性能。选择了GGOE-2型光电转换器件,OPA128LM型运算放大器,确定了防自激电容为30pF。制作了30个原型机,满足了2009年HL-2A装置的要求。实验测得响应时间平均值为1.2μs,较改进前方案的小。此弧光探测器能够在不同强度的本底光和复杂电磁环境下稳定工作。     

HL-2A装置电子回旋系统弧光探测器的改进

介绍了HL-2A装置电子回旋共振加热系统打火保护装置的改进。在改进设计过程中,实测了2类光电转换模块、4种型号的运算放大器芯片,定量测量了防自激电容的性能。选择了GGOE-2型光电转换器件,OPA128LM型运算放大器,确定了防自激电容为30pF。制作了30个原型机,满足了2009年HL-2A装置的要求。实验测得响应时间平均值为1.2μs,较改进前方案的小。此弧光探测器能够在不同强度的本底光和复杂电磁环境下稳定工作。     

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用软X射线脉冲高度分析(PHA)阵列系统获得了等离子体的电子温度剖面和电子速率分布的时间演化。测量结果表明,电子温度剖面在OH阶段较平缓,接近抛物线1.0×[1-(r/a)2]2分布;而在ECRH(功率0.8MW)阶段,等离子体中心(z＝0)电子温度上升了0.6keV,边缘(z＝30cm)处只上升了0.1keV,反映出ECRH功率沉积在等离子体中心区域;在ECRH期间有大量的高能电子产生,因而电子速率分布在ECRH期间显著改变;等离子体中心的高能电子的数量和能量都比等离子体边缘的增加更大,ECRH(～0.8MW)期间等离子体中心(z＝0)产生的高能电子的能量可达17keV。分析表明：在ECRH(纵场Bt=1.3T)放电期间,ECRH加热效果显著,ECRH的功率主要沉积在等离子体中心附近;电子温度剖面在ECRH阶段较OH阶段峰化;ECRH期间有大量的高能电子产生,电子速率分布被改变成为非麦克斯韦分布。     

HL-2A装置ECRH主高压电源的研制

介绍了HL-2A装置电子回旋系统主高压电源的研制。用星点控制技术实现了高压直流平台输出电压的调节;用TM-703FB大功率调制管为核心的高压调制技术实现了高压电源输出电压的快速升降及电源的快速保护。用前馈补偿和反馈控制技术实现了输出电压波纹小于1%。电源输出总体指标为-60kV/(25A×4)/1s,满足了ECRH系统的要求。     

HL-2A装置SDD软X射线PHA阵列实验结果

用软X射线脉冲高度分析(PHA)阵列系统获得了等离子体的电子温度剖面和电子速率分布的时间演化。测量结果表明,电子温度剖面在OH阶段较平缓,接近抛物线1.0×[1-(r/a)²]²分布;而在ECRH(功率0.8MW)阶段,等离子体中心(z＝0)电子温度上升了0.6keV,边缘(z＝30cm)处只上升了0.1keV,反映出ECRH功率沉积在等离子体中心区域;在ECRH期间有大量的高能电子产生,因而电子速率分布在ECRH期间显著改变;等离子体中心的高能电子的数量和能量都比等离子体边缘的增加更大,ECRH(～0.8MW)期间等离子体中心(z＝0)产生的高能电子的能量可达17keV。分析表明：在ECRH(纵场B_t=1.3T)放电期间,ECRH加热效果显著,ECRH的功率主要沉积在等离子体中心附近;电子温度剖面在ECRH阶段较OH阶段峰化;ECRH期间有大量的高能电子产生,电子速率分布被改变成为非麦克斯韦分布。     

Investigation of impurity transport using laser blow-off technique in the HL-2A Ohmic and ECRH plasmas

Impurity transports in two neighboring discharges with and without electron cyclotron resonance heating(ECRH)are studied in the HL-2A tokamak by laser blow-off(LBO) technique.The progression of aluminium ions as the trace impurity is monitored by soft x-ray(SXR) and bolometer detector arrays with good temporal and spatial resolutions.Obvious difference in the time trace of the signal between the Ohmic and ECRH L-mode discharges is observed.Based on the numerical simulation with one-dimensional(1D) impurity transport code STRAHL,the radial profiles of impurity diffusion coefficient D and convective velocity V are obtained for each shot.The result shows that the diffusion coefficient D significantly increases throughout the plasma minor radius for the ECRH case with respect to the Ohmic case,and that the convection velocity V changes from negative(inward) for the Ohmic case to partially positive(outward) for the ECRH case.The result on HL-2A confirms the pump out effect of ECRH on impurity profile as reported on various other devices.     

The Real-Time Arc Protection Circuit for ECRH on HL-2A Tokamak

In 2005 year, SWIP carded through a general engineering and physics experiment of ECRH on HL-2A tokamak. The ECRH protection system is studied and set up to insure the security of ECRH system, and the work is normal. The main protection object of all ECRH system is the gyrotron, and the arc protection for it is more important in the protection system.     

Disruption avoidance in the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade by means of magnetohydrodynamic mode stabilization using electron-cyclotron-resonance heating

Disruption avoidance by stabilization of MHD modes through injection of ECRH at different radial locations is reported. Disruptions have been induced in the FTU (Frascati Tokamak Upgrade) deuterium plasmas by Mo injection or by exceeding the density limit (D gas puffing). ECRH is triggered when the V(loop) exceeds a preset threshold value. Coupling between MHD modes (m/n=3/2, 2/1, 3/1) occurs before disruption. Direct heating of one coupled mode is sufficient to avoid disruptions, while heating close to the mode leads to disruption delay. These results could be relevant for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor tokamak operation.     

电子回旋共振加热情形锯齿振荡的数值分析

采用磁重联模型与湍流模型,通过求解耦合了锯齿触发条件的一维输运方程,模拟了电子回旋共振加热(ECRH)情形下T-10托卡马克中锯齿振荡.其中之一是近轴的ECRH,另一个是远轴的ECRH,数值结果与实验的比较表明用湍流模型得到了较好的预测结果,相反,由于重联模型的一些基本缺陷,不可能由重联模型得到满意的结果. 关键词： 锯齿振荡 磁重联模型 湍流模型 电子回旋共振加热     

Observation of Fishbone-Like Instabilities Excited by Energetic Electrons on the HL-2A Tokamak

Strong burst of an internal kink mode is observed on the HL-2A tokamak. Features of the fishbone-like mode are presented. The fishbone-like instabihties can be driven during electron cyclotron resonance heating （ECRH） and can be excited on the high field side （HFS） by ECRH. It is found for the first time that the modes also present themselves on the low field side （LFS） during ECRH. Experiments show that the energetic electrons with energy of 35-70 keV play a dominant role in the excitation mechanism, and the experimental results are also consistent with our calculation ones.     

X-Ray Measurements during Whistler-Mode Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma Startup and Heating in an Axisymmetric Magnetic Mirror

New measurements and analyses of whistler-mode electron cyclotron resonant heating (ECRH) startup and heating in an axisymmetric magnetic mirror are presented. Experimental studies of startup are presented which include the effects of initial neutral gas pressure on density and energy buildup rates, the effects of electron-beam-generated seed plasma on startup times, and a possible density threshold for the absolute whistler instability. Results of two types of analyses are presented. The first is a Fokker-Planck finite-element simulation the principal result of which is the prediction of the creation of a sloshing electron velocity distribution in the first 10 ?s after microwave power is applied. The second simulation uses rate equations to predict buildup, with rate coefficients based on a model sloshing-electron distribution function. Both results are consistent with experimental observations. Measurements of X-ray emission provided information about plasma transport, the sloshing electron spatial distribution, and the hot-electron average energy. The foil ratio technique gave average energies of 1-3 keV during whistler-mode ECRH, in agreement with afterglow measurements of hot electron decay. Possible applications of whistler-mode ECRH plasma production and heating are for plasma soft X-ray sources and plasma potential modification in tandem mirror machines.     

Reduction of impurity confinement time by combined heating of LHW and ECRH in EAST

The core impurity confinement properties are experimentally investigated in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST) plasma heated by lower hybrid wave(LHW) and electron cyclotron resonance heating(ECRH)(LHW+ECRH).It is shown that the impurity confinement time(τ_(imp)) in the L-mode plasma jointly heated by LHW and ECRH is weakly dependent on electron density but strongly dependent on the heating power,thus it is shorter than that in LHW-only heated L-mode plasma with the similar plasma parameters.The combined heating of LHW and ECRH can reduce the collisionality and indicates a more effective heating method for core τimp reduction and normalized poloidal beta(βP) ~(im)provement.It should be emphasized that in this high β_P operation window the small ELM regime can be accessed,and an L-mode level τ_(imp)(40 ms-80 ms) and high β_N(～1.7) can be obtained simultaneously.It means that this typical small ELMy H-mode regime has an advantage in avoiding the serious tungsten accumulation,and will be competitive in future long-pulse steady-state and high-performance operation with high-Z material plasma-facing components.     

HL-1M装置中的离轴电子回旋加热实验

在HL-1M装置上进行了离轴电子回旋加热实验。研究了电子温度的变化，等离子体密度对加热效果的影响，离轴加热条件下MHD锯齿的变化，波对m/nk=1/1模的影响及在与低杂波电流驱动共同作用下的各种实验现象。 这些现象被认为与高能电子和它们的分布有关。     

Potential Confinement of a High Density Plasma in the GAMMA 10 Tandem Mirror

Potential confinement was demonstrated experimentally under various electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) scenarios. The particle confinement time and the plasma confining potential increased with ECRH power. The plug potential formation by means of only _ce ECRH was studied by Monte-Carlo simulation. Potential confinement experiments have advanced in higher density region up to 4×10¹² cm^-3. The higher density plasma was obtained by high frequency ICRF heating and recently installed neutral beam injector in the central cell. Studies of scaling relation of the potential confinement with respect to the plasma density have started with the high density plasma.     

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介绍了HL-2A装置低杂波加热系统中的低压部分实时保护系统的原理和工作情况。实时保护电路工作可靠,系统低压部份响应延迟时间小于1μs。在2004年的单只速调管实验中,对波导内拉弧打火,速调管管体电流和速调管集电极过流进行了实时保护,各个保护对象都有专用的探头进行测量,其中管体电流探头精度达到0.7%。实验信号的分析表明保护系统的设计达到了实验要求,有效地保护了实验对象。