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用软X射线脉冲高度分析(PHA)阵列系统获得了等离子体的电子温度剖面和电子速率分布的时间演化。测量结果表明,电子温度剖面在OH阶段较平缓,接近抛物线1.0×[1-(r/a)2]2分布;而在ECRH(功率0.8MW)阶段,等离子体中心(z＝0)电子温度上升了0.6keV,边缘(z＝30cm)处只上升了0.1keV,反映出ECRH功率沉积在等离子体中心区域;在ECRH期间有大量的高能电子产生,因而电子速率分布在ECRH期间显著改变;等离子体中心的高能电子的数量和能量都比等离子体边缘的增加更大,ECRH(～0.8MW)期间等离子体中心(z＝0)产生的高能电子的能量可达17keV。分析表明：在ECRH(纵场Bt=1.3T)放电期间,ECRH加热效果显著,ECRH的功率主要沉积在等离子体中心附近;电子温度剖面在ECRH阶段较OH阶段峰化;ECRH期间有大量的高能电子产生,电子速率分布被改变成为非麦克斯韦分布。     

HL-2A中子相机屏蔽系统模拟

利用蒙特卡罗模拟程序,建立了HL-2A中子相机蒙特卡罗粒子输运(MCNP)物理模型,对D-D聚变中子和γ射线的屏蔽进行了模拟计算。对石蜡碳酸锂混合物、聚乙烯、铅和316L不锈钢4种常用中子慢化吸,收剂组成的屏蔽层材料的屏蔽效果进行了对比。计算结果表明,石蜡碳酸锂混合物和铅组合是中子相机的最佳屏蔽层材料,其中石蜡碳酸锂混合物用于慢化吸收中子,铅用于屏蔽中子和γ射线。此外,利用MCNP模拟计算得到了屏蔽中子和γ射线所需的屏蔽厚度,以及准直管的中子散射率。     

托卡马克等离子体电流猝灭特征行为分析

对托卡马克装置内壁产生巨大电磁力是等离子体破裂重要和直接的影响, 这会对装置的安全运行造成巨大威胁. 等离子体破裂期间电流猝灭率不仅与真空室内第一壁的负载设计有关, 并且与装置重大部件的设计也相关. 本文选用100%-40%区间统计研究等离子体破裂现象. 分析结果表明: 100%-40%区间统计下HL-2A上最小电流猝灭时间为0.7 ms, 对应的最小面积归一化电流淬灭时间为1.4 ms m-2. 瞬时最大电流猝灭率与平均电流猝灭率的比值大部分都大于1.     

ECRH过程中电子速率分布的变化和加热效果分析

本实验利用两台高性能的硅漂移探测器（SDD）、高速波形A／D和虚拟多道分析器组成探测系统，可获得高时间分辨的软X射线辐射能谱，可以非常直观地观察电子回旋共振加热（ECRH）的效果以及电子速率分布的改变。由于SDD探测器的光峰计数／本底计数比率≥400-3000，因此X射线在探测器中仅有光-空穴和电子对效。     

HL-2A装置SDD软X射线PHA阵列实验结果

用软X射线脉冲高度分析(PHA)阵列系统获得了等离子体的电子温度剖面和电子速率分布的时间演化。测量结果表明,电子温度剖面在OH阶段较平缓,接近抛物线1.0×[1-(r/a)²]²分布;而在ECRH(功率0.8MW)阶段,等离子体中心(z＝0)电子温度上升了0.6keV,边缘(z＝30cm)处只上升了0.1keV,反映出ECRH功率沉积在等离子体中心区域;在ECRH期间有大量的高能电子产生,因而电子速率分布在ECRH期间显著改变;等离子体中心的高能电子的数量和能量都比等离子体边缘的增加更大,ECRH(～0.8MW)期间等离子体中心(z＝0)产生的高能电子的能量可达17keV。分析表明：在ECRH(纵场B_t=1.3T)放电期间,ECRH加热效果显著,ECRH的功率主要沉积在等离子体中心附近;电子温度剖面在ECRH阶段较OH阶段峰化;ECRH期间有大量的高能电子产生,电子速率分布被改变成为非麦克斯韦分布。     

Avalanche Phenomenon of Superthermal Electrons Measured by SDD with New SPHA during ECRH

Two high performance silicon drift detectors （SDD） are installed at the equatorial port with z = 0 and z = -16.4 cm on HL-2A tokamak, respectively. These SDDs combine with the new and non-conventional software pulse height analyser （SPHA ） successfully developed more recently by us to measure the time evolution of soft x-rays spectra, the thermal and superthermal electron temperatures. The high-quality three-dimensional figure of time evolution for soft x-rays energy spectra is easily obtained by combination of a new SPHA and computer. Therefore, the measurement accuracies and the time resolutions of thermal and superthermal electron temperatures are also improved. The enhancement phenomenon of superthermal electron during electron cyclotron resonance heating （ECRH） can be explained by the combination of superthermal electron avalanche theory and experimental parameters.     

Beam Ion Transport from Neutron Emissivity Measurement in Deuterium Neutral Beam-Heated Deuterium Plasmas of the HL-2A Tokamak

An experiment at the HL-2A tokamak with a high-energy deuterium neutral beam （NB） injection （30 keV, about 0.6 MW） was performed. The emission of d-d fusion neutrons dominated by beam-plasmas reactions when the deuterium NB was injected into the deuterium target plasma was observed by means of a ^235U fission chamber. To obtain information on NB deposition and the slowing down of beam ions in HL-2A plasmas, a very short-pulse deuterium NB injection, or the so-called ＂blip＂ injection, was performed into MHD-quiescent Ohmic deuterium plasmas. Analysis of neutron decay following the NB ＂blip＂ injection indicates that tangentially injected beam ions are well confined, slowing down classically in the HL-2A. In contrast to the MHD-quiescent plasma, anomalous losses of beam ions were observed when tearing mode instabilities were present.     

硅漂移电子温度测量系统的研制

在磁约束聚变装置中，对等离子体电子温度的测量一般采用电子回旋辐射法（ECE）、汤姆逊散射法以及软X射线能谱法。其中软X射线（1～20keV）能谱法是一种传统的方法，它比汤姆逊散射法的测量误差小，且有较好的时空分辨；与电子回旋辐射法（ECE）相比较，时空分辨能力相近，但可作绝对测量，并且受超热电子和逃逸电子的影响较ECE小。在软X射线能谱法的应用中，过去使用Si（Li）探测器来探测软X射线能谱，Si（Li）探测器体积大，能量分辨和量子效率低，并且需要使用液氮冷却，大体积的杜瓦（通常35L）使探测器体积庞大，     

HL-2A装置SDD软X射线能谱测量结果

Measurements of soft X-ray spectra during Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) has been achieved on HL-2A tokamak using two independent silicon drift detector (SDD) systems. Electron temperatures are derived from the measured soft X-ray energy spectra. A comparison indicates that the results measured by SDD are consistent with ECE measurements. Experimental results of soft X-ray spectra measure- ment using SDD show that the increment of electron temperature is larger at z=0 than that at z = 16.4cm chord, so, we can conclude that the energy of ECW is deposited dominantly in the core of plasma and electron temperature profile become peaked during on-axis ECRH (B_T=2.4T). The statistic survey of ECRH discharges (2.41T ≤B_T≤2.43T,1.5×10¹⁹m^-3≤n_e≤2.5≤10¹⁹m^-3,300kW≤ECRH power≤600kW) shows that plasma electron temperature rises obviously during on-axis ECRH, especially, in the core of plasma (z=0). It has been observed that the on-axis ECRH can make electron temperature increase up to 30%～80% at z=0 chord and 15%～55% at z=-16.4cm chord.     

Observation of Fishbone-Like Instabilities Excited by Energetic Electrons on the HL-2A Tokamak

Strong burst of an internal kink mode is observed on the HL-2A tokamak. Features of the fishbone-like mode are presented. The fishbone-like instabihties can be driven during electron cyclotron resonance heating （ECRH） and can be excited on the high field side （HFS） by ECRH. It is found for the first time that the modes also present themselves on the low field side （LFS） during ECRH. Experiments show that the energetic electrons with energy of 35-70 keV play a dominant role in the excitation mechanism, and the experimental results are also consistent with our calculation ones.