基于弹光调制的高灵敏旋光测量

为了实现连续稳定、高速、高精度和高灵敏度的光学旋光测量, 考虑到弹光偏振调制技术具有高的调制频率、调制纯度、调制精度和良好的调制稳定度等应用优势, 设计了一种基于弹光调制的旋光测量新方案. 检测激光经起偏器、测量样品、弹光调制器和检偏器到探测器的光路设计, 使得测量系统选用较少的光学器件, 最大化地降低了光学器件可能引入的测量误差; 起偏器和检偏器偏振轴相对于弹光调制器快轴方向分别取0°和45°的光学安排, 并选择弹光调制的二倍频信号作为研究对象, 有效避免了弹光调制器剩余双折射对旋光样品测量的影响, 提高了旋光测量精确度; 将探测器输出调制信号的直流和交流分开输出, 并将交流信号进行前置放大处理, 然后再锁相输出, 进一步提高了测量灵敏度. 设计了将激光调制为圆偏光, 然后精确调节起偏器来替代样品的旋光测量验证试验, 确定了系统旋光测量的比列系数, 并且获得旋光测量灵敏度为3.15×10^-7 rad, 测量精度优于0.3%. 所以, 本方案实现了较高灵敏度旋光测量, 有望应用于高灵敏旋光测量领域, 并且本方案的实验可为高灵敏旋光测量系统的定标提供参考.     

Structural, optical and electrical properties of tin oxide thin film deposited by APCVD method

Tin oxide (SnO₂) thin films have been grown on glass substrates using atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) method. During the deposition, the substrate temperature was kept at 400°C–500°C. The structural properties, surface morphology and chemical composition of the deposited film were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Rutherford back scattering (RBS) spectrum. XRD pattern showed that the preferred orientation was (110) having tetragonal structure. The optical properties of the films were studied by measuring the transmittance, absorbance and reflectance spectra between λ = 254 nm to 1400 nm and the optical constants were calculated. Typical SnO₂ film transmits ∼ 94% of visible light. The electrical properties of the films were studied using four-probe method and Hall-voltage measurement experiment. The films showed room temperature conductivity in the range 1.08 × 10² to 1.69 × 10² Ω⁻¹cm⁻¹.     

便携式泰曼格林型干涉仪装调方法研究

 为满足光学系统对高精度检测的要求,依据一种新型便携式干涉仪的设计方案,研究了装调方法。该型干涉仪基于改进的泰曼-格林光路结构,其设计测试精度达到λ/10（P-V,λ=630 nm）,具有参考镜离轴、体积小巧、便携、精度较高、成本低及便于批量装备等新特点。针对该新型干涉仪的结构特点,研究了以两个互相垂直的光轴为基准对整体结构进行装调的新方法,并用装调完善的干涉仪进行了实测试验和比对试验。试验结果表明,该新型干涉仪器对已知面型精度为λ/10（P-V,λ=630 nm）的标准球面镜进行检测,其精度可达到0.09 λ;在相同的测试条件下进行比对实验时,该新型干涉仪对普通标准球面镜的检测结果为0.053 λ（RMS,λ=630 nm）,ZYGO干涉仪的检测结果为0.051 λ（RMS,λ=632.8 nm）,两者测量能力较为接近。采用新装调方法进行装调的该新型便携式干涉仪的实际检测精度达到了设计要求,新装调方法可以满足该新型干涉仪的指标要求。     

Hybrid silicon evanescent approach to optical interconnects

We discuss the recently developed hybrid silicon evanescent platform (HSEP), and its application as a promising candidate for optical interconnects in silicon. A number of key discrete components and a wafer-scale integration process are reviewed. The motivation behind this work is to realize silicon-based photonic integrated circuits possessing unique advantages of III–V materials and silicon-on-insulator waveguides simultaneously through a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor fabrication process. Electrically pumped hybrid silicon distributed feedback and distributed Bragg reflector lasers with integrated hybrid silicon photodetectors are demonstrated coupled to SOI waveguides, serving as the reliable on-chip single-frequency light sources. For the external signal processing, Mach–Zehnder interferometer modulators are demonstrated, showing a resistance-capacitance-limited, 3 dB electrical bandwidth up to 8 GHz and a modulation efficiency of 1.5 V mm. The successful implementation of quantum well intermixing technique opens up the possibility to realize multiple III–V bandgaps in this platform. Sampled grating DBR devices integrated with electroabsorption modulators (EAM) are fabricated, where the bandgaps in gain, mirror, and EAM regions are 1520, 1440 and 1480 nm, respectively. The high-temperature operation characteristics of the HSEP are studied experimentally and theoretically. An overall characteristic temperature (T ₀) of 51°C, an above threshold characteristic temperature (T ₁) of 100°C, and a thermal impedance (Z _T ) of 41.8°C/W, which agrees with the theoretical prediction of 43.5°C/W, are extracted from the Fabry–Perot devices. Scaling this platform to larger dimensions is demonstrated up to 150 mm wafer diameter. A vertical outgassing channel design is developed to accomplish high-quality III–V epitaxial transfer to silicon in a timely and dimension-independent fashion.     

Measurement of small chirp-parameter for Mach-Zehnder-type optical modulator

A new measurement method of chirp-parameters is proposed for electro-optic (EO) intensity modulators with the Mach-Zehnder (MZ) waveguide interferometer. This method is suitably applied for the measurement of the small chirp with operation at a specific RF-frequency. To determine the chirp-parameter, optical spectrum components of the modulated light are observed with varying the relative optical phase difference between the two arms of the MZ waveguide interferometer. The chirp-parameter of 0.17, which is a value small enough for EO intensity modulation, was successfully measured by the experiment.     

基于白光干涉的光学球面半径测量研究

光学球面曲率半径是决定光学球面光学特性的重要参量,通过测量光学球面的曲率半径，可以审核光学元件设计制造质量。在基于白光干涉理论基础上，将莫尔光栅位移测量系统及CCD数字图像采集处理系统集成到迈克尔逊干涉仪上，利用CCD数字图像处理技术，构建了光学球面曲率半径自动测量系统。该测量系统对于大曲率半径的光学球面测量精度较高；对于半径R＝71.2037mm的光学球面,其测量标准误差σR＝0.4723mm。实验结果表明：设计的光学球面自动测量系统可以对大曲率半径光学球面实现高精度测量。     

Synthesis of photosensitive poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) for optical waveguide devices

Photosensitive poly(MMA-co-GMA) for optical waveguide was synthesized, and the refractive index of the polymer film was tuned in the range of 1.481–1.588 at 1550 nm by mixing with bis-phenol-A epoxy resin. The film, which was made by spinning coated the poly(MMA-co-GMA) with photo initiator, had good UV light lithograph sensitivity, high glass transition temperature (T _g : 153°C, after crosslinking) and good thermal stabilities (T _d : up to 324°C, after crosslinking). The optical waveguides with very smooth top surface were fabricated from the resulting polymer by direct UV exposure and chemical development. For waveguides with cladding, the propagation losses of the channel waveguides were measured to be below 3 dB/cm at 1550 nm.     

Morphological and optical properties of soft-landed supported nanoclusters: effect of rapid thermal annealing

We report the formation of large islands of bi-modal lateral size distributions having one peak at lateral size ～100 nm (height ～70 nm) and another at ～160 nm (height ～110 nm) by soft-landing of size-selected copper nanoclusters (3 nm in diameter) at room temperature (26 °C). Si(100) wafer containing native oxide is used as substrate. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are employed to study the morphological aspects and for optical aspect cathodoluminescence measurement is used. Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) (200 °C, dry N₂, 120 s) induced effects on the morphology shows that individual islands are morphologically stable. A careful qualitative study of the optical property using cathodoluminescence in a SEM before and after the thermal treatment, using RTA, reveals very low diffusion of the cluster material into the substrate.     

New plastic optical fiber using polycarbonate core and fluorescence-doped fiber for high temperature use

This article describes the development of a plastic optical fiber composed of a polycarbonate core with a glass transition temperature of 150°C, and a cladding of newly developed poly-4-methyl penten-1, which softens at 173°C. This cladding is suitable for use at temperatures up to 130°C. The minimum optical attenuation is 0.8 dB/m at 765 nm in the near-infrared region. The cause of the attenuation of the PC-core fiber was analyzed and the intrinsic loss limit was estimated to be 0.4 dB/m at 765 nm. The fiber has excellent characteristics, including thermal stability up to 125°C, high flexibility, high strength, and self-extinguishing properties.

The polycarbonate core fiber, doped organic fluorescing materials, has also been developed for automotive uses such as light guide and illuminator. Light can be transmitted through this fiber with incident optical beam perpendicular to the fiber as well as the beam parallel to the fiber.     

System for measuring optical admittance of a thin film stack

A new method based on the polarization interferometer structure has been applied to measure the optical admittance, the refractive index and thickness of a thin film. The structure is a vibration insensitive optical system. There is one Twyman-Green interferometer part to induce a phase difference and one Fizeau interferometer part to induce the interference in the system. The intensities coming from four different polarizers were measured at the same time to prevent mechanical vibration influence. Using the polarization interferometer, the optical admittance, the refractive index and thickness of a single layer of Ta₂O₅ thin film has been measured. The measurement results were compared with the results obtained by ellipsometer. The results meet reasonable values in both refractive index and thickness.     

一种基于光学倍乘原理的绝对距离干涉测量系统

介绍了一个基于光学倍乘原理的绝对距离干涉测量系统。系统包括两个干涉仪:采用半导体激光器作为光源的定位干涉仪和测量位移的外差干涉仪。介绍了光源的选择,系统的设计以及信号的采集和处理方案。采用这套绝对测量系统,可以实现长度为2m以内的绝对距离测量,定位精度可以达到±0.5μm。     

Design of dual-band shared-aperture Co-zoom optical system

An optical system that features visible plus mid-infrared light, shared aperture, synchronous and continuous zoom is designed with a 10× zoom ratio. Analysis is performed to differentiate visible plus mid-infrared light focal length and zoom ratio during zooming, and the change law of this difference. Upon combination with two-group and three-group zoom theories and upon derivation of the conditions for compensating zoom ratio difference, a method has been obtained to directly compensate this difference. The focal length and the zoom ratio for visible/mid-infrared light at any zoom location are similar with this method, thereby conducting synchronous observation, tracking, and measurement on the target. Design results have shown that the system is small, has a fast response, has an excellent in overall image quality, and is athermal for temperatures between −40 °C and 60 °C.     

Influence and correction of temperature on optical measurement for fat and protein contents in a complex food model system

The influence of temperature on optical measurements has been studied for determining fat and protein contents in complex food systems. A model system consisting of mixtures of fat, protein, water and emulsion was developed to create an imitation of complex food systems. The changes in optical properties of the system from 25 °C to 40 °C were measured in the wavelength from 1100 nm to 1670 nm. Irregular changes as a whole were founded and therefore a statistical method was needed to correct the temperature effect. A method called global robust temperature calibration model is proposed and the correction effect was validated. The results indicated that it can significantly reduce the temperature effect on optical measurement.     

星载大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪定标系统中铝漫反射板实验测量研究

星载大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪采用太阳辐射与漫反射板组合方式进行在轨光谱定标,以天底推扫方式对地观测,拥有114°的大视场. 为保证全视场光谱定标精度,此星载仪器的在轨光谱定标系统中的铝漫反射板需具有良好的朗伯特性,以保证在仪器观测视场内能够提供均匀的光源. 在实验室中利用双向反射分布函数测量仪,采用相对测量法对研制的铝漫反射板进行了朗伯特性测量. 分析结果表明,在波长180–880 nm、观测角度-70°–+70°范围内,铝漫反射板双向反射分布函数近似成余弦分布,具有较好的朗伯特性;并采用地面模拟在轨定标方法对星载仪器进行了光谱定标,定标结果表明最大偏差值为0.022 nm,满足定标精度优于0.05 nm的要求. 通过对实验测量的分析可知,研制的铝漫反射板可选作在轨定标系统的定标板. 关键词： 在轨光谱定标系统 铝漫反射板 双向反射分布函数 星载差分吸收光谱仪器     

Compensation of output error due to the change of input intensity in an optical wavemeter based on a polarization interferometer

The optical wavemeter implemented with a polarization interferometer is simple and accurate. However, the wavemeter is very sensitive to the intensity of the input light. If the light is modulated or its intensity through the polarizer is varied due to a change of polarization state, the measurement error is increased and, in turn, the resolution and bandwidth are limited. In this study, the source of error, which is generated by a change of light intensity, is analyzed, compensated, and experimentally demonstrated. The measurement error due to fluctuated intensity can be reduced by compensating the output offset values of photo detectors. After compensation, the output errors are reduced to ±0.1 nm from ±1.85 nm at 1540 nm, ±0.12 nm from ±1.6 nm at 1550 nm, and ±0.31 nm from ±0.66 nm at 1570 nm.     

CT-6B托卡马克的红宝石激光90°汤姆逊散射实验

本文描述了CT-B托卡马克的红宝石激光90°汤姆逊散射系统概况,讨论了等离子体的汤姆逊散射谱轮廓、电子温度T_e和电子密度n_e的测量,给出测量结果,并与微波干涉测量结果进行了比较。 关键词：     

Twist sensor based on Sagnac single-mode optic fiber interferometer

An optical fiber twist sensor based on Sagnac single-mode optic fiber interferometer is proposed. The stress-induced birefringence of single-mode optical fiber is obtained by applying a transverse force against a short length of singlemode fiber. A high sensitivity and resolution of the twist angle measurement of 0.19 nm/° and 0.002° is achieved experimentally, respectively. The proposed sensor is more convenient and simple than that of standard polarization-maintaining fibers.     

Remote and high precision step height measurement with an optical fiber multiplexing interferometric system

An optical fiber multiplexing low coherence and high coherence interferometric system, which includes a Fizeau interferometer as the sensing element and a Michelson interferometer as the demodulating element, is designed for remote and high precision step height measurement. The Fizeau interferometer is placed in the remote field for sensing the measurand, while the Michelson interferometer which works in both modes of low coherence interferometry and high coherence interferometry is employed for demodulating the measurand. The range of the step height is determined by the low coherence interferometry and the value of it is measured precisely by the high coherence interferometry. High precision has been obtained by searching precisely the peak of the low coherence interferogram symmetrically from two sides of the low coherence interferogram and stabilizing the Michelson interferometer with a feedback loop. The maximum step height that could be measured is 6 mm while the measurement resolution is less than 1 nm. The standard deviation of 10 times measurement results of a step height of 1 mm configurated with two gauge blocks is 0.5 nm.     

用于PZT调制干涉仪的外触发式差动数字鉴相技术

基于相位测量的外差干涉系统以其信号处理方面的优势在光学计量领域得到了广泛的应用。介绍了采用机械调制方法的差动单频干涉系统的干涉信号小数级次的相位测量实现方法。针对机械调制干涉系统的信号有相位跃变点且周期不均匀的特点 ,提出了利用外触发信号对干涉信号进行整周期截取而后再鉴相的方法。研制了基于 FPGA的外触发式差动数字鉴相系统。实验测试表明 ,该鉴相系统在信号频率为 30 0 Hz～ 10 k Hz范围内达到的指标为 :示值稳定性优于± 0 .0 15°,极限偏差小于± 0 .0 7°     

Large-range liquid level sensor based on an optical fibre extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer

We propose an efficient approach to develop large-range liquid level sensors based on an extrinsic Fabry–Perot optical fibre interferometer with an all fused-silica structure and CO₂ laser heating fusion bonding technology. The sensor exhibits signatures of a high sensitivity of 5.3 nm/kPa (36.6 nm/psi), a resolution of 6.8 Pa (9.9×10⁻⁴ psi) and an extreme low temperature dependence of 0.013 nm/°C. As a result, a high resolution of the water level measurement of approximately 0.7 mm on the length scale of 5 m and small errors of the water pressure measurement induced by the temperature dependence within 0.0025 kPa/°C (0.00036 psi/°C, water level 0.25 mm/°C) are achieved, thus providing useful applications for the detection of the large-range liquid level in harsh environments.