飞秒激光与超快现象（I）

文章第Ｉ部分介绍飞秒激光的发展过程和应用概况，讨论了飞秒脉冲产生和测量的基本原理，以及近年来在物理和技术上的新进展，特别介绍了在飞秒激光器全固体化，小型化，高效化方面的进步，有关飞秒激光技术在超快现象研究中应用将在第Ⅱ部分介绍。     

VUV超短脉冲的产生及其在超快动力学中的应用

真空紫外超短脉冲激光具有波长短、单光子能量高、脉宽小等特点,在飞秒化学以及超快动力学等方面具有相当广泛的应用前景.由于直接利用受激辐射获得真空紫外超短脉冲是相当困难,因此利用非线性频率转换技术,超短脉冲与惰性气体相互作用,将红外、可见或紫外光波段的超短脉冲转换到真空紫外波段是目前获得紫外超短脉冲最快捷有效的方式.围绕真空紫外超短脉冲的产生及其在超短动力学中应用展开,介绍了产生真空紫外超短脉冲的高斯谐波、空心光纤四波混频和光丝四波混频的方法,对其优缺点作了评述,并对真空紫外超短脉冲激光在超快动力学过程中的应用进行了简单的总结.     

单频光纤激光器研究进展

单频光纤激光器在激光武器、激光雷达、空间激光通信、相干光通信、高精度光谱测量、引力波探测等领域有着广泛的应用前景,受到了研究者的极大关注。从1.0,1.5,2.0μm三种典型工作波段进行归类,综述了单频光纤激光器的国内外研究现状,内容涵盖了单频光纤激光产生、噪声抑制、线宽压窄、连续与脉冲单频激光放大等技术。此外,结合了本课题组在单频光纤激光器方面的研究工作,着重介绍了基于单振荡器和主振荡功率放大器结构的单频光纤激光器近年来的研究进展,并展望了单频光纤激光器的未来发展方向。     

超短脉冲光纤激光器新进展及其应用

超短脉冲光纤激光器是目前激光技术研究领域中最具有活力的研究课题．有着巨大的应用前景。本文介绍超短脉冲光纤激光器的发展概况及最新进展，论述掺稀土超短脉冲光纤激光器原理，对其关键技术及多种新型技术方案做了介绍和比较，分析超短脉冲激光器的应用前景及发展趋势。     

飞秒激光与超快现象(Ⅰ)

文章第Ⅰ部分介绍飞秒激光的发展过程和应用概况，讨论了飞秒脉冲产生和测量的基本原理，以及近年来在物理和技术上的新进展．特别介绍了在飞秒激光器全固体化、小型化、高效化方面的进步．有关飞秒激光技术在超快现象研究中的应用将在第Ⅱ部分介绍．     

用于定向红外对抗的中波红外激光器技术

针对定向红外对抗系统对中波红外激光器在激光波段、激光功率、激光束散角、激光重复频率以及调制波形等方面的具体要求,通过对光泵半导体激光器、量子级联激光器和基于光学参量振荡的固体以及光纤激光器的技术特点与发展现状的分析比较,和对双折射相位匹配与准相位匹配的特点和最新发展动态的梳理,提出用高功率高光束质量的1 064 nm固体激光器或光纤激光器泵浦基于掺氧化镁的周期极化铌酸锂晶体（PPMgLN）的光学参量振荡器的中波红外激光器方案,其波段转换效率可达到16%以上。     

单腔双光梳激光器及其光谱学应用研究进展

光频梳因频率等间隔、波长稳定、谱线线宽窄以及谱宽大等特性,在高精度测量和计量中具有广泛的应用。其中,双光梳快速测量包括光谱测量、绝对测距、三维成像和超快异步光学采样等已成为研究热点之一。近年来,基于自由运行的单腔双光梳激光器的双梳光谱学系统由于具有结构简单、测量范围大和精度高等优点而备受关注。首先从时域和频域介绍了光频梳的特性和应用,尤其介绍了双光梳测量的优势,相较目前主流的稳频稳相锁模激光器、电光调制等双光梳光源实现方案,单腔双光梳激光器方案有望避免采用复杂的电子控制系统,简化双光梳光源的结构、体积和成本。因此,重点介绍了波长复用、偏振复用、空间复用和脉冲波形复用的单腔双光梳光纤激光器实现技术,并对其基本原理、性能参数和当前研究的进展以及目前发展中仍然存在的问题进行了分析;同时对保偏光纤双光梳激光器的研究现状及其性能进行了总结。接着,重点介绍了双梳光谱学的测量原理,回顾了现有光谱扩展技术,并详细介绍了基于自由运行的单腔双光梳激光器的双梳光谱学应用案例,包括掺铒光纤激光器所在的近红外波段以及其扩展到中红外和太赫兹波段的光谱探测。最后,总结了目前的单腔双光梳激光器的主要发展趋势,包括进一步提高单腔型双光梳激光腔的重频稳定性、降低共模噪声、探索单腔双光梳系统在中红外以及太赫兹波段的应用,推动单腔双光梳锁模光纤激光器的实用化。     

高效率中红外可调谐激光器

中红外波段光在大气环境监测、医学、特殊环境远距离监控以及光谱学研究等诸多领域有重要的应用价值。产生中红外激光主要有以下技术途径：气体激光器、化学激光器、二极管激光器、稀土掺杂固体激光器、光纤激光器和光参量振荡器（OPO）等。基于OPO技术的可调谐中红外固体激光器由于其具有波长调谐范围宽（2～12μm）、转换效率高、结构紧凑、重量轻、维护简单等特点。     

基于铋可饱和吸收体的超快激光产生

采用磁控溅射沉积法在微纳光纤表面上镀一层纳米级厚度的铋薄膜,制备了一种微纳光纤-铋膜结构的可饱和吸收体.在1.5μm处的非线性光调制深度为14%.将其应用到掺铒光纤激光器中,在1.5μm波段获得稳定的超快脉冲激光产生,脉宽为357 fs,输出功率为45.4 mW,单脉冲能量为2.39 nJ,信噪比为84 dB.实验结果表明,利用磁控溅射法可制备出大调制深度的可饱和吸收体,为获得高能量超短脉冲激光输出提供新方案.     

50 fs输出的全光纤展宽脉冲激光器

利用非线性偏振旋转锁模方法并引进激光谐振腔色散管理,在1550 nm波段上用展宽脉冲全光纤激光器直接产生50 fs无波分裂的高能量脉冲输出.在330 mW的抽运功率下平均输出功率为56.4 mW,单脉冲能量达到1.5 nJ.因为是全光纤结构,激光器的转换效率高达17%.输出光谱平滑,无任何边带存在,激光器处于无波分裂的单脉冲输出状态.     

Short-pulsed Raman fiber laser and its dynamics

We provide a perspective review over the recent development of short-pulsed Raman fiber lasers(RFLs),which can provide laser emissions with flexible wavelengths for a variety of applications as well as an excellent platform to investigate various nonlinear pulse dynamics behaviors that cannot be captured in conventional rare-earth(RE)doped counterparts.Various pulse generation techniques have been explored in RFLs.However,the output pulse performance in terms of the pulse energy,duration and stability from short-pulsed RFLs is still inferior to their RE-doped counterparts despite significant advances made over the past few decades.Therefore,more efforts are required to improve these targets.In this review,we present a detailed overview of the short-pulsed RFLs based on different mechanisms from the principle to the experiment,including the Q-switching,gainswitching,mode-locking,synchronous pumping and other innovative techniques.In addition,Raman-induced pulse dynamics in ultrafast RFLs and RE-doped mode-locked fiber lasers(MLFLs)are briefly reviewed.Finally,a perspective outlook for the future ultrafast RFLs is provided based on their potential applications in industrial and scientific research areas.     

Two-dimensional materials-decorated microfiber devices for pulse generation and shaping in fiber lasers

Two-dimensional(2D) materials have been regarded as a promising nonlinear optical medium for fabricating versatile optical and optoelectronic devices. Among the various photonic applications, the employment of 2D materials as nonlinear optical devices such as saturable absorbers for ultrashort pulse generation and shaping in ultrafast lasers is one of the most striking aspects in recent years. In this paper, we review the recent progress of 2D materials based pulse generation and soliton shaping in ultrafast fiber lasers, and particularly in the context of 2D materials-decorated microfiber photonic devices. The fabrication of 2D materials-decorated microfiber photonic devices, high performance mode-locked pulse generation, and the nonlinear soliton dynamics based on pulse shaping method are discussed. Finally, the challenges and the perspective of the 2D materials-based photonic devices as well as their applications are also discussed.     

超快X射线自由电子激光研究进展北大核心CSCD

现代光源的发展不断推动着人们从更深层次上理解物质的基本结构和动力学行为。X射线自由电子激光作为最先进的光源,其超高的峰值功率、超短的脉冲长度和优良的相干性,为人们以原子级时空分辨率探测和操控物质中的超快过程提供了可能。目前全世界已有多个X射线自由电子激光装置建成并投入使用,在原子分子物理、化学、生命科学、材料科学等各学科应用中都显示出了重要价值。同时大量的研究工作也集中于继续提高X射线自由电子激光的性能,包括把脉冲持续时间从fs量级进一步缩短至as量级,这将为超快科学的发展带来新突破。以超快脉冲产生为主线,综述了近年来超快X射线自由电子激光产生方案的研究进展,从产生原理、方案特性、最新成果等方面介绍了各类产生方案,总结对比了各方案的优缺点,最后对超快X射线自由电子激光的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

孤子激光器及其发展

激光和孤子研究的进展,导致一种新型的、输出脉宽及形状可控的超短光脉冲激光器——孤子激光器的诞生。孤子激光器在光通讯、光计算、超高速现象的研究、超高速光电子器件的研制等方面有其独特的应用。它也使我们有可能对孤子效应本身进行深入研究。本文将叙述在单模光纤中形成孤子的机制,孤子激光及喇曼孤子激光原理,孤子及孤子激光研究的进展,包括孤子激光的稳定性、孤子自频移以及孤子间的相互作用力等。最后介绍一些已经出现的或将来可能出现的应用,并指出这是一个正在迅速发展的研究领域。     

掺Er3+氟化物光纤振荡器中红外超短脉冲的产生

基于非线性薛定谔方程建立了氟化物(ZrF₄-BaF₂-LaF₃-AlF₃-NaF, ZBLAN)光纤振荡器中产生中红外超短脉冲的理论模型, 在此基础上研究了中红外超短脉冲在氟化物光纤振荡器中形成的物理机理, 数值模拟了氟化物光纤振荡器中中红外超短脉冲的演化过程. 分析了腔内净色散和小信号增益系数对振荡器中锁模脉冲产生的影响, 并给出了参数设置范围. 研究发现: 当掺Er³⁺氟化物光纤长度, 小信号增益系数, 不饱和损耗为一定值时, 腔内净色散在一定范围内才会出现稳定的锁模脉冲, 且随着腔内净色散增加脉冲宽度变宽, 光谱变窄, 峰值功率降低; 当掺Er³⁺氟化物光纤长度及不饱和损耗一定, 腔内净色散量为合理值, 小信号增益系数在合理的范围时可以得到稳定的锁模脉冲, 且随着小信号增益系数的增加脉冲宽度变宽, 光谱变宽, 峰值功率增加.     

Ultrafast photonic crystal lasers

We describe recent progress in photonic crystal nanocavity lasers with an emphasis on our recent results on ultrafast pulse generation. These lasers produce pulses on the picosecond scale, corresponding to only hundreds of optical cycles. We describe laser dynamics in optically pumped single cavities and in coupled cavity arrays, at low and room temperature. Such ultrafast, efficient, and compact lasers show great promise for applications in high‐speed communications, information processing, and on‐chip optical interconnects.     

超快激光的新前沿—阿秒科学

超短脉冲激光正在进行着从飞秒（1fs=10^-15s)向阿秒（1attosecond=10^-18s)的跨越,这一跨越对于激光原理和激光应用来说都有很重要的意义,文章通过阿秒脉冲与飞秒脉冲比较来介绍超快激光的新前沿－阿秒科学,包括阿秒科学的诞生,现状以及由于阿秒脉冲的产生而出现的阿秒科学的概况 。     

Review on recent progress on mid-infrared fiber lasers

We present review on recent progress on mid-infrared fiber lasers. The relevant glass fiber host materials and different kinds of doped rare-earth ions are introduced. Lasers operating from 1.9 to 3 ??m in the rare-earth ions Tm³⁺, Ho³⁺, Er³⁺, and Dy³⁺ in the recent two years are discussed. Three interesting research issues, i.e., supercontinuum generation based on mid-infrared fiber laser, mid-infrared Raman fiber laser, and coherent beam combining in the mid-infrared wavelength band are classified and analyzed. Some discussions and prospective predictions are proposed at the end of this paper.     

Novel diode laser-based sensors for gas sensing applications

The development of compact spectroscopic gas sensors and their applications to environmental sensing will be described. These sensors employ mid-infrared difference-frequency generation (DFG) in periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystals pumped by two single-frequency solid state lasers such as diode lasers, diode-pumped solid state, and fiber lasers. Ultrasensitive, highly selective, and real-time measurements of several important atmospheric trace gases, including carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde [correction of formaldehye], and methane, have been demonstrated.     

Ultrafast solid-state laser oscillators: a success story for the last 20 years with no end in sight

Ultrashort lasers provide an important tool to probe the dynamics of physical systems at very short time-scales, allowing for improved understanding of the performance of many devices and phenomena used in science, technology, and medicine. In addition ultrashort pulses also provide a high peak intensity and a broad optical spectrum, which opens even more applications such as material processing, nonlinear optics, attosecond science, and metrology. There has been a long-standing, ongoing effort in the field to reduce the pulse duration and increase the power of these lasers to continue to empower existing and new applications. After 1990, new techniques such as semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs) and Kerr-lens mode locking (KLM) allowed for the generation of stable pulse trains from diode-pumped solid-state lasers for the first time, and enabled the performance of such lasers to improve by several orders of magnitude with regards to pulse duration, pulse energy and pulse repetition rates. This invited review article gives a broad overview and includes some personal accounts of the key events during the last 20 years, which made ultrafast solid-state lasers a success story. Ultrafast Ti:sapphire, diode-pumped solid-state, and novel semiconductor laser oscillators will be reviewed. The perspective for the near future indicates continued significant progress in the field.