回声谐波放大型自由电子激光相干涡旋X射线产生方案

外种子型自由电子激光具有全相干、频谱稳定、极高亮度的优点,可以实现在超小空间和超快时间尺度下对物质结构的研究。具有特殊横向相位模式的光特别是具有螺旋相位的带轨道角动量的涡旋光已经在众多科学领域有了应用,基于自由电子激光原理产生的辐射横向模式基本上为简单的高斯模式,为产生具有横向螺旋相位的相干涡旋X射线,对基于回声谐波放大型(EEHG)自由电子激光产生涡旋光方案进行了深入研究,并且根据上海软X射线自由电子激光装置(SXFEL)的参数,进行了相关方案设计和模拟研究。三维模拟结果表明,外种子型EEHG自由电子激光可以产生峰值功率可达到GW量级的相干涡旋软X射线。     

产生超快水窗波段X射线的ESASE方案模拟

脉冲宽度在百as（1 as=10?18 s）量级的X射线脉冲在超快科学领域有极为重要的作用。相较于目前世界上大部分运行在自发放大辐射模式的X射线自由电子激光（FEL）,增强型自发放大辐射（ESASE）模式可以显著增加电子束的峰值流强,减小FEL的增益长度,可用来产生百as量级的超快X射线。基于典型的软X射线FEL参数,对ESASE方案的参数进行了模拟优化,得到了百as量级、功率可达1 GW以上、波长可在水窗波段且可调节的X射线脉冲,为后续开展ESASE实验及其实验参数的优化提供参考。     

基于超快激光调制的纳秒脉冲X射线发射源

面向基础科学与空间应用研究领域对小型化超快脉冲X射线发射源的需求,设计并研制了基于激光调制光源与光电阴极X射线管的超快脉冲X射线发生器,解决了传统X射线调制发射装置重复频率低、时间稳定性差、脉冲特性差等应用难题.本文主要开展了脉冲X射线发生器的超快调制控制模块研究,并利用基于预调制的激光控制光源实现了高时间精度、高时间稳定度的超快时变光子信号以及纳秒脉冲X射线产生.理论方面,建立了脉冲X射线发生器时间响应模型,分析了出射脉冲X射线的时域时间特性.实验方面,搭建了基于超快闪烁体探测器的脉冲X射线时间特性实验测试系统,测试了激光控制光源及脉冲X射线发射源的时间特性参数.实验结果表明脉冲X射线发生器可同时实现高重频(12.5 MHz)、超快脉冲(4 ns)、高时间稳定度(400 ps)特性,且与所建立的理论模型高度符合.相比于传统X射线调制方案,脉冲时间参数指标得到了大幅提升、应用场景获得了极大拓展,本项研究有望为实现超高时间稳定性、超快脉冲X射线发射源提供新思路.     

SASE自由电子激光

 SASE自由电子激光可以产生短至0.1nm的高亮度（峰值亮度比当前的第三代同步辐射高10个量级;平均亮度高3~5个量级）、短脉冲（脉冲长度小于2个量级、达到亚皮秒水平）硬X射线相干光。因而被称为是继第三代同步辐射之后的第四代光源。SASE依据的是高增益自由电子激光原理,利用了光阴极微波电子枪技术和电子直线加速器技术。综述了SASE的历史发展、基本原理、基本结构、主要物理特征和对电子束的要求。     

超快电子衍射研究分子动力学

随着超快激光、超快X射线和超快电子束技术在近年的快速发展,通过泵浦探测的方法在超快的尺度观察原子运动正逐步成为可能. 本综述将讨论如何利用超快电子衍射技术探测激光激发的分子动力学过程. 此技术以电子束为探针,能以飞秒量级的时间分辨率和埃量级的空间分辨率追踪激光触发的原子运动. 阐述超快电子衍射技术的基本原理和最新进展,同时介绍其在研究分子动力学方面的代表性工作. 这项“桌面级”的技术和X射线自由电子激光大科学装置互补,预期将在化学反应动力学领域发挥重要作用.     

超快电子衍射研究分子动力学（英文）

随着超快激光、超快X射线和超快电子束技术在近年的快速发展,通过泵浦探测的方法在超快的尺度观察原子运动正逐步成为可能.本综述将讨论如何利用超快电子衍射技术探测激光激发的分子动力学过程.此技术以电子束为探针,能以飞秒量级的时间分辨率和埃量级的空间分辨率追踪激光触发的原子运动.阐述超快电子衍射技术的基本原理和最新进展,同时介绍其在研究分子动力学方面的代表性工作.这项"桌面级"的技术和X射线自由电子激光大科学装置互补,预期将在化学反应动力学领域发挥重要作用.     

“超快光学”专辑导读

正20世纪90年代以来,超快激光技术的不断发展与成熟,特别是得益于啁啾脉冲放大技术,使得超快光学与光谱学研究进入了全新的发展阶段。随着激光强度的增加、脉宽的缩短,超快光学研究从传统的微扰区进入到非微扰区乃至相对论区域,研究对象从宏观物质体系推进到介观乃至微观物质体系。结合非线性光学效应和极端条件光与物质相互作用,超快光学为人们提供了从太赫兹到X射线波段的新型光源。     

新一代先进光源和新型光阴级材料的特性及应用研究

介绍了从激光光源到同步辐射光源及自由电子激光光源的发展及特性,及所需新型光阴级材料的特性。当代科学研究的前沿之一是研究微观世界的动态特征,这就需要同时具有纳米的空间分辨和飞秒的时间分辨。X射线激光的超快特性和高亮度,结合超快探测器条纹相机的高时间分辨和空间分辨,将十分有助于微观世界的动态特挫研究。报告了对单晶体Cu（1...     

上海激光康普顿散射伽马源的发展和展望

激光康普顿散射(Laser Campton Scattering, LCS)光源,是一种基于相对论电子束与激光光子相互作用的新型X-ray或Gamma-ray光源。它具有能量高、波长短、脉冲快和峰值亮度高的特性,已成为国际先进光源技术的重要选项之一。本文介绍了激光康普顿散射光源的产生原理、国内外发展现状以及目前国际上运行和在建的激光康普顿散射光源装置,其中重点介绍了上海光源二期正在建设的上海激光电子伽马源(Shanghai Laser Electron Gamma Source, SLEGS)装置,以及在这一光源装置上可以开展的核物理、核天体物理、核废料处理及核医学应用等研究。随着上海软X射线自由电子激光试验装置(Soft X-ray Free Electron Laser, SXFEL)升级为用户装置,以及未来十三五国家重大科技基础设施-硬X射线自由电子装置(Shanghai HIgh repetition rate XFEL aNd Extreme light facility,SHINE)的建设完成,基于直线电子加速器(LINear ACcelator, LINAC)的康普顿散射光源的伽马能量将会达到GeV量级的高能量。超短脉冲、高极化度、高通量的激光康普顿散射光源将迎来新的发展机遇,基于康普顿伽马光源的核物理、天体物理、粒子物理及应用基础研究也必将迈上一个新台阶。     

基于回声增强高次谐波产生的双色自由电子激光

基于回声增强高次谐波产生，提出了能够产生软X射线波段双色自由电子激光脉冲的方案，并对该方案进行了理论模拟和关键技术研究。研究给出了双色种子激光的产生方案，搭建了双色种子激光系统，该系统可以产生中心波长分别为264.8 nm和265.3 nm、脉冲延时可调的双色种子激光。基于该双色种子激光，在模拟中最终可以得到波长分别为5.884 nm和5.894 nm、峰值功率约为300 MW、脉冲延时可调的软X射线双色自由电子激光辐射脉冲。     

A compact warm ring for industrial applications

The ultrafast, high brightness X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources of the future have the potential to revolutionize the study of time-dependent phenomena in the natural sciences. These linear accelerator (linac) sources will generate femtosecond (fs) X-ray pulses with peak flux comparable to conventional lasers, and far exceeding all other X-ray sources. The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) has pioneered the development of linac science and technology for decades, and since 2000 SLAC and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) have focused on the development of linac based ultrafast electron and X-ray sources.     

Ultrafast structural dynamics with table top femtosecond hard X-ray and electron diffraction setups

The following tutorial review is directed to graduate students willing to be part of the emerging field of ultrafast structural dynamics. It provides them with an introduction to the field and all the very basic assumptions and experimental tricks involved in femtosecond (fs) diffraction techniques. The concept of stroboscopic photography and its implication in ultrafast science are introduced. Special attention is paid to the generation of ultrashort electron and hard X-ray pulses in table top setups, and a direct comparison in terms of brightness and temporal resolution between current table top and facility-based methodologies is given for proper calibration. This review is focused on ultrafast X-ray and electron diffraction techniques. The progress in the development of fs-structural probes during the last twenty years has been tremendous. Current ultrafast structural probes provide us with the temporal and spatial resolutions required to observe atoms in motion. Different compression approaches have made it possible the generation of ultrashort and ultrabright electron pulses with an effective brightness close to that of fs-hard X-ray pulses produced by free electron lasers. We now have in hand a variety of ultrafast structural cameras ready to be applied for the study of an endless list of dynamical phenomena at the atomic level of inspection.     

时间分辨的X射线衍射

详细论述了时间分辨X射线衍射探测原子动态过程和生物大分子瞬态结构的各种方法。介绍了多种超快X射线脉冲光源及其在材料和生化领域中的研究进展状况。材料方面:在皮秒时间尺度探测到了晶格间距毫埃的微小变化;在亚皮秒的时间尺度直接观测到晶体的超快熔化过程和晶体内的相干声子散射;生物化学方面:采用时间分辨X射线劳厄衍射方法探测了蛋白质大分子结构的变化和功能之间的关系;精确描述了有机分子在光作用下形态发生改变时分子键角的扭转角度,从结构上揭示了其动态机理。     

中红外超快光纤激光器研究进展

中红外波段覆盖重要的分子吸收区与多个大气透射窗口,该波段的超快激光器在多个领域具有广泛应用。基于光纤的中红外超快激光器近年来在激光发射与传输、超快脉冲产生与应用等方面发展迅速,为中红外波段超快激光开辟了新的研究手段与应用领域。综述了近十年来中红外超快光纤激光器的发展概况,介绍了近年来中红外波段的激光传输与增益手段。其中,重点回顾了近年来中红外超快脉冲产生技术的研究进展及其代表性工作,包括非线性偏振旋转、可饱和吸收体以及频移反馈锁模技术。此外,还介绍了中红外超快脉冲的压缩放大技术与超连续谱产生应用。最后讨论并总结了中红外超快光纤激光器面临的挑战与可能的发展方向。     

强场X射线激光物理

相干X光,特别是X射线自由电子激光技术的发展提供了一种新的产生超强光场的途径.由于其较高的光子能量、高峰值功率密度与超短的脉冲长度,有望将强场激光物理从可见光波段推进到X光波段.目前,基于X射线的非线性原子分子物理已取得了初步进展,随着X射线光强的提升,相互作用将进入相对论物理、强场量子电动力学(quantum electrodynamics,QED)物理等领域,为激光驱动加速与辐射、QED真空、暗物质的产生与探测等带来新的科学发现机会.本文对强场X射线激光在固体中的尾场加速、真空极化、轴子的产生与探测等方面进行介绍,旨在阐明X射线波段强场物理在若干基础前沿与关键应用方面的独特优势,并对未来的发展方向进行展望.     

X-ray pump optical probe cross-correlation study of GaAs

Ultrafast dynamics in atomic, molecular and condensed-matter systems are increasingly being studied using optical-pump, X-ray probe techniques where subpicosecond laser pulses excite the system and X-rays detect changes in absorption spectra and local atomic structure(1-3). New opportunities are appearing as a result of improved synchrotron capabilities and the advent of X-ray free-electron lasers(4,5). These source improvements also allow for the reverse measurement: X-ray pump followed by optical probe. We describe here how an X-ray pump beam transforms a thin GaAs specimen from a strong absorber into a nearly transparent window in less than 100 ps, for laser photon energies just above the bandgap. We find the opposite effect-X-ray induced optical opacity-for photon energies just below the bandgap. This raises interesting questions about the ultrafast many-body response of semiconductors to X-ray absorption, and provides a new approach for an X-ray/optical cross-correlator for synchrotron and X-ray free-electron laser applications.     

Ultrafast solid-state laser oscillators: a success story for the last 20 years with no end in sight

Ultrashort lasers provide an important tool to probe the dynamics of physical systems at very short time-scales, allowing for improved understanding of the performance of many devices and phenomena used in science, technology, and medicine. In addition ultrashort pulses also provide a high peak intensity and a broad optical spectrum, which opens even more applications such as material processing, nonlinear optics, attosecond science, and metrology. There has been a long-standing, ongoing effort in the field to reduce the pulse duration and increase the power of these lasers to continue to empower existing and new applications. After 1990, new techniques such as semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs) and Kerr-lens mode locking (KLM) allowed for the generation of stable pulse trains from diode-pumped solid-state lasers for the first time, and enabled the performance of such lasers to improve by several orders of magnitude with regards to pulse duration, pulse energy and pulse repetition rates. This invited review article gives a broad overview and includes some personal accounts of the key events during the last 20 years, which made ultrafast solid-state lasers a success story. Ultrafast Ti:sapphire, diode-pumped solid-state, and novel semiconductor laser oscillators will be reviewed. The perspective for the near future indicates continued significant progress in the field.     

超快激光的新前沿—阿秒科学

超短脉冲激光正在进行着从飞秒（1fs=10^-15s)向阿秒（1attosecond=10^-18s)的跨越,这一跨越对于激光原理和激光应用来说都有很重要的意义,文章通过阿秒脉冲与飞秒脉冲比较来介绍超快激光的新前沿－阿秒科学,包括阿秒科学的诞生,现状以及由于阿秒脉冲的产生而出现的阿秒科学的概况 。     

Femtosecond opto‐magnetism: ultrafast laser manipulation of magnetic materials

This review summarizes the recent progress in the study of ultrafast nonthermal effects of light on magnetic materials. It is demonstrated that due to opto‐magnetic phenomena an intense 100 fs circularly polarized laser pulse acts on the spins similar to an equivalently short effective magnetic field pulse up to 1 T. The review shows that using such opto‐magnetic phenomena one may selectively excite different modes of magnetic resonance, realize quantum control of magnons, trigger magnetic phase transitions and switch spins on a subpicosecond time‐scale. All these findings open new insights into the understanding of ultrafast magnetic excitation and, considering recent progress in the development of compact ultrafast lasers, may provide new prospects for applications of ultrafast opto‐magnetic phenomena in magnetic storage and information processing technology.