基于超二次曲面的颗粒材料缓冲性能离散元分析

自然界或工业中普遍是由非球形颗粒组成的复杂体系,与球形颗粒相比,非球形颗粒间的高离散和咬合互锁可使冲击载荷引起的能量有效衰减实现缓冲作用.基于连续函数包络的超二次曲面单元能准确地描述非球形颗粒的几何形态,并可精确地计算单元间的接触碰撞作用.本文采用离散元方法对冲击载荷作用下非球形颗粒物质的缓冲性能进行数值分析,并与圆柱体冲击的理论结果和球体冲击的实验结果进行对比验证.在此基础之上,进一步研究了筒底作用力在不同颗粒层厚度和形状等因素影响下的变化规律.计算结果表明:不同颗粒形状都存在一个临界厚度H_c.当HH_c时,缓冲率随H的增加而增加;当HH_c时,缓冲率的变化不再显著并趋于稳定值.此外,减小颗粒表面尖锐度和增加或减小圆柱形和长方形颗粒的长宽比都会提高颗粒材料的缓冲效果.     

冲击荷载下颗粒物质缓冲性能的试验研究

颗粒物质是一种复杂的能量耗散体系. 颗粒间的摩擦和黏滞作用可使冲击荷载引起的能量有效衰减, 颗粒间的力链结构又可将瞬时局部冲击荷载进行空间扩展和时间延长, 达到良好的缓冲效果. 为研究颗粒物质对冲击荷载的缓冲性能, 本文采用重力作用下球体冲击筒内颗粒物质的试验系统, 研究了筒体底部作用力在颗粒材料、颗粒厚度等因素影响下的变化规律. 试验结果表明: 非规则颗粒具有更加良好的缓冲性能, 粗颗粒的缓冲性能略高于细颗粒. 颗粒厚度H是影响缓冲性能的重要因素, 并存在一个临界厚度H_c. 当H<H_c时, 缓冲性能随H的增加而增强; 当H>H_c时, H对缓冲效果的影响不再显著. 以上研究是在同一冲击能量下进行的, 而对于不同冲击能量下的H_c还需要深入开展. 通过颗粒物质对冲击荷载缓冲性能的试验研究, 可揭示颗粒材料的基本物理力学行为, 为其在缓冲减振领域中的应用提供依据.     

Fe15.16Ag84.84金属颗粒膜自旋极化相关的霍尔效应研究

采用磁控溅射法分别在玻璃和单晶硅衬底上同时制备了Fe_15.16Ag_{84.84金属颗粒膜样品，并对样品的霍尔效应和霍尔系数RH随外加磁场H的变化关系进行了 实验研究. 观察到霍尔电压UH与外加磁场H的关系曲线呈现出自旋极化相关的反常现象，并 与其磁电阻效应具有对应关系.基于自旋相关的散射理论对此作出了合理的解释. 关键词： 颗粒膜 霍尔效应 c}')" href="#">特征磁场H_c 自旋相关散射     

利用不同阴极缓冲层来改善Pentacene/C60太阳能电池的性能

制备了结构为ITO/Pentacene/C₆₀/Al的双层光伏电池器件,在C₆₀/Al界面插入了常用的缓冲层材料bathocuproine(BCP)作为阴极缓冲层,通过优化BCP层的厚度来提高电池的性能并研究了阴极缓冲层的作用机理.实验发现,BCP厚度为10 nm时器件的效率最高,为0.46%.在此基础上,利用bathophenanthroline(Bphen)和3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarb-oxylicdianhydride(PTCDA 关键词： 有机太阳能电池 Pentacene 60')" href="#">C₆₀ 缓冲层     

Fe/SnO2非晶多层膜的磁特性

研究了高频溅射制备的Fe/SnO₂非晶多层膜的磁特性.当SnO₂层厚度d_s固定为5nm时，样品的饱和磁化强度M_s随Fe层厚度d_m的减小而降低，这主要受样品的死层效应和维度效应的影响.另外，在d_m很小时，样品呈现准二维磁性.样品居里温度T_C随d_m的减小单调下降.样品矫顽力H_c随d_m的变化呈现 关键词：     

彩色多晶硅太阳电池性能研究

通过调节单层SiN_x:H减反射膜的厚度制备各种颜色的多晶硅太阳电池. 测试了太阳电池片和组件的光学和电学性能, 用PC1D软件对其性能进行模拟. 通过分析得到以下结论: 1)当减反射膜的厚度小于50 nm时, 影响彩色组件和电池片功率变化的主要因素是开路电压(V_oc)和短路电流(I_sc), 当减反射膜的膜厚度大于50 nm时, 随着减反射膜钝化作用的稳定, 影响彩色组件和电池片功率变化的主要因素是I_sc; 2)大多数彩色电池片的效率比传统蓝色电池片的效率低, 但是在封装之后, 彩色电池组件可以有不同程度的增益, 主要原因是减反射膜与乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物和玻璃匹配性较好. 关键词： 彩色太阳电池 氮化硅 钝化 光学匹配     

磁性颗粒复合体磁渗流区矫顽力异常的研究

制备了MnZn铁氧体/SiO₂颗粒复合体.研究了磁性颗粒复合体的有效磁导率μ、 比磁化强度σ以及矫顽力H_c随磁性颗粒含量的变化.研究发现，在MnZn铁氧体体积百分含 量为90%—98%的区域，复合体的有效磁导率μ的变化速率发生突变，出现磁渗流现象，从实验得到的体系磁渗流阈值V_c=97.9%.在磁渗流区，矫顽力表现出异常行为.结果表明 ，这种异常行为与复合体微观结构有着密切关系.在磁渗流前，矫顽力H_c的变化主要来 源于磁 关键词： 颗粒复合体 磁渗流 矫顽力     

测试设备缓冲材料抗冲击性能的仿真和评估

缓冲材料的可靠性是影响设备工作稳定性的关键;以泡沫铝和聚氨酯为研究对象,用有限元分析法模拟两者在冲击环境下的力学响应;采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件进行了弹体的侵彻环境分析,针对子弹速度为300 m/s和1 000 m/s的情况分别进行动力学仿真实验,研究了两者的抗冲击性能;采用安全冲击速度Janssen系数和缓冲系数C作为衡量测试设备缓冲材料性能好坏的评价标准;根据ANSYS/LS-DYNA的实际仿真结果可得,当子弹速度为300 m/s时,聚氨酯的Janssen系数为0.8,泡沫铝的Janssen系数为1;当子弹速度为1 000 m/s时,聚氨酯的Janssen系数为0.08,泡沫铝的Janssen系数为0.112;且聚氨酯和泡沫铝的缓冲系数C分别为0.61和11;实验数据结果表明,泡沫铝的抗冲击性能优于聚氨酯,具有明显的优越性和广泛的应用前景。     

ZnS作为空穴缓冲层的新型有机发光二极管

采用磁控溅射方法在ITO表面沉积了不同厚度的ZnS超薄膜作为有机发光二极管(OLEDs)的缓冲层,使典型结构(ITO/TPD/Alq3/Al)的OLEDs的发光性能得到改善。ZnS缓冲层厚度对器件性能影响的实验结果表明,当ZnS缓冲层厚度为5nm时,器件电流密度提高了近2倍,亮度提高了2倍;当ZnS缓冲层厚度为10nm时,器件发光的电流效率提高18%,器件的性能得到改善。宽禁带的ZnS缓冲层对空穴从阳极到有机功能层的注入有阻碍作用,促进器件载流子平衡,提高了器件发光效率,改善了器件性能。     

钇—镧石榴石型铁氧体系统的磁性和铁磁共振的研究

本文对钇-镧石榴石型铁氧体系Y_3(1-x)La_3xFe₅O₁₂(其中x=0,0.05,0.10,O.20,0.30,0.50,0.75和1.00)的磁性和铁磁共振进行了研究。由X射线粉末照相分析和金相观察确定了石榴石转构的单相区域。测量了饱和磁矩σ_s、起始磁导率μ₀、矫顽力H_c及有效g因子g_eff和共振线宽△H(3970和9160兆赫)与La含量x的关系。由磁性和铁磁共振的测量结果表明单相区城要比由X射线分析和金相观察的结果更窄一些。讨论了不同成分的σ_s的变化,μ₀与磁化机构的关系。由g_eff与频率的关系计算出内场H_i和材料的内禀g因子。从磁的不均匀性的观点解释了实验上观测到的△H、H_i和H_c在一定成分范围内与x的指数式关系。 关键词：     

运动物体在颗粒物质中的动力学过程及最大穿透深度仿真研究

利用离散元法仿真了运动物体在颗粒物质中的三维动力学过程, 仿真采用周期边界条件, 并考虑了重力、接触力、阻尼力、摩擦力的影响. 将仿真结果和相关的三维实验结果进行了对比, 两者符合较好. 仿真结果表明穿透深度与运动物体的冲击速度、运动物体质量、颗粒介质床的密度均有关系. 运动物体质量越大, 速度越快, 则穿透越深, 而且穿透深度和质量呈线性关系. 仿真过程较为真实地再现了小颗粒的飞溅现象. 关键词： 颗粒物质 动力学过程 仿真 离散元法     

Study of the shear-rate dependence of granular friction based on community detection

In this study, computer simulations are performed on three-dimensional granular systems under shear conditions. The system comprises granular particles that are confined between two rigid plates. The top plate is subjected to a normal force and driven by a shearing velocity. A positive shear-rate dependence of granular friction, known as velocity-strengthening, exists between the granular and shearing plate. To understand the origin of the dependence of frictional sliding, we treat the granular system as a complex network, where granular particles are nodes and normal contact forces are weighted edges used to obtain insight into the interiors of granular matter. Community structures within granular property networks are detected under different shearing velocities in the steady state. Community parameters, such as the size of the largest cluster and average size of clusters, show significant monotonous trends in shearing velocity associated with the shear-rate dependence of granular friction. Then, we apply an instantaneous change in shearing velocity. A dramatic increase in friction is observed with a change in shearing velocity in the non-steady state. The community structures in the non-steady state are different from those in the steady state. Results indicate that the largest cluster is a key factor affecting the friction between the granular and shearing plate.     

The scaling and dynamics of a projectile obliquely impacting a granular medium

In this paper, the dynamics of a spherical projectile obliquely impacting into a two-dimensional granular bed is numerically investigated using the discrete element method. The influences of projectile’s initial velocities and impacting angles are mainly considered. Numerical results show that the relationship between the final penetration depth and the initial impact velocity is very similar to that in the vertical-impact case. However, the dependence of the stopping time on the impact velocity of the projectile exhibits critical characteristics at different impact angles: the stopping time approximately increases linearly with the impact velocity for small impact angles but decreases in an exponential form for larger impact angles, which demonstrates the existence of two different regimes at low and high impact angles. When the impact angle is regarded as a parametric variable, a phenomenological force model at large impact angles is eventually proposed based on the simulation results, which can accurately describe the nature of the resistance force exerted on the projectile by the granular medium at different impact angels during the whole oblique-impact process. The degenerate model agrees well with the existing experimental results in the vertical-impact cases.     

Discrete element simulation of localized deformation in stochastic distributed granular materials

The deformation in granular material under loading conditions is a problem of great interest currently. In this paper, the micro-mechanism of the localized deformations in stochastically distributed granular materials is investigated based on the modified distinct element method under the plane strain conditions, and the influences of the confining pressure, the initial void ratio and the friction coefficient on the localized deformation and the stability of granular materials are also studied. It is concluded, based on the numerical simulation testing, that two crossed shear sliding planes may occur inside the granular assembly, and deformation patterns vary with the increasing of transverse strain. These conclusions are in good agreement with the present experimental results. By tangential velocity profiles along the direction normal to the two shear sliding planes, it can be found that there are two different shear deformation patterns: one is the fluid-like shear mode and the other is the solid-like shear mode. At last, the influences of various material parameters or factors on localized deformation features and patterns of granular materials are discussed in detail. Supported by the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10532040)     

Study on effect of dimples on friction of parallel surfaces under different sliding conditions

The influence of rectangle dimples with flat bottom on the friction of parallel surfaces at different sliding conditions is investigated based on lubrication equations. The elastic deformation of rough surfaces is evaluated using continuous convolution fast Fourier transform (CC-FFT). The friction coefficients for dimpled and non-dimpled parallel surfaces by simulation are compared with experimental results. Results show that this kind of dimples can reduce the friction coefficient for cases with the smaller ratio of film thickness to roughness (h/R_q), small roughness or large applied load. The friction force for the parallel surfaces can decrease due to the dimple effect over the range of the larger sliding speed, larger load or smoother surfaces.     

超空泡射弹水下侵彻靶板三相耦合数值模拟

超空泡射弹侵彻问题的实质是特殊水下结构受到高速冲击载荷作用下的动态响应。对12.7 mm口径超空泡射弹侵彻典型水下目标壳体的毁伤效果开展研究,基于LS-DYNA有限元分析软件建立水环境中超空泡射弹垂直侵彻曲面靶板的等效模型,探讨射弹侵彻过程中动能侵彻和气泡溃灭对靶板联合毁伤效果,获得了靶板在各阶段的应力变化和结构变形规律。结果表明:侵彻靶板前,射弹着靶速度为200 m/s时的头部表面水介质压力峰值达768 N,靶板表面有明显下凹变形;侵彻靶板时,伴随着射弹动能侵彻和气泡溃灭冲击,水介质造成的影响不足动能侵彻的2%;侵彻靶板后,在靶板正面形成峰值速度为42 m/s的水射流进一步作用于破口;靶板整体弯曲变形,在200~300 m/s范围内,随着射弹着靶速度的增加,靶板弯曲形变量减小;靶板局部发生延性穿孔,射弹在水环境中具有更好的破口效果,射弹速度变化对破口尺寸影响不大。     

Rolling velocity and relative motion of particle detector in local granular flow

The velocity of a particle detector in granular flow can be regarded as the combination of rolling and sliding velocities. The study of the contribution of rolling velocity and sliding velocity provides a new explanation to the relative motion between the detector and the local granular flow. In this study, a spherical detector using embedded inertial navigation technology is placed in the chute granular flow to study the movement of the detector relative to the granular flow. It is shown by particle image velocimetry (PIV) that the velocity of chute granular flow conforms to Silbert's formula. And the velocity of the detector is greater than that of the granular flow around it. By decomposing the velocity into sliding and rolling velocity, it is indicated that the movement of the detector relative to the granular flow is mainly caused by rolling. The rolling detail shown by DEM simulation leads to two potential mechanisms based on the position and drive of the detector.     

包钴铁氧体矫顽力增大机制的探讨

化学共沉淀工艺制备Zn_0.2Fe_2.8O₄铁氧体颗粒,颗粒尺寸约300埃,近似呈球状,在其表面外延生长一层钴铁氧体层。测量了矫顽力、铁磁共振线宽随钴含量的变化,得到由于外延层引起的磁各向异性常数K_u约为5×10⁵尔格/厘米³。由实验结果分析,主要是Zn_0.2Fe_2.8O₄颗粒表面与外延生长层相当于两个氧离子层厚所产生的相互作用。 关键词：