强流直线感应加速器束流智能调谐系统设计

 介绍了正在研究设计的调谐强流电子束束心轨迹的计算机智能系统。根据目前正在设计建造的 “神龙一号”加速器束流输运环境，为抑制束心螺旋运动，适应束输运磁场元件无散热装置，调谐过程中应尽量减少实验次数，智能调谐方法主要采用数值模拟和计算机克隆调谐和人工调谐相结合。以束心轨迹的数值模拟为基础，对束心位置调谐过程中的核心部分二极场调谐磁元件的调谐特性曲线进行了数值模拟，并与实验获得的调谐特性曲线进行了比较。获得了数值模拟和实验的初步结果。     

“神龙一号”新型束位置探测器研究

介绍了钮扣电极的应用原理, 并且在原理上与电阻环探测器作了比较, 分析了 这两种探测器各自的优缺点. 根据原理实验的结果, 重新设计了钮扣电极测量 装置. 对原测量盘结构上不合理的地方进行了改进, 并且在新设计中考虑 了“神龙一号”加速器的高真空密封. 在“神龙一号”的强流束实验中, 钮扣电极如实地反映了束流的波形以及束心的偏移量, 其束位置曲线与电阻环曲线 基本吻合, 亦证明了钮扣电极的测量数据是可信的. 在实验中钮扣电极的测量 不确定度达到0.5mm, 满足“神龙一号”强流束实验的测量需要.     

“神龙一号”直线感应电子加速器

"神龙一号"加速器是一台20 MeV直线感应电子加速器. 本文介绍了"神龙一号"的物理设计、研制过程和调试结果. 物理设计主要分析了加速器研制的技术难点,并给出各分系统应达到的技术要求和具体结果. 文中重点介绍了脉冲功率系统、注入器、束流的调试情况,调试结果表明,"神龙一号"加速器输出电子束的参数为：电子能量20MeV、束流强度2.5kA、束流脉冲宽度～70ns、能散度0.64%、发射度2060mm·mrad、打靶焦斑尺寸1.2mm .     

“神龙一号”直线感应加速器物理设计

 介绍了 “神龙一号”直线感应加速器物理设计的主要考虑。“神龙一号”加速器是一台电子直线感应加速器，由3.6MeV感应迭加型注入器、72个感应加速腔、脉冲功率系统、束流输运和聚焦系统、控制系统和真空、绝缘油、绝缘气体以及去离子水系统组成。能产生20MeV、束流大于2.5kA，脉冲宽度为60ns的强流脉冲电子束，X光焦斑均方根直径为1.5mm。     

“神龙一号”电子束时间分辨能谱测量新方案

介绍了"神龙一号"直线感应加速器电子束时间分辨能谱测量新方案——用螺线管磁场旋转束流法测量其出口电子束能谱,阐述了旋转束流法基本原理及测量方案设计,并且讨论了测量误差。此方案所测能谱为时间分辨离散型束流能谱,其误差与所测离散束流能谱相关。通过测量"神龙一号"加速器末端的电子束流在螺线管磁场中的旋转角度及角度展宽,从而得到脉冲电子束流能谱。     

强流直线感应加速器中束流质心横向运动初步计算

 “神龙一号”强流脉冲加速器由72个直线感应加速腔和18个用于测试和真空泵接口的多功能腔组成。直线感应加速器的研制建造中磁轴对中偏差和聚焦磁场的自然偏差所引起的束流质心偏移轨道中心是不可避免的，由于束脉冲期间存在能散，使束流产生Corkscrew运动,导致束流品质变坏。而束脉冲期间的能散只能减小到一定水平，因此必需采取一定的措施抑制Corkscrew幅度的增长。在加速器的安装阶段，脉冲悬丝技术被应用于准直加速段聚焦磁场，并在磁轴准直测试的同时对磁场固有倾斜偏差进行初步校正。根据脉冲悬丝测试所得实验数据，采用传输矩阵法对加速段束质心轨迹进行了初步估计，计算中考虑了各加速腔聚焦磁场的倾斜和偏移误差。给出了计算结果和分析。     

“神龙一号”直线感应加速器多功能腔设计

 多功能腔集真空泵安装、束流过渡漂移、束流在线测量及方便机器检修等诸多功能于一体，是“神龙一号”加速器束流传输系统的一个关键部件。简要介绍了多功能腔设计中的磁轴准直、输运磁场的连续性以及横向阻抗几个关键问题，阐明了多功能腔的可维修特性和磁轴准直性能，分析了多功能腔对输运磁场连续性的影响，计算了多功能腔的低横向耦合阻抗，并提出了降低横向耦合阻抗的措施。多功能腔的应用简化了束流传输线的结构，提高了束流传输线的性能，将在“神龙一号”直线感应加速器的调试中起到非常重要的作用。     

神龙一号加速器调试

介绍了神龙一号直线感应加速器脉冲功率系统、注入器、束流输运系统、轫致辐射转换靶的调试情况,给出了调试结果,并对下一步工作进行了展望.调试结果表明,神龙一号加速器全面达到设计指标.     

神龙一号加速器调试

介绍了神龙一号直线感应加速器脉冲功率系统、注入器、束流输运系统、轫致辐射转换靶的调试情况, 给出了调试结果, 并对下一步工作进行了展望. 调试结果表明, 神龙一号加速器全面达到设计指标.     

“神龙一号”加速器束流输运系统研制

文章系统介绍了“神龙一号”直线感应加速器束流输运系统的研制过程和取得的成果, 重点阐述了螺线管线圈、二极校正线圈、多功能腔等关键单元部件的设计、传输元件的磁轴测量和准直安装、束线的总体布局、束流调试等研究内容. 束流调试结果表明, 该束流传输线的设计是成功的, 并且具有较宽的动态适应范围. 最后, 结合束流调试的经验, 提出了一些建议供以后工作参考.     

直线感应加速器输运磁场遗传算法优化

以直线感应加速器（LIA）匹配磁场设计和束线调谐为背景,提出解决强流相对论电子束长距离、小波动、多元件磁约束的输运优化问题的数值优化办法,建立基于遗传算法的优化程序。结合束质心轨迹及束包络耦合模型,设计描述束传输半径波动大小的评价函数,采用励磁元件馈入电流为优化对象,解决LIA磁场配置组合爆炸优化问题。计算结果表明:优化程序可依据不同的初始束流,有针对性地快速给出一组符合束输运要求的励磁电流配置。研究成果为在建的LIA装置束线调谐提供一种重要的数值分析工具。     

Optimization of magnetic system parameters for the multipurpose isochronous cyclotron AIC-144

Optimization of the magnetic system parameters for multipurpose isochronous cyclotron aimed at improving the separation of the last two orbits and increasing the ion beam extraction efficiency is described. The optimization involves the adjustment of both the phase of the accelerated ion bunch center at the electrostatic deflector position radius and the first harmonic amplitude and phase of the working magnetic field at the radius of the ejection of the beam into the electrostatic deflector. The adjustment is performed by varying the current in the trim coils and two pairs of harmonic coils to correct the first harmonic of the resulting magnetic field. An inhomogeneous system of nonlinear algebraic equations is also considered. Given the first harmonic amplitude and phase of the working magnetic field and the radius, it allows the inverse problem of calculating currents in two pairs of harmonic coils to be solved. The results of physics experiments conducted at the AIC-144 multipurpose isochronous cyclotron in April 2011 are reported.     

Pulsed intense electron beams generated in transient hollow cathodedischarges: fundamentals and applications

For the commercial application of pulsed power, material processing with intense pulsed particle beams is a very interesting subject. Recently, high-voltage (1-70 kV), low-pressure (1-100 Pa) transient hollow-cathode discharges turned out to be sources for pulsed intense electron beam generation suitable for this application. The remarkable parameters of these electron beams-beam currents of 50-1000 A (10-30% of the maximum discharge current) with a high energy component (mean energy of about 0.25-0.75 of maximum applied voltage) of 20-70% of the maximum beam current, power density up to 10 W/cm², beam diameters of 0.1-3 mm, beam charge efficiency of 3-5%-captured the attention not only of the scientific community in the last decade. The electron beam is emitted during the early phases of the discharge, and only weak dependence of the high energetic peak of the beam current was found on the external capacity, which determine the development of the later high-current phases. However, the beam parameters depend on the breakdown voltage, gas pressure, and discharge geometry (including self-capacity). In this paper, the characteristics of the pulsed intense electron beams generated in two configurations-multigap pseudosparks and preionization-controlled open-ended hollow-cathode transient discharges (PCOHC)-are described. Such electron beams already were used successfully in a variety of pulsed power applications in material processing, deposition of superconducting (YBaCuO) and diamond-like thin films, microlithography, electron sources for accelerators, and intense point-like X-ray sources, and some preliminary experiments revealed new potential applications such as pumping of short-wavelength laser active media. These pulsed electron beams could be used further in any kind of pulsed power applications that require high-power density, small or high electron energy, and small-beam diameters     

Analysis of parameters of an electron beam from a plasma-filled diode

We analyze the properties of a high-current electron beam formed in an electron source based on a plasma-filled diode and a linear pulsed transformer. The beam parameters are determined by measuring bremsstrahlung X-rays and the beam current, as well as the photographs of the diode gap in the optical range, of the anode in X-rays, and beam autographs. A beam with a current of ～100 kA and a mean electron energy exceeding 0.7 MeV for an accelerating voltage amplitude of ～1 MV is obtained. The diameter of the generated beam is ～1 cm. The electron beam from the plasma-filled diode makes it possible to attain a high anode power density (>10¹⁰ W/cm²) for exciting shock waves, for obtaining high pressures, and for generating powerful X-rays.     

Effect of insulating films on the current of an electron beam from gas-filled diodes exposed to voltage pulses with a nanosecond rise time

The parameters of subnanosecond electron beams generated in gas-filled diodes are studied. When the voltage pulse rise time is short (≈1 ns or less) and the electron beam is extracted from the diode through insulating films, the amplitude of the signal measured at the collector depends not on the electron beam current but on the electromagnetic radiation arising in the diode and the capacitive current from the collector. If the electron beam is extracted through thin metallic foils and fine metallic grids, the FWHM of the runaway electron pulsed beam is ≈0.1 ns and its amplitude reaches several hundreds of amperes.     

北京慢正电子强束流磁场输运系统设计研究

针对基于北京正负电子对撞机的慢正电子强束流系统对输运磁场的设计要求,本文对不同规格的磁场输运线圈模型、长螺线管端口处磁场的补偿以及地磁场和弯管道对正电子束流的影响等进行了计算,提出适用于本系统传输慢正电子束流的输运磁场分布、补偿线圈、调整线圈的加工参数,计算表明,系统的总体磁场不均匀度小于10髎.实际运行束流测试表明,所设计的磁场系统能够很好的将慢正电子束流输运到约16m远的样品测量室,慢正电子束斑尺寸基本没有变化,满足慢正电子束流系统的设计要求.     

大面积均匀电子束产生实验研究

 在电子束泵浦气体激光实验中，大面积均匀电子束是获得高效能激光输出的必要条件。介绍了利用SPG-200脉冲功率源产生大面积均匀电子束的实验。SPG-200是基于SOS的全固态重复频率脉冲功率源，其开路电压大于350 kV。用于产生电子束的真空二极管阴极长294 mm，宽24 mm，两端均为半径为12 mm的半圆，栅网平面为阳极面，两者之间的距离在0~49 mm可调，阴极发射的电子束通过用于隔离激光气室和二极管真空室的压力膜及其支撑栅网引出。分别以石墨和天鹅绒为阴极材料，获得了大面积电子束输出，给出了二极管参数的测量结果，并对电子束发射均匀性进行了诊断。实验结果表明：在阴极材料为石墨、阴阳极间隙为5~9 mm时，二极管电压为240~280 kV，二极管电流为0.7~1.8 kA，输出的电子束很不均匀；在阴极材料为天鹅绒、阴阳极间隙为31~46 mm时，二极管电压为200~250 kV，二极管电流为1.5~1.7 kA，输出的电子束均匀性较好。     

周期会切磁场聚焦强流相对论带状电子束的理论分析和粒子模拟

对低幅值、短周期、有偏置磁极的周期会切磁场中300 keV,3 kA带状电子束的传输进行了理论分析和粒子模拟。给出了将波导宽度考虑在内的轴向均匀带状电子束的空间电荷场和作用在有限厚度的带状电子束的短边和宽边上的聚焦力的表达式,并利用束匹配的方法得到了磁场的幅值和周期,以及电子束通道的宽度和高度等参数。最后根据理论计算的结果进行了3维粒子模拟验证,结果表明:束宽边上聚焦良好,而在短边上带状电子束的轴向有限长效应使得聚焦力与散焦力沿轴向不能完全匹配,在束包络上产生了Betatron振荡,但在300 mm的距离上传输效率仍能达到98%以上,说明有偏置磁极的周期会切磁场聚焦强流带状电子束在理论上是可行的。