粗江蓠多糖的提取及光谱分析

采用热水浸提和乙醇沉淀的方法提取粗江蓠多糖(gracilaria gigas harvey polysaccharides, GHPS),用苯酚-硫酸法测定糖含量,等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP)测多糖中矿物元素的含量,傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析糖类官能团。结果表明：采用热水浸提和乙醇沉淀的方法提取粗江蓠多糖提取率达14.98%,苯酚-硫酸法测得提取物多糖含量为78.2%;ICP测得粗江蓠多糖含Ca,Fe,Mg和S等矿物元素;FTIR分析GHPS有一般糖类物质的特征吸收峰,是一种酸性多糖,同时存在呋喃环和吡喃环。     

半叶马尾藻多糖的提取和分析

采用热水浸提法提取半叶马尾藻多糖 [Sargassumhemiphyllum (Turner)C Ag polysaccharides ,SHP],并对其理化性质、提取率、含量、组成和性质进行了研究。SHP呈灰白色粉末状 ,溶于水 ,不溶于有机溶剂。碘 碘化钾反应呈阴性 ,说明提取物为非淀粉性多糖。提取率为 7 0 4 % ,总糖含量为 82 9%。紫外扫描结果表明多糖几乎不含核酸和蛋白质。红外光谱显示SHP主要为吡喃多糖 ,并显示多糖分子结构中存在 β 糖苷键。薄层层析结果提示该多糖可能为木聚糖。上述结果不仅说明该方法提取的物质是多糖 ,而且纯度好 ,提取效率高。     

南瓜多糖的性质及光谱分析

采用热水浸提和乙醇沉淀的方法提取南瓜多糖,Sevage法除蛋白,活性炭脱色,对南瓜多糖的理化性质、提取率、含量、组成和结构进行了研究,南瓜多糖呈灰白色粉末,溶于水,不溶于有机溶剂。碘-碘化钾反应呈阴性,说明提取物为非淀粉性多糖。提取率5.34%,总糖含量为97.93%,紫外光谱扫描结果表明南瓜多糖几乎不含核酸和蛋白质;红外吸收光谱检测表明,在3433、2949、1749、1612、1416、1333、1238、1147、1101、1018、833、763、637、536、427cm^-1处表现为典型的多糖特征吸收峰;南瓜多糖是一种酸性多糖,同时存在呋喃环和吡喃环,该多糖是以α型糖苷键相连结的杂多糖。     

荚果蕨多糖的组成分析及其抗氧化活性

提取分离从陕西省宁陕县采集的荚果蕨根状茎中的多糖成分,采用高效液相色谱法分析单糖组成,应用羟自由基清除法评价其抗氧化作用.荚果蕨根状茎经超声辅助水提取、醇沉、脱蛋白和透析后得多糖,将多糖水解并用1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMP)衍生化后进行高效液相色谱分析;同时,测定荚果蕨多糖对羟自由基的清除效果.荚果蕨根状茎中多糖由葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖3种单糖组成,摩尔比为3.50∶1.39∶1,其中葡萄糖的含量明显高于其他单糖含量;荚果蕨根状茎中多糖能有效对羟自由基的半数抑制浓度(IC50)为0.74mg/mL,具有较强的抗氧化作用,且呈浓度依赖关系.本实验方法简便灵敏,结果准确可靠,为综合开发利用荚果蕨提供科学依据.     

洋葱中黄酮类物质的提取及抗氧化作用研究

采取热水浸提法、乙醇浸提法、纤维素酶辅助法以及超声波法从红皮洋葱中提取黄酮.研究表明超声波法提取洋葱中黄酮类物质提取率最高,可达4.3％.研究了洋葱提取物中的黄酮类物质对O2-·和·OH,的抗氧化性能,研究表明洋葱提取物中黄酮类物质的抗氧化能力较VC强,而且与VC具有很好的正协同作用.     

超声辅助法提取刘寄奴黄酮类化合物的工艺

采用超声辅助法提取刘寄奴中的黄酮类化合物,通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究了超声辅助法提取条件(超声波功率、乙醇体积分数、提取温度、提取时间)对刘寄奴黄酮类化合物提取率的影响。结果表明,刘寄奴黄酮类化合物的最佳提取工艺条件为:超声波功率200W、乙醇体积分数80%、提取温度40℃、提取时间45min,在此工艺条件下刘寄奴黄酮类化合物的提取率可达63.27mg/g。     

白僵蚕多糖成分的释放方法探讨

白僵蚕是重要的中药材,采用微波辅助法释放白僵蚕的多糖成分。以白僵蚕多糖提取率为评价指标,采用微波辅助法提取分离白僵蚕多糖,用单因素实验法对影响多糖得率的料液比、微波功率、照射时间、提取次数4个因素进行了分析,用正交试验法优化白僵蚕多糖的提取工艺条件,提取白僵蚕多糖成分的最佳条件为：料液比1∶30、微波功率480W、提取次数3次、照射时间60s。在此提取条件下白僵蚕多糖干料的提取率为11.51%。     

枸杞叶多糖的超声波辅助提取

通过单因素试验考察了样品粒度、提取时间、超声波频率、超声波功率、提取温度、液固比和提取次数对枸杞叶多糖提取率的影响,在此基础上采用正交试验优选到了最佳提取工艺方案:样品粒度80目、提取时间20min、超声波频率20kHz、超声波功率90W、提取温度65℃、液固比20:1(mL/g)、提取次数1次。超声波提取法的提取率显著高于水提醇沉法,重现性较好,为工业化生产提供了依据。     

乙酸酐衍生化气相色谱法测定小麦非淀粉多糖的单糖组成

采取乙酸酐衍生化气相色谱法测定从小麦麸皮中提取的2种可溶性非淀粉多糖（non-starch polysaccharides,NSP）的单糖组成。所制备的小麦水提取NSP和碱提取NSP中主要的单糖组成是阿拉伯糖和木糖,另外还含有少量的葡萄糖、甘露糖和半乳糖。测定方法的回收率在95.56%—98.62%之间。     

ICP-MS法测定茶叶及其多糖提取物中的降血糖相关性元素

采用微波溶样ICP-MS法测定了江西婺源绿茶茶叶、茶叶温水及热水浸提液和茶多糖中降血糖相关性元素(ERBS)的含量,探讨了ERBS含量与茶叶品质老嫩以及茶多糖中ERBS含量与茶叶中ERBS总量的关系。结果表明,茶叶品质老嫩不同,茶叶以及茶多糖中各ERBS含量存在一定差异,由品质差的茶叶提取得到的茶多糖中的ERBS的量较高。茶叶中结合于多糖中的各ERBS占相应ERBS总量的比例在0.03%～9.57%之间,与元素种类、茶叶品质有关。结合于多糖中的ERBS占茶叶ERBS总量的比例,鄣山特级和五级茶分别为1.11%和2.10%,对孤山老叶茶,为0.85%。测定结果可以作为选择提取茶多糖茶叶原料的依据,也可为研究茶多糖可能的降血糖机理提供可靠的无机元素方面的数据。     

Comparison of classical and ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Salvia officinalis L

After preparation of medicine tinctures from the herbal plant Salvia officinalis by classical and ultrasound-assisted extraction with aqueous ethanol, the insoluble plant residues were subsequently treated with hot water and dilute alkali to isolate polysaccharide cell wall components. The yields of the hot water extract as well as total extracted polysaccharides were higher in the case of the ultrasound-treated plant in both laboratory and pilot plant experiments. The water-extractable polysaccharide fractions, in all cases, contained glucose, galactose and arabinose as main sugar components, whereas the alkali-extractable fractions were rich in xylans. The fractions also contained considerable amounts of proteins. The water-soluble polysaccharides may contribute to the biological activity of the plant decoction. The results indicate that the addition of a subsequent extraction step during the preparation of the herbal tincture might contribute to a better exploitation of the raw material.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from the roots of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.)

The insoluble plant residues, obtained after preparation of medicinal tinctures from the roots of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) by classical and ultrasound-assisted extraction with aqueous ethanol in a pilot plant, were subsequently treated with hot water to isolate the accessible polysaccharide cell wall components. At almost equal amounts of the hot-water extractable material, the yields of the recovered polysaccharides were lower in the ultrasonical experiment. This is due to the fact that a part of accessible polysaccharides were already solubilised by the aqueous ethanol and recoverable from the medicinal tincture. Therefore, the net yield of extracted polysaccharides was enhanced in the ultrasonical procedure. This fact as well as the sugar composition and structural features of the isolated polysaccharides suggest that ultrasonication have attacked the integrity of cell walls, released and degraded its most accessible polysaccharides (pectic polysaccharides and starch) and increased also the extractibility of its less accessible components--xylan, mannan and glucan. The water-soluble polysaccharide fractions from both the conventional and ultrasonical experiments exhibit significant immunostimulatory activities in mitogenic and comitogenic thymocyte tests.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and characteristics of maize polysaccharides from different sites

Antitumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and immunomodulatory properties are all exhibited by maize polysaccharides. With the increasing sophistication of maize polysaccharide extraction methods, enzymatic method is no longer limited to a single enzyme to extract polysaccharides, and is more often used in combination with ultrasound or microwave, or combination with different enzymes. Ultrasound has a good cell wall-breaking effect, making it easier to dislodge lignin and hemicellulose from the cellulose surface of the maize husk. The “water extraction and alcohol precipitation” method is the simplest but most resource- and time-consuming process. However, the “ultrasound-assisted extraction” and “microwave-assisted extraction” methods not only compensate for the shortcoming, but also increase the extraction rate. Herein, the preparation, structural analysis, and activities of maize polysaccharides were analyzed and discussed.     

蒙药嘎日迪-15中多糖的研究

用热水提取蒙药嘎日迪-15中水溶性多糖,经SephadexC-25进行提纯精制得纯糖,采用硫酸-苯酚法测定了其水溶性多糖含量。方法的平均回收率为100.50%,RSD为0.82%。用GC测定了蒙药嘎日迪-15中水溶性多糖主要由木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖组成,其摩尔比为1.03∶1.26∶0.77∶2.30 。用溴化钾压片法测得的红外谱图显示多糖的特征吸收峰为3 417.46,2 928.65,1 742.86,1 643.69,1 149.78, 1 078.19, 1 022.56,834.57 cm-1,其中1 078.19和1 022.56 cm-1为吡喃糖特征峰,834.57 cm-1是α-吡喃糖苷键的特征吸收峰。紫外谱图在280 nm处有明显的糖吸收峰,说明有CO键存在。     

胡萝卜多糖含量的测定

采用热水浸提、乙醇分级沉淀和洗涤等步骤提取胡萝卜中的多糖,通过苯酚-硫酸比色法测定多糖的含量,选择490nm作为检测波长,在5-60μtg范围内葡萄糖质量浓度和吸光度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r为0.9997,相对标准偏差RSD为1.86％,平均回收率为99.61％,胡萝卜中多糖含量为6.02％.本方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,可作为胡萝卜多糖含量的测定方法,对于综合开发利用胡萝卜及提高胡萝卜品质的研究能提供一定参考依据.     

蒙成药沏其日甘-5中多糖的测定

介绍了提取沏其日甘-5中水溶性多糖、碱溶性多糖的提取方法,并用硫酸-苯酚法测定了沏其日甘-5中总糖、水溶性多糖、碱溶性多糖、不溶性多糖和游离糖的含量.平均回收率为103.2%,RSD为0.91%.     

白僵蚕多糖的甲醇提取与热水提取工艺的比较

建立了白僵蚕多糖的甲醇提取法,采用正交设计,优化了提取工艺,并采用传统的热水提取法验证了新工艺的应用效果。结果表明,甲醇提取法可以有效的应用于白僵蚕多糖的制备。最佳工艺为:浸提温度55℃,浸提时间4h,提取次数2次,料液比1∶40。甲醇提取法提取的多糖得率为11.21%。而热水提取法的多糖得率为10.14%。甲醇提取法的多糖得率优于热水提取法。     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and analysis of maidenhairtree polysaccharides

The maidenhairtree polysaccharides (MTPs) have important application prospects. So, the extraction, purification, structure, derivatization and biological activities of polysaccharides from leaves, fruits, and testae of maidenhairtree were disscussed. Polysaccharides were extracted by collaborative extraction methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. The ultrasound-assisted extraction had higher content and higher efficiency. The structural characteristics and structure-activity relationship of maidenhairtree polysaccharides were studied in order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the further development and utilization of maidenhairtree polysaccharides.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and properties of polysaccharide from Ginkgo biloba leaves

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions of Ginkgo biloba leaves polysaccharide (GBLP). The optimum extraction conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of GBLP were obtained as liquid to material ratio of 30 mL/g, ultrasonic power of 340 W, and extraction time of 50 min. Under these conditions, the yield of GBLP was 5.37 %. Two chemically modified polysaccharides, CM-GBLP and Ac-GBLP, were obtained by carboxymethylation and acetylation of GBLP. The physicochemical properties of these three polysaccharides were comparatively studied and their in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the solubility of the chemically modified polysaccharides was significantly enhanced and the in vitro antioxidant activity was somewhat improved. This suggests that carboxymethylation and acetylation are effective methods to enhance polysaccharide properties, but the results exhibited some uncontrollability. At the same time, GBLP has also shown high potential for research and application.