Study of the behaviour of the fibre Bragg grating fabricated with cladding mode suppression fibre

One effective method for suppression of coupling from guided optical modes into cladding modes in an optical fibre Bragg grating is to use cladding mode suppression fibre. In this specially engineered fibre, the grating is written into the core and the inner cladding, both of which are photosensitive. A theory is presented in this paper to analyse the spectral characteristics of this kind of gratings. A fibre Bragg grating was experimentally fabricated with this kind of photosensitive fibre (PS-RMS-50 from StockerYale). It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that such gratings exhibit strong suppression of the coupling between core mode and cladding mode. The experimental result is in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.     

双重光纤布拉格光栅的耦合理论分析

双重光纤布拉格光栅无论是在通信领域还是在传感领域都有着重要的应用价值。在分析双重光纤光栅折射率扰动特征的基础上,得出了它的耦合方程,并采用数值计算方法,对它的光谱特性及影响光谱特性的因素进行了系统的分析,重点讨论了两个光栅的关联特性,所用的分析方法和得到的结果对双重光纤光栅的制作和应用具有参考价值。     

Characteristics of Fused Optical Fiber Grating Couplers with Tapered Shapes

Fused optical fiber grating couplers (FGCs), in which Bragg gratings are written in the coupling regions of fused optical fiber couplers with tapered shapes along them are theoretically and experimentally investigated. By coupled mode analysis considering these tapered shapes, the drop efficiencies of the FGCs, which are inherently zero for the normal fiber couplers without grating, are calculated. The grating offset, which is the difference between the centers of grating and the coupler taper, is found to be effective to increase the drop efficiency of the FGC. It is determined that the tapered shapes influence the wavelength dependence of the drop efficiency and tolerate the grating offset precision. Apodizations for the grating of FGC are found to be effective in suppressing side lobes of the drop efficiency. Measurement of the wavelength characteristics of drop efficiency and the temperature characteristics of drop wavelength of the fabricated fused FGC confirm that the lightwave with specific wavelength can be dropped by the FGC and that the temperature dependence of the drop wavelength is similar to that of Bragg wavelength changes of usual fiber Bragg gratings.     

一种简易的光纤光栅涂覆装置

阐述了对裸光纤光栅进行涂覆的原理和必要性。设计了一种简易可行的光纤光栅涂覆装置。该装置简单灵活,成本较低,尤其适合于长度较长的光纤光栅的一次性涂覆,涂层厚度灵活可调。以啁啾光纤光栅为例进行了涂覆实验,涂层光滑均匀,涂覆后的光栅强度得到了增强,抵抗机械应力的能力得到了提高,使用起来更方便。对光栅在涂覆前后分别作了特性参数测试。结果表明,光栅特性基本上不发生变化,性能未劣化,光纤光栅的涂覆简单易行。     

Broadband Terahertz Polarization Converter and Asymmetric Transmission Based on Coupled Dielectric‐Metal Grating

Coupled dielectric‐metal gratings are investigated for broadband terahertz (THz) wave polarization conversion and asymmetric transmission by the experiments and numerical simulations, which are composed of the subwavelength Si grating and metallic wire grating layers. The dielectric grating layer with a large artificial birefringence and low dispersion is employed as a phase engineered waveplate, and the metal wire grating arranged with a 45° angle to the dielectric grating is utilized as a high‐efficiency polarizer. Due to the subwavelength integration, this coupled grating presents a local resonance coupling mechanism between dielectric and metal gratings, which greatly enhances the polarization rotation and expands the bandwidth, not a simple combination with dielectric and metallic gratings. The results demonstrate that a broadband asymmetric transmission with an extinction ratio of 30dB from 0.2 to 1.2 THz is achieved and the highest transmission of 90% can be obtained. It provides a simple way towards practical applications for THz artificial dispersion materials, polarization control and asymmetric transmission.     

Improved performance of complex gain-coupled DFB laser by using tapered grating structure

In this paper, theoretical analysis of antireflection complex gain coupled distributed feedback lasers (CGC-DFB) with tapered grating structure has been presented. Two types of gratings, convex and concave tapered grating with longitudinal variable depth, in active layer have been proposed. Evaluation of flatness parameter variation above threshold condition shows that concave tapered grating improves the stability of CGC-DFB laser against spatial hole burning (SHB) effect. The dependencies of output power, side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) and oscillation wavelength of CGC-DFB laser on convex and concave grating parameters have been studied. Both convex and concave tapered grating CGC-DFB structures have higher output power than conventional CGC-DFB lasers with uniform grating. It is found that, concave tapered grating structure with parameters p ₀?=?15?nm and a ₀?=?0.7 nm has minimum flatness parameter, stable lasing wavelength and flat SMSR profile as a function of current. Theoretical calculation model is based on the numerical solution of coupled wave equations and carrier rate equation by using transfer matrix method. In numerical calculation SHB effect has been assumed.     

Thin and thick diffraction gratings: Thin matrix decomposition method

A brief review of the properties of transmission diffraction gratings is presented. Two types of gratings will be analyzed: thin and volume gratings explaining how the efficiency of the different orders that propagate inside the gratings can be calculated in both cases. For thin diffraction gratings the so-called amplitude transmittance method is applied in order to get the amplitude of the different orders, whereas in the case of volume gratings more complex methods are needed, such as Coupled Wave or modal theories. We will comment on the thin matrix decomposition method (TMDM), firstly proposed by Alferness, which gives a very intuitive approach and connects the properties of thin gratings to the properties of volume ones. The thin matrix decomposition method consists in dividing the volume grating in a number of thin gratings and applying the amplitude transmittance method to each thin grating. In this way the output of a grating will be considered as the input of the next and any individual grating can be treated by the amplitude transmittance method. The novelty of this work is that a comparison is made between the analytical expressions obtained by Alferness using the TMDM with the numerical results obtained using the coupled wave (CW) and rigorous coupled wave (RCW) theories for the efficiencies of the zero, first and second order when a plane wave incides onto a sinusoidal diffracion grating at the second on-Bragg replay angular condition.     

Low-loss deposition of solgel-derived silica films on tapered fibers

Films of porous silica are deposited on the uniform waists of tapered fibers in minutes by a modified solgel dip coating method, inducing less than 0.2 dB of loss. The coated tapers are an ideal platform for realizing all-fiber devices that exploit evanescent-field interactions with the deposited porous film. As an example we demonstrate structural long-period gratings in which a periodic index variation in the film arises from the porosity variation produced by spatially varying exposure of the waist to a scanned CO2 laser beam. The long period grating is insensitive to temperature up to 800 degrees C.     

Plasmon resonances in deep nanogrooves of reflective metal gratings

Metallic gratings with very deep and narrow grooves are fabricated and their reflection spectra are characterized, which explicitly show high-order standing-wave-like resonances of surface plasmons in the cavity of nanogrooves. The effect of in-plane surface plasmon resonance is also observed, which is shown to have only a minor role on the reflection of such gratings, unlike that for shallow gratings. Using numerical simulations, the cavity resonances and their effects on the reflection of the gratings are identified and further analyzed. As field is more enhanced in the nanogrooves under cavity resonance conditions, the enhancement is also found to be dependent on the grating period, i.e. the strongest enhancement takes place for higher-order resonance modes for smaller grating period. For gratings with shallower grooves, comparable enhancement of field is also achievable by proper design of the grating period. The study suggests that field enhancement can be realized at selective wavelengths in a wide spectrum range using cavity resonances in the deep nanogrooves of metal gratings, and the position for field-enhancement can be tuned by the depth and period of the gratings.     

用布拉格光纤光栅制作啁啾光纤光栅

介绍了一种用布拉格光纤光栅制作啁啾光纤光栅的方法。采用氢氟酸腐蚀布拉格光纤光栅, 使光栅的横截面沿光栅轴向逐渐变小, 然后对光栅施加１．５０ Ｎ的拉力, 在光栅轴向建立应变梯度, 制作出长１５ ｍ ｍ 、峰值反射率达９２％ 、反射半高宽为５ ｎｍ 的啁啾光纤光栅。     

Thermally stable optical fibre Bragg grating wavelength reference

The inherent temperature dependence of optical fibre Bragg gratings is caused mainly by the positive thermo-optic effect of the fibre core material, and it results in an increase of Bragg wavelength with temperature. Special mounting techniques may be designed in order to compensate this thermo-optic effect by counter-acting effects: decreasing mechanical strain, as well as a decreasing effective refractive index for the guided light wave by evanescent field interaction with a liquid of negative thermo-optic effect. Because of the non-linear interaction characteristics, exact temperature compensation is obtained for a certain temperature, which depends on the design parameters. Such stabilised fibre Bragg gratings find application as wavelength references in Bragg grating sensor networks.     

Group-delay reconstruction for fiber Bragg gratings in ref lection and transmission

The group delay in transmission of an arbitrary fiber Bragg grating can be determined uniquely from the amplitude response. The corresponding quantities in reflection are determined uniquely if the grating is symmetric. For nonsymmetric gratings strict minimum and maximum bounds on the group delay in reflection can be obtained. The results are applied to several different chirped or tapered grating profiles that have appeared in the literature.     

一种设计环形汇聚光栅反射镜的新方法

提出了一种利用数学变换来快速设计环形汇聚光栅反射镜的方法.通过分析具体的物理场景,抽象出已有条形汇聚光栅的"线"汇聚特性与所要设计的"点"汇聚特性在数学上对应的变换关系,然后用该数学变换对条形汇聚光栅进行外形上的变换,外形变换后的条形光栅即为可以实现"点"汇聚的环形光栅.用有限元算法对设计的环形汇聚光栅进行仿真,仿真证明采用该方法设计的环形光栅可以很好地实现高反、高汇聚.采用这一方法,设计了直径为29.788μm的环形光栅反射镜,当垂直入射的径向偏振光从设计的环形光栅表面反射回来后将发生汇聚,汇聚焦点位于环形光栅表面10μm处.经计算,反射镜的数值孔径为0.8302,反射率为0.9163,在焦点所在的汇聚面上,汇聚光栅电场分布的半高宽为1.5548μm.     

用相位掩模法制作光纤光栅的技术

准分子激光照射相位掩模后,在近场形成周期的条纹分布,利用近场光强对光敏光纤进行曝光,可以在纤芯中写人光栅。对光纤光栅折射率分布进行合理假设,运用耦合模理论计算了光纤光栅的反射率,对其反射率与相关参数的关系进行了讨论,并且分析了用相位掩模技术制造光纤光栅的影响因素,得出要获得窄带宽高反射率光栅需有适当的折射率调制和大的光纤光栅长度的结论。另外还导出了掩模板后表面的近场光强分布和光纤光栅的周期公式。     

Dynamics of pulse propagation in phase-shifted fibre Bragg gratings: a numerical investigation

Fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) are an integral component of optical fibre based communication systems for signal processing. Uniform FBGs and phase-shifted FBGs find major applications as add-drop filters in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems where these are used to filter out channels and to shape the signal spectrum. We investigate numerically the spatiotemporal deformation of pulses as they propagate through the gratings. In particular, the effect on the pulse dynamics of phase shift or defect present in the gratings, often introduced intentionally in a grating to generate a narrow transmission spike within the stopband, is studied in time domain. This study is of significance since the deformation in the pulse in time limits the maximum bit rate achievable, and hence the pulse duration and shape need to be analysed and controlled accurately. A time domain numerical tool based on the Transmission Line Modelling (TLM) method is developed to study the pulse dynamics. The results obtained give useful information about the signal dynamics in gratings with defects, including the signal oscillations trapped in the defect, to be considered in applications such as while designing spectral filters.     

Optimal design of sub-wavelength metal rectangular gratings for polarizing beam splitter based on effective medium theory

A novel optimal design of sub-wavelength metal rectangular gratings for the polarizing beam splitter (PBS) is proposed. The method is based on effective medium theory and the method of designing single layer antireflection coating. The polarization performance of PBS is discussed by rigorous couple-wave analysis (RCWA) method at a wavelength of 1550~nm. The result shows that sub-wavelength metal rectangular grating is characterized by a high reflectivity, like metal films for TE polarization, and high transmissivity, like dielectric films for TM polarization. The optimal design accords well with the results simulated by RCWA method.     

复合金属光栅模式分离与高性能气体传感器应用

为实现近红外波段表面等离子体共振(SPR)模式的分裂和移动, 同时提高光栅基SPR传感器的品质因数, 提出了一种由双金属光栅构成的新型复合结构光栅, 并研究了其气体传感特性. 运用有限时域差分算法对该结构进行了数值模拟, 发现由复合金属光栅激发的SPR出现模式分裂的现象. 通过增大双金属光栅阵列间的相对位移改变原结构的对称性, 导致复合金属光栅分裂的SPR模式朝相反方向移动. 当相对位移量进一步增大到双光栅合并成新的单一光栅时, 随光栅结构对称性的恢复, 分裂的两共振模式最后又重新合并为一个模式. 如果待测物的折射率为1.01≤n_a≤1.05, 当相对位移量为0时, 基于复合光栅结构气体传感器的折射率灵敏度为1207.5 nm/RIU, 且品质因数达到1290.7; 当相对位移量为100 nm时, 与双共振模式对应的折射率灵敏度分别为1205.0 nm/RIU和1210.0 nm/RIU, 品质因数分别为1295.4和762.3. 因此, 复合光栅SPR传感器具有超高品质因数的性能, 使得它在生物化学传感领域中有巨大的应用潜力.     

Study on tapered crossed subwavelength gratings by Fourier modal method

Fourier modal method incorporating staircase approximation is used to study tapered crossed subwavelength gratings in this paper. Three intuitive formulations of eigenvalue functions originating from the prototype are presented, and their convergences are compared through numerical calculation. One of them is found to be suitable in modeling the diffraction efficiency of the circular tapered crossed subwavelength gratings without high absorption, and staircase approximation is further proven valid for non-highly-absorptive tapered gratings. This approach is used to simulate the ``moth-eye' antireflection surface on silicon, and the numerical result agrees well with the experimental one.     

A method of designing photonic crystal grating slow-wave circuit for Ribbon--Beam microwave travelling wave amplifiers

A method of designing a photonic crystal grating slow-wave circuit in which the cylinders of the 2D photonic crystals dot on a cross-sectional plane is established by calculating the band structures of the 2D photonic crystals, and the eigenfrequency of the equivalent waveguide grating. For calculating the band structures, the eigenvalue equations of the photonic crystals in the system of photonic crystal grating slow-wave circuit are derived in a special polarization mode. Two examples are taken to show the method. The design result is validated by the scattering parameters of the same circuit. The result indicates that there exists no photonic band gap if the metal gratings do not extend into the photonic crystals; the design of the circuit without the metal gratings extending into the photonic crystals is less flexible than that with the metal gratings extending into the photonic crystals.