适用于毫米波带状束行波放大器的光子晶体栅慢波电路研究

提出了一种适用于毫米波及THz波行波放大器的光子晶体栅慢波电路,即横向分布光子晶体栅慢波电路,并提出了分析和设计此类光子晶体栅慢波电路的方法.通过计算光子晶体TE极化的带隙和在带隙内将光子晶体栅慢波电路等效为矩形栅波导慢波电路,从而,光子晶体栅慢波电路的设计得以分为两步独立进行,从而简化了光子晶体栅慢波电路的设计.对横向分布光子晶体栅慢波电路进行了设计和计算,结果表明,与矩形栅波导慢波电路相比,横向分布光子晶体栅慢波电路可以降低工作电压并增加带宽,从而可以降低成本. 关键词： 行波放大器 光子晶体 毫米波 慢波电路     

Improved combined wave number eigenvalue equations method for band structure calculations of metal photonic crystal

We provide the combined wave number eigenvalue equations (CWNEE) method based upon the plane-wave expansion (PWE) method to calculate and optimize the band structures of the two-dimension (2D) photonic crystals (PhCs). Compared with the traditional PWE methods for the metal PhCs, the band structures can be obtained directly using the CWNEE method, and not any extra procedures are needed to handle the folded band structures. The comparison between the CWNEE method and FDTD method in accuracy and time-consuming has been analyzed, and the results show that the CWNEE method is reliable and accurate. With the CWNEE method and the Bisection-Particle Swarm Optimization method, we optimize the large gap–midgap ratio of the 2D square lattice of square metal rods and circular metal rods. Unlike many traditional PWE method, the CWNEE method can directly calculate the band structure in the arbitrary given frequency range, and it is quite useful for calculating the defect mode of photonic crystal cavity.     

光子晶体发光二极管

利用光子晶体的光子禁带和光栅衍射效应可以提高LED的出光效率,扩大LED的应用范围。总结了光子晶体发光二极管的原理和典型器件。通过比较表明,与光子禁带效应相比,利用光栅衍射效应提高LED出光效率的方法更适用于电注入发光。因此可望用更廉价的方法在LED表面制造光子晶体,可通过光栅衍射效应来有效地提高其出光效率。     

用转移矩阵法数值研究二维正方介质柱光子晶体的传输特性

利用转移矩阵方法对二维正方介质柱光子晶体的传输特性进行了研究,数值计算研究了不同晶格、同一晶格柱体截面面积不同、放置方位角不同时光子晶体的传输特性。数值结果表明光子禁带的宽度与中心频率和晶格结构有很大关系,正方晶格更易形成平坦光子禁带,柱体截面面积大,则形成的禁带较宽,在其他因素相同的条件下柱体放置的方位角对光子禁带有重要影响。数值研究表明在正方介质柱下设计宽平坦光子禁带时,可以首先考虑正方晶格结构,其次设法使柱体截面尽量大一些,最后可通过柱体放置方位角来微调光子禁带的宽度与中心频率以达到设计要求。     

一维光子晶体禁带的展宽

作为一维光子晶体的应用基础，一维光子晶体的禁带是研究的重点。通过传输矩阵的方法分析了一维光子晶体禁带的特性，讨论了影响带宽的因素。说明了相对带宽对光子晶体设计的重要性。在这个基础上讨论了扩展一维光子晶体带宽的方法，提出了在角域范围内对光子晶体进行叠加的方法，为设计制造一维光子晶体提供了一种行之有效的方法。分别对2个、3个和4个晶体的叠加进行了分析，最后计算了所设计的合成晶体的反射率。其中4个晶体的叠加，相对带宽达到57．52％，极大地展宽了一维光子晶体的禁带，从而证明利用角域的叠加来展宽一维光子晶体的禁带是非常有效的。     

光子晶体理论应用于光纤布拉格光栅的研究

将光纤布拉格光栅近似为一维光子晶体，研究光栅的能带结构和光学传输特性。利用平面波展开法对光子晶体进行理论研究，将研究方法移植到光纤布拉格光栅上，并对其进行数值分析，得到光栅的传输特性。研究表明，光栅反射谱有多个反射峰，峰值中心频率是基频的整数倍，而且峰值处存在光子带隙，反射峰带宽对应光子带隙宽度，中心频率和带宽随光栅长度、高介电常量材料占空比、调制深度而变化。结果与传统的耦合模理论一致。     

光子晶体缺陷结构的特性

基于平面波展开法,设计了二维正方晶格和三角晶格光子晶体缺陷结构,数值模拟了TE模、TM模式的光子晶体禁带特性,计算了二维三角晶格光子晶体缺陷结构的模式分布。结果表明,光子晶体缺陷结构能够形成很好的禁带特性和模式结构,研究结论为光子晶体波导器件的开发提供参考。     

Numerical study on characteristic of two-dimensional metal/dielectric photonic crystals

An improved plan-wave expansion method is adopted to theoretically study the photonic band diagrams of twodimensional(2D) metal/dielectric photonic crystals.Based on the photonic band structures,the dependence of flat bands and photonic bandgaps on two parameters(dielectric constant and filling factor) are investigated for two types of 2D metal/dielectric(M/D) photonic crystals,hole and cylinder photonic crystals.The simulation results show that band structures are affected greatly by these two parameters.Flat bands and bandgaps can be easily obtained by tuning these parameters and the bandgap width may reach to the maximum at certain parameters.It is worth noting that the hole-type photonic crystals show more bandgaps than the corresponding cylinder ones,and the frequency ranges of bandgaps also depend strongly on these parameters.Besides,the photonic crystals containing metallic medium can obtain more modulation of photonic bands,band gaps,and large effective refractive index,etc.than the dielectric/dielectric ones.According to the numerical results,the needs of optical devices for flat bands and bandgaps can be met by selecting the suitable geometry and material parameters.     

液晶调制的光子晶体可控偏光片和光开关

与介质柱型光子晶体相比，空气孔光子晶体更易于制作和集成而更有应用价值.采用平面波展开法证实了填充液晶的二维三角形分布的空气孔光子晶体方向能隙的可调节性.数值模拟结果表明：1)通过外界电场控制空气孔中所填充的相列液晶的方向可以对光子晶体的方向能隙进行调节，这种可调节性可用于制作场敏偏光片.这与Liu等人研究介质柱型光子晶体的结论相类似；2)用phenylacetylene型液晶替代5CB液晶作为填充物质所得到的空气孔光子晶体偏光片可使用的频率范围显著增大.在此基础上，还研究了填充液晶的光子晶体波导传输谱线的可调节性对特定波长的光切断和开通控制的原理，实现了与以往光开关原理不同的光子晶体光开关. 关键词： 光子晶体 液晶 可调节性 平面波展开法 场敏偏光片     

二维点缺陷正方光子晶体的微腔结构

通过平面波展开法对由Al₂O₃介质棒在空气背景介质中构成含有点缺陷的二维正方光子晶体微腔结构进行研究,计算得出缺陷态能带以及缺陷态模场分布。缺陷模对应的电磁波波长为470~476nm。对该微腔结构的品质因数的求解,得出缺陷态光谱曲线。在光谱曲线中,随着传输波长的增大,将产生几个峰值,并且在475nm处的波动最为明显,反映出在475nm附近的电磁波段在缺陷处的光强较大。进一步利用全矢量等效折射率法研究该结构缺陷模频率的稳定性,得出等效折射率的变化曲线。从等效折射率变化曲线可以看出,当传输波长达到475nm时,该结构已经达到稳定传输的区域。含缺陷模的二维光子晶体微腔结构在光子晶体发光二极管以及高阈值半导体激光器等方面有着重要的应用价值。     

高频区具有大带隙的二维像素型光子晶体结构

针对方块像素组成的二维光子晶体，传统平面波展开法可经修正使之收敛速度大大提高。采用快速算法，在高频区域找到了一种具有稳定的较大绝对禁带宽度的GaAs光子晶体结构，绝对禁带宽度为0．0995ωc(ωc-2π／α，α为晶格常量，c为光速)，中心频率为1．2625ω。     

二氧化硅胶体球自组装光子晶体的研究

光子晶体由于具有光子带隙和光子局域等一系列优异的光学特性而受到了人们广泛的关注。由于采用胶体颗粒自组装法制备光子晶体制备工艺简单,所需要的费用也较低,因此已成为制备可见光至红外波段三维光子晶体的一种简便有效的方法。采用垂直沉积法制得了三维光子晶体薄膜,并用扫描电子显微镜和紫外-可见光-近红外分光光度计对其显微结构和光学特性进行了详细的研究。结果表明,自组装薄膜在三维方向上都具有有序结构,其密排面平行于载波片的表面。制备的光子晶体薄膜具有明显的光子带隙特性,带隙中心波长为956nm。研究了带隙中心波长同入射线与密排面法线夹角之间的变化关系,其结果与理论值吻合得很好。     

Waveguides based on linear defects in metal electromagnetic crystals

Waveguides that represent linear defects in 2D metal photonic crystals are considered. Guiding properties of such structures at the frequencies of the first allowed band are demonstrated. The physical effect leading to the localization of radiation in defect area in the crystal is discussed.

     

Large forbidden angles for a two-dimensional photonic crystal of connected-honeycomb lattice

The off-plane band structures of a two-dimensional photonic crystals of connected-honeycomb lattice are calculated by the plane-wave expansion method. To investigate how the band gaps vary with the off-plane angle, an effective refractive-index model is employed to work out the corresponding angular gap map. We find that the connected-honeycomb lattice can provide forbidden angles taking up as much as 58.6% of the solid angle. The result will be helpful in the design of photonics devices incorporating two-dimensional photonic crystal structures.     

Tunable transmission and enhanced emission in ordered metallic nanostructures having varying channel shape

Extraordinary transmission spectra for one-dimensional (1D) gratings and two-dimensional (2D) metallic hole arrays change with the hole channel shape. In this paper, a converging-diverging channel (CDC) design was introduced. The transmission spectra corresponding to CDC-embedded nanostructures of 1D grating, circular and rectangular holes (2D hole arrays) are analyzed using three-dimensional (3D) finite-element method. Tuning of optical transmission by changing the CDC structure has been investigated. In addition, a cavity composed of a CDC metallic grating and a 1D photonic crystal (PhC) can lead to an enhanced emission. Large coherence length of the emission can be achieved by exploiting coherent properties of surface waves in grating and PhC.     

二维函数光子晶体

光子晶体是由两种或两种以上不同介电常数材料所构成的周期性光学纳米结构.光子晶体结构可分为一维、二维和三维,其中二维光子晶体已成为研究的热点.可调带隙的二维光子晶体可以设计出新型的光学器件,因此,对它的研究具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.本文提出的二维新型函数光子晶体可以实现光子晶体带隙的可调性.所谓二维函数光子晶体,即组成它的介质柱的介电常数是空间坐标的函数,它不同于介电常数为常数的二维常规光子晶体.二维函数光子晶体是通过光折变非线性光学效应或电光效应使介质柱的介电常数成为空间坐标的函数.运用平面波展开法给出了TE和TM波的本征方程,由傅里叶变换得到二维函数光子晶体介电常数ε(r)的傅里叶变换ε(G),其傅里叶变换比常规二维光子晶体的复杂.计算发现当介质柱介电常数为常数时,其傅里叶变换与常规二维光子晶体的相同,因此二维常规光子晶体是二维函数光子晶体的特例.在此基础上具体研究了二维函数光子晶体TE波和TM波的带隙结构,其介质柱介电常数函数形式取为ε(r)=k·r+b,其中k,b为可调的参数.并与二维常规光子晶体TE波和TM波的带隙结构进行了比较,发现二维函数光子晶体与二维常规光子晶体TE波和TM波的带隙结构有明显的区别,二维函数光子晶体的带隙数目、位置以及宽度随参数k的变化而发生改变.从而实现了二维函数光子晶体带隙结构的可调性,为基于二维光子晶体的光学器件的设计提供了新的设计方法和重要的理论依据.     

二维光子晶体负折射现象条件及特性研究

结合光子晶体带隙图和等频率线图分析了二维光子晶体中出现负折射现象的条件,得出了负折射现象出现的频率范围.采用有限时域差分法模拟了光在光子晶体界面和内部的传输行为,验证了以上理论所给出的负折射出现的频段,观察到了明显的负折射现象.比较了不同介质、不同晶格结构光子晶体中不同频率的负折射行为.提出一种新结构的六角型二维三角晶格光子晶体分光镜的模型.     

Extension of photonic band gaps in one-dimensional photonic crystals

A method is proposed for extending photonic band gaps by constructing periodic structures from two or more consecutively located photonic crystals with different lattice constants or filling factors. The photonic band gaps with a maximum extension are predicted by superposing the photonic band gap maps on one another. It is demonstrated that both the lowest and higher order band gaps can be merged in photonic crystals with a high refractive index contrast.     

Optical properties of one-dimensional photonic crystals obtained by micromatchining silicon (a review)

The theoretical and experimental investigations of photonic band gaps in one-dimensional photonic crystals created by micromatchining silicon, which have been performed by the author as part of his doctoral dissertation, are presented. The most important result of the work is the development of a method of modeling photonic crystals based on photonic band gap maps plotted in structure–property coordinates, which can be used with any optical materials and in any region of electromagnetic radiation, and also for nonperiodic structures. This method made it possible to realize the targeted control of the optical contrast of photonic crystals and to predict the optical properties of optical heterostructures and three-component and composite photonic crystals. The theoretical findings were experimentally implemented using methods of micromatchining silicon, which can be incorporated into modern technological lines for the production of microchips. In the IR spectra of a designed and a fabricated optical heterostructure (a composite photonic crystal), extended bands with high reflectivities were obtained. In a Si-based three-component photonic crystal, broad transmission bands and photonic band gaps in the middle IR region have been predicted and experimentally demonstrated for the first time. Si–liquid crystal periodic structures with electric-field tunable photonic band-gap edges have been investigated. The one-dimensional photonic crystals developed based on micromatchining silicon can serve as a basis for creating components of optical processors, as well as highly sensitive chemical and biological sensors in a wide region of the IR spectrum (from 1 to 20 μm) for lab-on-a-chip applications.