第七讲侧扫声纳

侧扫声纳是探测海底地形地貌的重要工具，计算机技术的广泛应用极大地促进了侧扫声纳的发展．文章介绍了侧扫声纳的发展过程、典型应用、工作原理、声图成像特征及发展趋势。     

侧扫声纳图像实时增强技术

本文从声纳原理和测量实践出发，针对海底图像实时判读问题，首次将负反馈分析理论引入海底图像处理，论述了海底声纳图像快速增强处理方法，探讨了数据采集实时性、图像处理复杂性、外业环境干扰强等矛盾的解决方法，实现了实时多色调海底声纳图像快速增强显示，首次提出侧扫声纳图像镶嵌必须考虑增益因素。实验结果表明：海底图像满足野外环境下的声纳作业要求，声纳数据符合目标信号、系统增益控制和目标判读三个层面的要求。     

高分辨侧扫及合成孔径声纳图像与回波中类似水雷目标计算机检测与分类

计算机辅助目标识别与分类技术有可能可靠地在海底发现水雷及其它感兴趣的目标,高效省时,一致性强,不受操作员个体因素影响。自90年代以来,是多个研究部门的热点课题。近年来,合成孔径侧扫声纳技术日趋成熟,能提供更高分辨率的声图,更是促进了自动识别与分类的发展。 本文综合评述了高分辨侧扫及合成孔径声纳图像与回波中类似水雷目标- MLO (Mine Like Object)-计算机检测与分类-CAD/CAC（Computer Aided Detection/ Computer Aided Classification）-研究的发展,现状及趋向。     

第二讲合成孔径声纳成像及其研究进展

文章在介绍了图像声纳的特点、合成孔径声纳（synthetic aperture sonar,SAS）产生背景和发展过程的基础上,对合成孔径声纳的原理、技术难点、成像算法等问题进行了讨论.着重分析了合成孔径声纳成像过程中高分辨率的获取方法、水声信道对成像的影响、多子阵技术及其成像算法、稳定的声纳运动平台和运动监测问题、运动补偿与自聚焦方法等.文章还给出了国内外合成孔径声纳研究的最新进展情况,进而展望了合成孔径声纳的应用前景.     

基于集群的高频合成孔径声纳并行处理方法

大测绘带下的高频合成孔径声纳需要解决的主要问题是海量数据的实时处理。该问题对数据处理的计算平台、成像处理和架构提出了很高的要求。本文利用非均匀离散快速傅里叶变换改进了成像算法,使之能够适应采用了多子阵技术的合成孔径声纳;提出了高频合成孔径声纳信号并行处理方法,在集群上实施了该方法,并进行了湖试试验。实时成像结果表明,改进的并行处理方法可以满足分辨率为距离向4cm、方位向5 cm,测绘带宽为200m的高频合成孔径声纳实时成像要求,具有较高的稳定性。     

第一讲进入21世纪的声纳技术

海洋开发和反潜战的需求是推动声纳技术开发的巨大动力.水声物理、水声信号处理及相关学科的发展又促使声纳设计日趋完善.文章介绍了声纳技术在进入21世纪时所面临的机遇和挑战,水声信号处理领域近期研究的热点问题以及声纳系统设计中的技术创新课题.     

进入21世纪的声纳技术

海洋开发和反潜战的需求是推动声纳技术开发的巨大动力，水声物理、水声信号处理及相关学科的发展又促使声纳设计日趋完善，本文介绍声纳技术在进入21世纪时所面临的机遇和挑战；水声信号处理领域近期研究的热点问题以及声纳系统设计中的技术创新课题。     

温跃层及其变化对被动声纳检测概率的影响

根据被动声纳工作原理,构建被动声纳探测水下目标物概率数学模型。利用声学调查实测数据,综合考虑传播损失、环境噪声、和水文环境分布及季节变化,研究温跃层垂直分布及季节变化对声纳检测概率的影响。结果表明:温跃层对被动声纳影响巨大,逆温跃层环境中,声纳检测概率从海表向下逐渐减小;正温跃层对声纳总的影响与逆温跃层相反,在正温跃层上界,检测概率从表层向下先减小后增大;逆温跃层对被动声纳检测概率的影响随目标物与声纳距离的增大而增大,正温跃层影响相反。     

声纳导流罩吸声障板声学特性的研究

本文研究内容属于舰艇声兼容性技术研究的一部分。应用声学软件SYSNOISE计算了,声纳定向发射时某试验用声纳导流罩及尾部吸声障板的声场特性,同时进行相同工况的水下模型试验。计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,说明应用声学软件对声纳声场进行计算是一种可行的方法,有可能推广至其他的水下模型的声场计算。结果数据反映了吸声障板对声纳定向发射时声场的影响,为舰艇总体声纳导流罩内吸声障板的结构设计、声兼容设计提供依据。     

TigerSHARC201在声纳信号处理系统中的应用

本文介绍了ADI公司最新数字信号处理器TS201的主要特点和基于TS201的VMEBus通用数字信号处理板的设计。文中较详细地分析了声纳信号处理系统的算法特点,系统的运算量和数据传输率的要求。然后给出了基于Quad-TS201 VMEBus通用数字信号处理板的具体声纳系统设计方案。该方案充分利用TS201强大的运算能力及高速数据吞吐率,以实现声纳的时空处理任务。该系统已研制成功,并在实际海上试验中得到应用。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.