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介绍了在HL-2A装置上发展的一套快速扫频的Q波段外差微波反射系统,用于高时空分辨测量等离子体边缘到约束区的电子密度分布。该系统采用外差式连续波扫频调制技术(VCO),由外部任意波电压控制,工作频率为33~50GHz,全波段扫频周期达到6μs。在台面标定中发展了 VCO 源的动态标定技术,并解决了微波源及器件的非线性响应、波导的色散特性等因素造成差频频率动态范围过大的问题,使反射面固定时系统输出的差频为定频信号,有利于降低噪声干扰和数据处理。同时发展了直接相位处理技术,实现快速的电子密度分布反演。实验中用该微波反射系统测得了L模、H模等不同等离子体放电条件下的电子密度分布,观测ELM爆发前后台基区的形成与垮塌过程。     

双极化频率调制微波反射计在J-TEXT托卡马克上的应用

等离子体中电子密度分布是研究等离子体物理的基础诊断之一.为了测量J-TEXT中电子密度分布,我们在J-TEXT实验装置上搭建了一套频率调制反射计.该反射计工作在Q波段与V波段,为了增加反射计密度测量范围,采用了双极化的设计,即能够同时测量寻常波模式与非寻常波模式.得益于双极化的设计,该反射计测量的电子密度范围为0—6.0×1019m-3,能够覆盖J-TEXT托卡马克的低场侧全部范围.频率调制反射计的时间分辨取决于微波系统扫描周期,由于采用了扫频速率更快的扫频固态源,整个频率扫描周期可以达到40μs.要获得完整的电子密度分布,必须先利用中频频率的跳变计算出密度零点的位置,然后使用两种极化模式的数据反演得到完整的电子密度剖面.同时,在实验中还观察到在非寻常波模式下低于右旋截止频率的微波在等离子体中也能够传播.     

HL-2A装置上的微波反射测量系统

微波反射技术是近几年来在大中型核聚变装置上发展起来的一项重要的等离子体诊断。它具有非常好的时空分辨率，不仅可以用于测量等离子体电子密度的空间分布，还可以测量等离子体旋转和湍流的空间分布。微波反射测量系统用二个返波管作为扫频振荡源，其扫频范围为26-0GHz和40-60GHz，周期为1ms。我们利用这套微波反射测量系统在HL-2A装置上进行了测量，经过1年的试验，这套系统工作正常。     

微波共振探针及其在等离子体诊断中的应用

介绍了能够测量稳定和时变等离子体电子密度的微波共振探针,给出了其工作原理和在测量稳定、时变和瞬态等离子体电子密度中的应用。分析了传输模式和反射模式的工作过程及对测量范围、测量精度和空间分辨率等影响因素。结果表明,选用较长的探针有利于提高电子密度的测量范围和精度;选用的微波扫频源高端频率越高,频率分辨率越高,则电子密度的测量范围越大,测量精度越高。理论分析得出系统可测量的电子密度约为1.37×10⁸~4.1×10¹¹cm^-3。     

大气中固体燃烧等离子体与微波相互作用的实验研究

 设计制造了含特定组分的化学药剂，利用热力学方法对其在大气中燃烧所产生的等离子体的电子密度进行了理论计算，对该等离子体对2~15 GHz波段微波的透射衰减和反射进行了测试。测试结果表明，该等离子体对该波段微波具有宽波段强吸收和弱反射性能，波段内的平均吸收大于25 dB，反射信号几乎淹没在背景噪声中。并从理论上分析了带电子与中性粒子的造成这一现象的主要原因是碰撞吸收。     

HL-2M 装置固态亚毫米波干涉系统研制

发展了一套固态亚毫米波外差干涉系统和一种基于全相位快速傅里叶变换(apFFT)的相位处理方法用 于测量 HL-2M 初始等离子体电子密度。该系统采用平面型二极管倍频技术对低频的锁相微波源进行高次倍频以 产生功率大于 0.1MW、频率 306.9GHz 的探测波。基于 apFFT 的相位处理数值算法可以从原始信号中提取相位信 息,缓解由可能的高水平密度扰动导致的相位跳变。系统的固有时间分辨率为 5μs,电子密度测量范围在 10¹⁶~10²⁰m⁻³。在 HL-2M 装置首次实验期间,该系统被安装在中平面上,利用装置内壁反射实现干涉测量,成功 测量了线平均电子密度。      

大面积等离子体片密度分布分析

利用空心阴极放电产生了尺寸为60 cm× 60 cm× 2 cm的大面积等离子体面. 在实验室条件下对大面积等离子体片的密度分布进行了测量. 由于高压放电脉冲脉宽较短, 实验中改变了测量方法, 同时, 在中等磁场影响下, 为了得到真实的等离子体密度, 进行了必要的数值修正.在放电电流为1---6 A时, 测量了二维的电子密度分布. 另外, 测量并讨论了其他环境参数对等离子体密度的影响. 电子密度的分布情况对与微波波束切换相当重要. 由空心阴极增强型放电产生的大面积等离子体面具有反射X波段(8---12 GHz) 微波需要的足够稠密的电子密度和足够均匀的密度分布, 这是等离子体面在雷达系统中取代金属面板的有利条件.     

微波输出窗内表面闪络击穿3维全电磁等离子体流体模拟北大核心CSCD

通过建立电磁场等离子体流体耦合物理模型,基于自主研发的3维全电磁粒子模拟大规模并行程序NEPTUNE3D,编制了3维电磁场与等离子流体耦合程序模块,对1.3GHz高功率微波窗内表面闪络击穿物理过程进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明:微波窗内侧表面形成的等离子体构型与初始种子电子分布形式密切相关。中心点源分布下,等离子体发展为"蘑菇"形状,输出微波脉冲缩短并不严重,等离子体吸收微波功率大于反射微波功率;面源分布下,等离子体发展为"帽子"形状,输出微波脉冲缩短严重,输出微波完全截断,开始阶段等离子体吸收微波功率占优,待等离子体密度增加到一定程度后,反射微波功率占优。通过降低窗体表面场强、表面释气率及初始种子电子密度等方法,可不同程度地延长输出微波脉冲宽度。窗体表面不同气体层厚度对闪络击穿下的输出微波脉冲宽度影响不大。     

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在HL-2A装置的电子回旋辐射(ECE)外差测量中,为实现电子温度剖面分布的绝对测量,采用双温度法和磁场扫描法分别对扫频和多道ECE测量系统进行了标定,获得了各道间的相对标定系数,并利用等离子体中心道Thomson散射测量的电子温度对ECE测量系统进行了绝对标定。结果表明,这两种方法都能实现可靠的标定,并对两者的优劣进行了比较和讨论。     

HL-2M 装置扫频 ECE 测量系统研制

为了测量 HL-2M 装置中的电子温度剖面分布,研制了一套扫频电子回旋辐射(SECE)系统。该系统 能够测量装置中心纵场大小在 1.4~2.2T 时的等离子体电子温度。采用扫频外差接收的方式,径向空间分辨达到 2.5cm,时间分辨达到 1ms。接收机前端的准光学系统采用两级金属反射镜的配置,系统能够接收的最小极向光 斑的直径为 1.5cm（波数 k_θ<4.2rad·cm^-1）。系统的频带范围覆盖 33~110GHz,采用 VCO 作为本振源,双边带混频 输出中频信号。后端首次采用高性能对数检波器解调中频,能直接对-70dBm 的微弱信号进行检测,输入-输出工 作区间的动态范围达到 45dB 以上。在实验期间,成功测量到了等离子体中电子逃逸以及回旋辐射产生的信号。     

The charactization of high-speed swept reflectometer for plasma diagnostics on the RFX reversed-field pinch

An ordinary mode IMPATT-based reflectometer operating over 26.5–110GHz has been developed for density diagnostic application on the RFX reversedfield pinch experimental fusion machine. The reflectometer uses polarization rotators located at the antennas for optimizing the polarization of the emitted E-field A sweep speed of 1.25ms for the full band is possible. Single subbands may be swept at a rate of 200us. The provision of polarization rotators and high-speed solid-state oscillators maximises the immunity of the system to the effects of high fluctuation frequencies and mode mixing due to high magnetic shear. The reflectometer uses an IMPATT oscillator system for the source which has not been used in previous reflectometer circuits. A previously unachievable temporal resulution is therefore available with this system. The reflectometer is the first to be developed for use on a reversed-field pinch (RFP) machine.Verification of reflectometer operation was achieved using plane metal targets to simulate the reflecting plasma cut-off layer. Targets were located at various distances from the antennas to cover the expected spatial reflection range. The theoretical and experimental characteristics were obtained by processing the intermediate frequency output of the detectors. Spurious signals are removed by calibrating the target data using residual fringe data. A zero-crossing detection algorithm was developed to accurately identify the beat fringes and to deduce the phase/frequency characteristic. Single subband and full sweep results are presented.     

自调频混沌系统及其调频码耦合同步

提出了一个闭环自调频混沌系统, 对压控振荡器输出进行采样, 采样值经非线性变换后产生控制压控振荡器下一时刻频率的调频码. 利用一维分岔图、二维分岔图和Lyapunov指数等研究了该系统的动力学行为; 并利用峰值均值功率比、频谱以及输出信号的相关函数等分析了该系统的应用特性. 研究表明, 该系统有复杂的动力行为, 展现分岔、多稳态和混沌等现象, 产生的信号具有低峰值均值功率比和宽频带的特性. 同时还讨论了利用调频码实现系统同步的可能性, 证实了简单的控制器可以实现自调频系统的同步. 在电路实验中, 压控振荡器用数字频率合成技术实现, 实验结果与理论分析一致. 关键词： 混沌 多稳态 峰值均值功率比 同步     

Development of Broad Band VCO at Ka-Band

A broad band VCO has been developed at Ka-band for FMCW Radar applications. To achieve a wide range of frequency variation, VCO has been designed in series configuration. Design steps have been presented. VCO exhibits a tuning range of 600 MHz with the power output of 50 mw, when the controlled varactor voltage varies from 7.5 volts to 15 volts. Frequency drift with temperature has been contained within 30 MHz using a proportionally controlled DC heater module over the temperature range of 0°C to +55°C. Phase Noise of the oscillator measured at the mid and extreme frequencies is about -70 dBc/kHz at 10 kHz away from the carrier. The experimental circuit and measured performance is also presented.     

Advances of Reflectometry on Tore-Supra: From Edge Density Profile to Core Density Fluctuations

A new generation of broadband reflectometers based on solid state components has been installed on Tore-Supra. With reflectometers covering the range 50 to 155 GHz, the whole plasma can be scanned. Two X-mode reflectometers (V and W band) are dedicated to electron density profile measurements. Diagnostics are operated routinely with an automatic algorithm to reconstruct the density profile from shot to shot. A fast acquisition mode is available to study short time plasma evolution. For turbulence and transport studies, a third reflectometer operating between 105 and 155 GHz measures density fluctuations in the plasma centre. Sensitive to large scales, it can retrieve density perturbation due to MHD modes or broadband turbulence. Lastly, a Doppler reflectometer, based on back scattering, is being installed for measuring the poloidal rotation and fluctuations amplitude at higher wave numbers.     

A Gunn-Diode Active Leaky-Wave Frequency Scanning Antenna

A frequency tunable active leaky-wave scanning antenna using Gunn-diode voltage control oscillator (VCO) as source is developed. The frequency tuning controlled by changing either the varactor diode dc bias or the Gunn diode dc bias is demonstrated. The measured scanning angle of active antenna is close to 15 degree as the Gunn VCO frequency tuned from 12.58GHz to 12.98GHz. To excite the first higher order mode of the microstrip leaky-wave antenna is fed asymmetrically. The dominant mode excitation has been successfully suppressed by adding a sequence of covered wire in the middle line of the microstrip leaky wave antenna. This is a prototype of frequency scanning antenna using two terminal device, which can be easily scaled up to millimeter wave frequency region.     

同轴波导虚阴极振荡器二极管参数优化的研究

采用粒子模拟研究了同轴波导虚阴极振荡器二极管参数对微波效率和频率的影响,得到了由二极管参数改变引起的二极管阻抗变化及其对微波效率的影响规律. 借鉴具有慢波结构的高功率微波器件中微波模式特性阻抗的计算方法,给出同轴波导虚阴极振荡器中微波主模式特性阻抗的理论计算公式. 将理论计算结果与由粒子模拟对器件进行优化后得到的二极管阻抗进行比较,发现当反映电子束特性的二极管阻抗与微波主模式特性阻抗匹配时,虚阴极振荡器具有较高的束波功率转换效率. 进一步用特性阻抗对其他几种典型结构的虚阴极振荡器进行分析,验证了该方法的合理性,为设计高效率虚阴极振荡器提供了理论指导. 关键词： 虚阴极振荡器 同轴波导 二极管参数 特性阻抗     

The development of nonradiative dielectric waveguide transmitting front-end in Ka-band

The operating theory,design method and experimental results of the nonradiative dielectric waveguide (NRD-guide) transmitting front-end in millimeter wave band are related in details in this paper. As a kind of dielectric waveguide,the NRD-guide possesses fine transmission performances, and it can be used to fabricate the millimeter wave hyterodyne integrated circuits. The two kinds NRD-guide transmitting front-ends substantiated in the paper, the voltage controlling oscillator(VCO) and twin-Gunn-diode power-combiner,have very similar structures to each other and possess compact sizes, fine machinery and electric performances.For the VCO front-end in Ka-band, the frequency modulation band is greater than 150MHz, the output power is larger than 20mW.For the power-combiner, the output power is larger than 40mW,the combination efficiency is better than 90%,the frequency stabilization reaches 1.68×10^–5. Combined with the receiving front-end reported before,the transmitter and receiver can be composed to a dielectric waveguide R/T module to be applied in some millimeter wave sub-systems.     

An asymmetric feeding X-band active frequency-scanning leaky-wave antenna

An asymmetric feeding X-band active leaky-wave antennas is developed, to excite the first high order mode of the microstrip leaky wave antenna. One is the asymmetric feeding leaky-wave antenna which integrated with a HEMT oscillator, and the other is the frequency-tuned leaky-wave antenna which integrated with a varactortuned HEMT VCO. The microstrip leaky-wave antenna is operated in the first higher mode. To excite the first higher mode, the microstrip leaky-wave antenna is fed asymmetrically. The dominant mode excitation has been successfully suppressed by adding a sequence of covered wire in the center of the microstrip leaky wave antenna. The design of these active leaky-wave antennas is discussed and the beam scanning phenomena of the antenna is presented. The HEMT oscillator frequency is controlled by tuning the varactor DC bias and the beam scanning is demonstrated. The measured scanning angle agree with prediction, it is close to 30° as the VCO frequency tuned from 8.06 GHz to 9GHz.     

Heterodyne-assisted pulsed spectroscopy with a nearly Fourier-transform limited, injection-seeded optical parametric oscillator

Narrowband pulsed 822 nm signal radiation from an injection-seeded optical parametric oscillator (OPO) system is used to record fluorescence-detected sub-Doppler two-photon excitation (TPE) spectra of atomic cesium. An optical-heterodyne technique is used to monitor the frequency chirp as well as the fluctuating central frequency of successive OPO output pulses, thereby providing a novel way to record sub-Doppler TPE spectra. The measured TPE linewidth approaches the ultimate limit imposed by the Fourier transform of the pulse's temporal profile, demonstrating the utility of this system for pulsed laser spectroscopy applications that require the highest possible resolution.