微等离子体及其应用

微等离子体已成为近年来国际上低温等离子体研究的热点课题之一。微等离子体是被限制在一个有限的空间范围内(尺度为毫米量级甚至更低)的等离子体,它通常能够运行在大气压条件下,它的低功耗、高密度、高稳定等特性以及其小巧、经济、便携等优势,为其在紫外光源的获得、微化学分析系统、生物医学、材料表面改性和加工、环境污染物的处理等领域提供了广泛的应用空间。文章对微等离子体及其应用进行了综述,介绍了各种微等离子体源的产生方法,以及它们在不同领域的研究和应用情况。     

生物医学领域中超连续激光光谱技术的研究进展

超连续谱激光指的是当泵浦激光穿过特殊光波导时,一系列的非线性效应引起入射激光束的光谱展宽,从而输出宽光谱激光束。随着超快激光和光子晶体光纤技术的发展,利用超短脉冲在光子晶体光纤中的传播链产生相干的且亮度高的超连续谱激光成为了一种理想的白光源。自从超连续谱激光源投入应用以来,其应用领域越来越广。尤其在生物医学的细胞、血液等样品分析当中,荧光光谱学、流式细胞仪、共焦显微、光学相干层析等技术都是强有力的分析工具,在采用这些先进技术的科学仪器中,超连续谱激光源成为了一种主要光学部件。首先对超连续谱激光源的国际研究进展作了详细介绍,然后对超连续激光光谱技术在显微成像、流式细胞仪、荧光寿命成像显微、荧光共振能量转移、光学相干层析、共焦显微生物医学分析等生物医学领域中的发展及应用作了综合阐述。对超连续激光光谱技术在非接触式血液制品鉴别的需求、方案及研究进展进行了重点论述,包括覆盖400～2 000 nm光谱范围的光纤化轻型超连续谱激光光源研究;采用超连续谱激光光谱方法探索不同物种血液的种属特征;根据大数据的血液样品光谱特征元数据库分析建立数学模型,利用数学模型实现对血液样品种属光谱学判定;血液鉴别光谱分析便携式整机系统研发等。对超连续激光光谱技术在生物医学领域的应用前景作了展望。     

显微红外成像技术在刑侦领域的应用

结合真实的案例阐述显微红外技术在刑侦领域中的最新应用。使用显微红外光谱仪的成像技术对混合物证进行比对分析,获得待测物证的红外光谱,从而排除其他谱线的干扰,得到真实可靠的红外光谱信息,为案件的定性提供依据。     

基于成像光电容积描记技术的非接触式生理参数检测及其应用

成像式光电容积描记技术是在传统光电容积描记技术基础上发展而来的一种非接触式生理信号检测技术。成像式光电容积描记技术由于非接触、可远程监测、适用场景广泛、易操作以及低成本等优点可实现人体多项生理参数的测量，成为仪器及生物医学工程领域的新兴研究热点之一。本综述首先介绍了成像式光电容积描记技术的基本原理，对光学起源机理进行了分析，并对成像视频处理方法进行了总结，最后介绍了成像式光电容积描记技术在生理参数方面的应用，并对其在生理参数检测领域中的发展进行展望。     

红外光谱法检测生物大分子损伤的研究进展

红外光谱技术由于其灵敏度高和对样品的非破坏性等优点已成为研究生物大分子损伤的重要工具。蛋白质、脂质和核酸等受到损伤时,其红外光谱特征吸收峰的峰位、峰型和峰强会发生变化,这为检测生物大分子损伤并进一步揭示相关疾病的发生、发展及早期预防提供了依据。还综述了近年来使用红外光谱法检测生物大分子损伤的研究进展,介绍了利用傅里叶变换红外光谱、衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱和傅里叶红外显微等技术在蛋白质二级结构、膜脂流动性和离子通透性以及药物对DNA的作用机制等领域的应用,以及相关的定性和定量分析方法进行了评述,提出了目前红外光谱分析技术中存在的问题,并对今后红外光谱在生物医学领域中的应用前景作了展望,指出疾病早期诊断、红外光谱联用以及定量分析技术等将成为红外光谱领域未来的研究热点。     

原子力显微术研究进展

原子力显微术是微纳米尺度实空间形貌成像与结构表征的关键技术之一。近些年,原子力显微术衍生发展出了一系列令人瞩目的功能化探测模式和新技术。文章从以下两个方面论述了原子力显微术的前沿进展:(1)原子力显微术的功能化探测模式及其在微纳米尺度物性研究与测量以及微纳加工等领域的应用;(2)原子力显微术自身在更高精度、更高分辨率、更快速度、更多功能等方面的进展及在基础和应用研究领域中的应用。文章还展望了原子力显微术的下一步发展方向和正在不断扩展的研究领域。     

红外显微成像技术及其应用进展

红外显微成像技术诞生于20世纪90年代中期,该方法的应用研究在国外刚刚起步,而在国内这项技术还未被广泛认识。它是一种快速、无损的检测技术,具有图谱合一、微区化、可视化、高精度和高灵敏度等优点。文章概述了红外显微成像系统的组成、工作原理及工作方式,重点介绍了其在生物医学、微生物学、法庭科学、材料学、营养饲料学以及农产品质量检测方面的研究进展,分析了红外显微成像技术的研究难点,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

荧光寿命显微成像技术及应用的最新研究进展

由于荧光寿命不受探针浓度、激发光强度和光漂白效应等因素影响,荧光寿命显微成像技术(fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, FLIM)在监测微环境变化、反映分子间相互作用方面具有高特异性、高灵敏度、可定量测量等优点,近年来已被广泛应用于生物医学等领域.然而,尽管FLIM的发明和发展已历经数十年时间,其在实际应用中仍然面临着许多挑战.例如,其成像分辨率受衍射极限限制,而其成像速度与成像质量和寿命测量精度则存在相互制约的关系.近几年来,相关硬件和软件的快速发展及其与其他光学技术的结合,极大地推动了FLIM技术及其应用的新发展.本文简要介绍了基于时域和频域的不同寿命探测方法的FLIM技术的基本原理及特点,在此基础上概述了该技术的最新研究进展,包括其成像性能的提升和在生物医学应用中的研究现状,详细阐述了近几年来研究者们通过硬件和软件算法的改进以及与自适应光学、超分辨成像技术等新型光学技术的结合来提升FLIM的成像速度、寿命测量精度、成像质量和空间分辨率等方面所做的努力,以及FLIM在生物医学基础研究、疾病诊断与治疗、纳米材料的生物医学研究等方面的应用,最后对其未来发展趋势进行了展望.     

基于近场光学的微球超分辨显微效应

在光学成像领域,由于受到衍射极限的限制,常规成像分辨率在200nm左右.科学的不断进步对更高分辨率有着迫切需求,如何突破这个极限来获得更高质量的高分辨率图像是热门研究领域.2011年提出了微球超显微技术:在原有的光学系统中,将直径几微米至几十微米的透明微球直接置于样品表面,就能够成倍提高传统光学显微镜的成像能力.微球超显微技术以其简单直接的特点,受到广泛关注.本文介绍了光学显微镜的研究背景以及国内外团队在微球超分辨显微技术方面的研究进展,包括通过在微球表面进行环刻同心环、中心遮挡和表面涂覆的方法来调节微球所产生的光子纳米喷射方面所开展的一系列研究,并进行了理论模拟和实验验证,进一步提升了微球的超分辨显微效应.最后,展望了今后微球超分辨显微技术的应用与发展方向.     

基于光声效应的深层组织选键成像 (cited: 1)

基于分子振动吸收的光声成像技术为生物组织的化学成像提供了一个新的平台．该技术在脊髓损伤、肿瘤、及心血管疾病的检测方面有广泛的应用前景．本文综述该技术的发展历史及其在生物医学中的应用．     

表/界面水的扫描探针技术研究进展

表面和界面水在自然界、人们的日常生活以及现代科技中无处不在.它在物理、化学、环境学、材料学、生物学、地质学等诸多基础学科和应用领域起到至关重要的作用.因此,表面和界面水的功能与特性的研究,是水基础科学的一项核心任务.然而,由于水分子之间氢键相互作用的复杂性,及其与水-固界面相互作用的竞争,使得表(界)面水对于局域环境的影响非常敏感,往往需要深入到分子层次研究其微观结构和动力学过程.近年来,新型扫描探针技术的发展使得人们可以在单分子甚至亚分子尺度上对表(界)面水展开细致的实空间研究.本文着重介绍几种代表性的扫描探针技术及其在表(界)面水体系中的应用,包括:超高真空扫描隧道显微术、单分子振动谱技术、电化学扫描隧道显微术和非接触式原子力显微术.此外,本文还将对表(界)面水扫描探针技术研究面临的挑战和未来发展方向进行了展望.     

单分子科学进展

综述了新兴边缘学科－－单分子科学的进展。对单分子科学的基本实验技术即扫描探针显微术、荧光技术和光镊技术进行了介绍。结合众多的实例（如：对单原子的直接操纵、直接测量化学键强度、在DNA链上“拔河”、用单个C60分子作放大器等）评述了单分子科学方法在各学科领域的广泛应用,以及单分子科学对它们产生的深远影响。最后对单分子科学的发展前景进行了展望。     

Electron Microscopy in Polymer Science

In many fields of research in science, engineering, and medicine, electron microscopy as a method for directly imaging submicroscopic structures has become increasingly important in recent decades. Electron microscopy (EM) includes several different techniques: conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), highvoltage electron microscopy (HVEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), analytical electron microscopy (AEM), emission electron microscopy (EEM), and others. In the past the central aim of using electron microscopy was structure determination, but recently it has been of growing importance for also investigating different processes, i.e., changes in materials by interaction with several influential factors (e.g., heat, electric or mechanic fields, mechanical loading). Of particular interest is the study of the micromechanical processes of deformation and fracture. Therefore, electron microscopy is a very powerful tool for materials science. The present review reports on some capabilities and limitation of the application of electron microscopy to solid polymers. In Section II the techniques of electron microscopy are briefly reviewed, followed by a section that describes the main methods of specimen preparation of solid polymeric materials. In Section IV the results of several applications of electron microscopy are discussed to reveal the morphology as well as the micromechanical deformation processes of several polymeric materials.     

激光科学和生命科学

激光科学与生命科学相互渗透,正在形成一门新兴边缘学科──“激光生命科学”.本文就激光生命科学下述几个重要领域的研究进展进行概述：1)激光生物学与激光诱变育种;2)激光遗传工程及激光微束在遗传操作中的应用;3)激光在分子生物学中的应用;4)用于生命科学研究的激光光谱技术;5)激光医学;6)激光生物物理技术。     

Frontier applications of electrostatic accelerators

Electrostatic accelerator is a powerflfl tool in many research fields, such as nuclear physics, radiation biology, material science a.rchaeology and earth sciences. Two electrostatic accelerators, one is the single stage Vail de Gi＇aaff with terminal voltage of 4.5 MV and another one is tile EN tamteIn with terminal voltage of 6 MV, were installed in 1980s and had been put into operation since the early 1990s at tile Institute of Heavy Ion Physics. Marly applications have been carried out since then. These two accelerators are described and summaries of the most important applications on neutron physics and technology, radiation biology and material science, as well as accelerator mass spectrometry （AMS） are presented.     

微束辐照装置及其在生物和材料领域中的应用

自从20世纪50年代开始利用微束辐照生物活细胞以来,由于微束独特的辐照特征, 其在生物学、 材料学、 生物医学、航空航天科学、环境科学、地质学、微加工等领域得到了广泛的应用。 在前人大量研究的基础上, 对微束装置及其应用进行总结概括。 展望了微束的发展趋势并简单介绍中国科学院近代物理研究所正在兴建的中高能重离子微束辐照装置。 Collimated proton microbeam has been used to irradiate the biological living cells since 1850s. Due to its unique characteristic in irradiation, microbeam has been extensively applied to many research fields,such as biology, material science, biomedicine,aeronautics and stronautics, environmental science, geology,micromachining and so on. Based on the much research of predecessors, the microbeam facilities and their corresponding applications are summarized in this paper. At last,prospects on the development trend of microbeam are made, and the intermediate energy and high energy heavy ion microbeam irradiation facility being constructed at the Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences is briefly introduced.     

Synchrotron infrared nano-spectroscopy and -imaging

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has evolved into a powerful analytical technique to probe molecular and lattice vibrations, low-energy electronic excitations and correlations, and related collective surface plasmon, phonon, or other polaritonic resonances. In combination with scanning probe microscopy, near-field infrared nano-spectroscopy and -imaging techniques have recently emerged as a frontier in imaging science, enabling the study of complex heterogeneous materials with simultaneous nanoscale spatial resolution and chemical and quantum state spectroscopic specificity. Here, we describe synchrotron infrared nano-spectroscopy (SINS), which takes advantage of the low-noise, broadband, high spectral irradiance, and coherence of synchrotron infrared radiation for near-field infrared measurements across the mid- to far-infrared with nanometer spatial resolution. This powerful combination provides a qualitatively new form of broadband spatio-spectral analysis of nanoscale, mesoscale, and surface phenomena that were previously difficult to study with IR techniques, or even any form of micro-spectroscopy in general. We review the development of SINS, describe its technical implementations, and highlight selected examples representative of the rapidly growing range of applications in physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, geology, and atmospheric and space sciences.     

Imaging spectroscopy: Origin and future trends

Imaging spectroscopy, a useful tool for modern spectroscopic studies, can embed both spatial and spectral information to a set of images and derive the spectra from that. Such techniques are implemented to diversified fields like space observation and laboratory studies of solid materials. The present article intends to highlight the less noticed but significant fact that today's imaging spectroscopy in physical science originates from hyperspectral remote sensing, a technique for earth science that acquired maturity during the last three decades. It introduces several applications of spectral imaging for terrestrial and extraterrestrial objects and anticipates some future trends in this technique. Implementation of imaging spectroscopy to atomic and molecular physics is hoped to provide an indication of future research in this direction.     

The modified simple equation method for solving some fractional-order nonlinear equations

Nonlinear fractional differential equations are encountered in various fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering and in numerous other applications. Exact solutions of these equations play a crucial role in the proper understanding of the qualitative features of many phenomena and processes in various areas of natural science. Thus, many effective and powerful methods have been established and improved. In this study, we establish exact solutions of the time fractional biological population model equation and nonlinear fractional Klein–Gordon equation by using the modified simple equation method.     

Cryo-ET bridges the gap between cell biology and structural biophysics

Cryo-electron tomography(cryo-ET) is a cutting-edge technology providing three-dimensional in situ ultra-structural information of macromolecular machineries, organelles, and eukaryotic cells in their native environment at an unprecedented level of detail. Cryo-ET enables the direct observation of dynamic macromolecular architectures of bio-samples in their naturally occurring physiological state, without any harmful artifacts introduced by heavy metal staining, dehydration, and chemical fixation, which occur in traditional transmission electron microscopy. Over decades, cryo-ET has been providing insights into numerous aspects of cellular biology by revealing the pristinely preserved ultra-structures of different cellular components comprising the crowded and complex environment of the cell, thus, bridging the gap between cellular biology and structural biophysics. In this paper, we review the fundamentals of this technique, its recent advances in optics, detection devices, and computational algorithms. The enhancement of our understanding of structural cellular biology by combining these improvements, when integrated with other methods, such as cryo-focused ion beam milling,correlative light and electron microscopy, is discussed via a few examples from research groups worldwide. We also believe that cryo-ET applications in cell biology continue to provide fundamental insights into the field, revolutionizing structural biology itself.