非共面Offner结构高分辨率成像光谱仪设计

Offner成像光谱仪在大色散需求下成像质量不足并且易发生光线遮挡,为此设计了一种基于罗兰圆条件的非共面Offner结构光谱仪。分析并推导出了一种非共面Offner结构成像光谱仪的消除像散及彗差同时解决光线遮挡的设计方法。使用该方法设计出光谱范围为350~1000 nm,色散宽度为12.6 mm的成像光谱仪。在奈奎斯特频率(30 lp/mm)下其调制传递函数在全视场、全光谱范围优于0.78,点列图均方根半径优于4μm,同时,系统的谱线弯曲及谱带弯曲均小于1%像元尺寸。最后,将非共面Offner结构成像光谱仪与传统Offner结构进行对比,结果表明,在高光谱分辨率需求下,当入射狭缝较小时,非共面Offner结构光谱仪具有更好的成像质量,并且在谱线弯曲及谱带弯曲的控制上具有优势,可用于小体积高光谱分辨率成像光谱仪器设计。     

改进Offner型凸面光栅光谱辐射定标光学系统设计

针对数字可调光源输出能量较低的问题,提出一种改进型Offner凸面光栅光谱辐射定标光源光学系统的设计方法。基于光线追迹原理,理论推导Offner型光谱成像结构狭缝和像散的关系,利用双柱面透镜对Offner型光谱成像系统大狭缝下的残余像散进行补偿。使用所提方法设计了光谱范围为500～800 nm,狭缝长度为0.4 mm的传统Offner光谱成像系统和狭缝长度为8 mm改进型Offner光谱成像系统。结果表明:改进型Offner光谱成像系统具有良好的成像质量,全视场点列图方均根(RMS)半径小于8.1μm;系统沿Y方向RMS半径小于6.7μm,在一个像元尺寸内;谱线弯曲为单像元尺寸6.2%、色畸变为单像元尺寸5.8%,消除了谱线重叠和谱线偏移现象。设计方法对提高遥感仪器的光谱辐射定标精度具有一定的研究意义和工程价值。     

光栅光谱仪分辨率及波长范围计算公式的研究

对水平对称式Ebert-Fastie型光谱仪的参量及性能进行了分析研究.基于水平对称式Ebert-Fastie型光谱仪工作时的光路图,用几何方法推导出了入射光线与衍射光线的夹角、入射角、衍射角、可测光谱级次及波长适用范围的计算公式,该公式可通过简单编程计算结果.基于理论分辨率计算公式,并考虑到狭缝宽度导致实际分辨率低于理论分辨率,推导出了分辨率与狭缝宽度等结构参量之间关系的计算公式,对该公式求导得出提高分辨率的方法,并举例计算得出考虑狭缝宽度后的实际分辨率为理论分辨率的83%.     

光栅光谱仪分辨率及波长范围计算公式的研究

对水平对称式Ebert-Fastie型光谱仪的参量及性能进行了分析研究.基于水平对称式Ebert-Fastie型光谱仪工作时的光路图,用几何方法推导出了入射光线与衍射光线的夹角、入射角、衍射角、可测光谱级次及波长适用范围的计算公式,该公式可通过简单编程计算结果.基于理论分辨率计算公式,并考虑到狭缝宽度导致实际分辨率低于理论分辨率,推导出了分辨率与狭缝宽度等结构参量之间关系的计算公式,对该公式求导得出提高分辨率的方法,并举例计算得出考虑狭缝宽度后的实际分辨率为理论分辨率的83％.     

成像光谱仪同心光学系统的研究

介绍了Offner凸面光栅成像光谱仪和Dyson凹面光栅成像光谱仪两种常用的同心光学系统。Offner凸面光栅成像光谱仪采用全反射的形式,使用光谱范围很宽,加工、装调较为简单,受外界环境影响较小;Dyson凹面光栅成像光谱仪在体积和尺寸上的优势较为明显,易于实现整体结构的小型化。给出了这两种成像光谱仪的具体设计实例,两种光学系统的成像质量均能达到较为理想的结果,其结构畸变均＜0005%,在使用光谱范围内,光谱分辨率均能到达3 nm,具有高质量的光学传递函数。最后,给出了配合成像光谱仪使用的多种前置光学系统的结构形式,并讨论了消除系统杂散光的方法及消除光谱级次重叠的方法。     

空间调制干涉型和衍射光栅型成像光谱仪信噪比性能的分析比较

以Sagnac空间调制干涉型成像光谱仪和Offner凸面光栅衍射型成像光谱仪为例,着重分析和比较这两类成像光谱仪的信噪比性能。在相同观测条件下,通过推导这两类成像光谱仪所得到的图像像元的光谱辐亮度,指出空间调制干涉型成像光谱仪并不具有高通量和多路复用优势,信噪比也低于衍射光栅成像光谱仪。而且随着光谱谱段数的增加,即光谱分辨率的提高,衍射光栅成像光谱仪的信噪比优势更明显。     

基于内拼接法的宽视场成像光谱仪研制

为了增大成像光谱仪的视场,提高遥感成像的作业效率,开展了内拼接宽视场成像光谱仪的设计和研制。针对推扫成像方式,分析了基于内拼接法的宽视场成像光谱仪的组成。利用两台Offner凸面光栅分光系统进行拼接,研制了原理样机。在实验室中对原理样机的像元对准误差、光谱分辨率和调制传递函数进行测试并进行了室外成像实验。测试结果表明原理样机光谱维像元对准误差约为0.15个像元（波长为479 nm）,交轨方向和顺轨方向空间维像元对准误差分别为0.16个像元和0.19个像元。原理样机的光谱分辨率约为1.6 nm,Nyquist频率处的调制传递函数值约为0.2。通过原理样 机的研制和实验验证了内拼接法增加成像光谱仪视场的有效性。     

棱镜-光栅-棱镜型光谱成像系统光学设计

为实现成像光谱仪系统的直视性和小型化特点,设计一种棱镜-光栅-棱镜（PGP）结合式元件,作为分光系统的成像光谱仪光学系统装置。系统主要包括PGP分光原件、准直系统、成像系统和接收系统。光栅采用体全息相位光栅,可以获得很高的衍射效率,准直和成像镜采用对称式结构,可以有效地消垂轴像差。根据实际指标探测器像元尺寸为20 m20 m,像元数为512512,采用双像元合并方法,光谱通道数为148个,狭缝大小为10.2 mm10.2 mm,波段在400 nm~800 nm,物方数值孔径为0.15。分析了PGP光谱成像系统的原理、特点,对参数关系和体全息相位型光栅的衍射效率进行了详细的讨论。分析结果表明:PGP元件在整个光谱范围内理论衍射效率大于0.6,采用ZEMAX软件进行优化设计,得到系统的平均光谱分辨率优于3 nm,在截止频率处平均传递数大于0.7,系统总长90 mm。     

一种光栅型成像光谱仪光学系统设计

 成像光谱仪是一种“图谱合一”的光学遥感仪器。从光栅型成像光谱仪的使用要求出发,利用Zemax软件设计了一种光栅型成像光谱仪光学系统。其中,前置望远物镜采用反射式结构,传统的卡塞格林结构在主次镜均采用非球面时校正像差的能力依然有限,设计时采用改进后的卡塞格林结构对像差进行校正,最终设计的望远镜头传函在50 lp/mm处达到0.5,场曲控制在0.078以内,且不存在畸变。针对光谱成像系统通常采用的基于平面光栅的Czerny-Turner结构由于像差校正能力有限、成像质量较差不能满足仪器的使用要求。采用基于凸面光栅的光谱成像系统,该系统结构紧凑、可实现宽波段内像差的同时校正。最终设计的光谱成像系统光谱分辨率<5 nm,MTF在50 lp/mm时升至0.75。将前置望远物镜与光谱成像系统根据匹配原则进行组合优化后光栅型成像光谱仪系统点列图RMS半径随波长的变化均小于0.2,波长的80%的能量集中在Φ6 μm范围内,波长各视场在特征频率50 lp/mm处的光学传递函数均大于0.5。整个光学系统具有结构简单、像差校正能力强、结构尺寸较小的优点。     

宽场平谱面全息凹面光栅光谱仪的设计

全息凹面光栅光谱仪具有平谱面、小型化、大孔径、高分辨率等优点。首先从信息光学的角度推导了全息凹面光栅的成像公式,在垂直于狭缝和平行于狭缝的平面上系统分析了全息凹面光栅光谱仪的成像性能;在垂直于狭缝的平面上,全息凹面光栅光谱仪具有良好的平谱面性;在平行于狭缝的平面上,全息凹面光栅光谱仪克服了传统平面光栅的谱线弯曲和色畸变,实现了谱线平直成像;此外指出全息凹面光栅光谱仪固有的弧矢场曲对视场扩展的限制。然后根据理论分析结果提出了结构对称消场曲的全息凹面光栅光谱仪的设计思想,利用ZEMAX软件优化设计了像差补偿型全息凹面光栅光谱仪。在保证相对孔径F#=3、光谱分辨率为20nm/mm、空间分辨率小于25μm等技术指标不变的前提下,设计了狭缝长度为0.4mm的传统单球面镜全息凹面光栅光谱仪和狭缝长度为8mm的像差补偿型全息凹面光栅光谱仪。结果表明,改进后的像差补偿型全息凹面光栅光谱仪成功地将视场扩大为单球面镜全息凹面光栅光谱仪的20倍。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.