先进核能系统结构材料辐照性能研究

首先简要介绍第一代到先进的第四代核能系统的发展、与核能系统发展密切的抗辐照结构材料研发进展、第四代核能系统结构材料辐照性能研究新方法。第四代核能系统发展中,辐照引起材料性能退化是一个需要研究和解决的瓶颈问题。现有中子源都不能满足第四代核能系统结构材料高剂量中子辐照性能研究的要求。为此,发展了用于核能系统结构材料高剂量辐照性能快速检测加速器重离子辐照方法和第四代核能系统实际辐照工况模拟的重离子与氢和氦三束同时辐照新方法,文中进行了详细的介绍。最后介绍了中国原子能科学研究院核能系统结构材料辐照性能研究现状和近期发展计划。该院在HI-13串列加速器器上建立了多种不同用途的重离子辐照装置、三个独立加速器构成的重离子与氢和氦三束同时辐照实验平台,开展了一系列核能结构材料,例如国产改进型奥氏体钢、CLAM钢、1515钢、钽、钨等的辐照性能的系统测试和研究。为了更好地开展核能结构材料性能研究,从国外引进了一台超导直线加速器和一台可变能量重离子回旋加速器。结合现有2×13 MeV,2×1.7 MV串列加速器、30 MeV和100 MeV质子回旋加速器、高压倍加器,中国实验快堆、中国先进研究堆、微堆等,CIAE将建成一个比较完整和先进的核能系统结构材料辐照实验平台系统供国内外用户使用。This paper introduces briefly the development of nuclear energy systems from the GEN I to the advanced GEN IV, the progress of manufacturing radiation resistant materials associated with the development of nuclear energy systems and the new methods of investigating radiation properties of the structural materials for the GEN IV nuclear energy systems at first. Irradiation induced deterioration of materials properties is a bottle neck problem, which must be investigated and solved for the development of the GEN IV nuclear energy systems. Unfortunately, all the currently available neutron sources cannot meet the requirements of investigating radiation properties of structural materials irradiated by high dose neutron irradiation in the GEN IV nuclear energy systems. Therefore, two new methods of the accelerator heavy ion irradiation that simulates the high-dose neutron irradiation and the triple beam irradiation that mimics the real neutron irradiation environment in the GEN IV nuclear energy systems have been developed. These two methods are introduced in this paper. The present status of the study on radiation properties of structural materials for nuclear energy systems of the new generation and the near future development plan at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) are described also. The accelerator heavy ion irradiation facilities for different applications and the simultaneous triple beam irradiation platform with three separate accelerators or implanters have been established at the HI-13 tandem accelerator of CIAE. A series of structural materials for nuclear energy systems, such as the home-made modified austenic steel, CLAM steel, 1515 steel, Tantalum, Tungsten, etc. have been tested and investigated systematically. A superconducting linear accelerator and a variable energy heavy ion cyclotron have been imported from abroad for a better performance of the study. Combined with the currently existing facilities of 2×13 MeV and 2×1.7 MV tandem accelerators, 30 and 100 MeV proton cyclotrons, China experimental fast reactor, China advance research reactor, Miniature neutron source reactor, etc. a comprehensive and advanced system of experimental irradiation platform for structural materials of nuclear energy systems will be established in the near future for both domestic and foreign users.     

离子束辐照的碳纳米管及其物性研究

离子束辐照通常被认为导致材料产生缺陷, 形成无序结构, 从而破坏材料的性能。 但是, 最近利用离子束辐照碳纳米管的实验显示离子束辐照碳纳米管形成无定形的过程不能用传统的离子束辐照材料的机制来解释, 离子束辐照可导致碳纳米管形成一些自组装结构, 如无定形碳纳米结和碳纳米管连接结等。 研究还发现离子束辐照的碳纳米管薄膜在导电性和场发射性能方面都能得到明显的增强。 Ion beam irradiation is usually thought to induce defects and disordered structures in materials and then to destroy the properties of the materials. However, our recent experiments about the ion beam irradiation on carbon nanotubes(CNTs) indicate that the ion beam modification mechanism of CNTs is completely different from traditional one of bulk materials, and ion beam irradiation can lead to self organized structures in CNTs, such as amorphous junctions and CNT junctions. Moreover, the irradiated CNTs exhibit a improved conductivity and an enhanced field emission.     

基于HIRFL 的高温应力材料载能离子辐照实验装置

针对未来先进核能装置候选结构材料在高温和应力等条件下抗辐照性能的评价与快速筛选的需求,基于兰州重离子研究装置( HIRFL ) 可提供的离子束流条件,设计制作了国内第一套高温应力材料载能离子辐照装置。该装置由束流扫描及探测系统、高温系统、应力系统、真空冷却系统和远程控制系统等5 部分组成,可以同时提供高温和拉/ 压应力下材料的离子束均匀辐照件,温区覆盖了室温至1 200 °C范围,拉/ 压应力范围为0 ~1176 N,x-y 方向均匀扫描面积可大于40 mmx40 mm。利用该装置,已经成功进行了多次高温和应力条件下载能离子辐照先进核能装置候选材料的实验研究,并取得了初步成果。In order to expedite the evaluation of properties of irradiated materials and the selection of candidate materials for future nuclear energy systems, we developed a specific ion irradiation equipment installed on the Heavy Ion Research Facility of Lanzhou ( HIRFL ) for materials under high temperature and stress. This equipment consists of ion beam scanning and detector system, high temperature load system, stress load system, water cooling system as well as telecommunication and control system. It can supply a wide range of temperature (from room temperature to 1 200 °C ) and stress ( pull / push from 0 to 1 176 N) simultaneously for materials under ion irradiation. The x-y scanning area with high uniformity is larger than 40 mm40 mm. This is the first suit of ion irradiation equipment made in China that can be used to study co-operating effects of high temperature and stress in an irradiated material. It has been successfully used several times for materials irradiations under high temperatures and stress, which proved that the new equipment has very good performances in experiments.     

电子束辐照技术在剩余污泥处理中的应用

电子束辐照技术在剩余污泥处理应用中具有巨大潜能。大量研究表明,经高能电子束辐照,污泥中的各种病原菌会有不同程度的死亡、有机物( 包括非生物降解物质) 大量分解、脱水率提高,臭味减少,危害性降低和资源化应用潜能增加。综述了电子束辐照技术在剩余污泥处理中的优势,重点介绍该技术的应用现状、污泥中污染物的去除机理、处理效果和相关建设费用,并展望了该高新技术的应用前景和发展方向。Recently, electron beam irradiation has great potential in dealing with excess sludge . A great deal of studies showed that the electron beam irradiation played an enormous role in promoting the sludge harmless treatment. Most of pathogenicbacteria was dead and lots of organic substances, especially some non-biodegradable ones, were decomposed by the high electron beam irradiation. The irradiated sludge also had low water content, less odour, low hazard and a better application potential in utilization. This paper reviews the application of electron beam irradiation on excess sludge, the advantages and current situation of the irradiation technology. Mechanisms of removing contaminants, effects of treatment and the construction expense are mainly discussed. The future development of this advanced technology areprospected finally.     

X-ray beam hardening correction for measuring density in linear accelerator industrial computed tomography

Due to X-ray attenuation being approximately proportional to material density,it is possible to measure the inner density through Industrial Computed Tomography（ICT） images accurately. In practice,however,a number of factors including the non-linear effects of beam hardening and diffuse scattered radiation complicate the quantitative measurement of density variations in materials. This paper is based on the linearization method of beam hardening correction,and uses polynomial fitting coecient which is obtained by the curvature of iron polychromatic beam data to fit other materials. Through theoretical deduction,the paper proves that the density measure error is less than 2% if using pre-filters to make the spectrum of linear accelerator range mainly 0.3 MeV to 3 MeV. Experiment had been set up at an ICT system with a 9 MeV electron linear accelerator. The result is satisfactory. This technique makes the beam hardening correction easy and simple,and it is valuable for measuring the ICT density and making use of the CT images to recognize materials.     

A Novel Contactless Method for Characterization of Semiconductors：Surface Electron Bean Induced Voltage in Scanning Electron Microscopy

We present a novel contactless and nondestructive method called the surface electron beam induced voltage (SEBIV) method for characterizing semiconductor materials and devices.The SEBIV method is based on the detection of the surface potential induced by electron beams of scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The core part of the SEBIV detection set-up is a circular metal detector placed above the sample surface.The capacitance between the circular detector and whole surface of the sample is estimated to be about 0.64pf.It is large enough for the detection of the induced surface potential.The irradiation mode of electron beam (e-beam) influences the signal generation When the e-beam irradiates on the surface of semiconductors continuously,a differential signal is obtained.The real distribution of surface potentials can be obtained when a pulsed e-beam with a fixed frequency is used for irradiation and a lock-in amplifier is employed for detection.The polarity of induced potential depends on the structure of potential barriers and surface states of samples.The contrast of SEBIV images in SEM changes with irradiation time and e-beam intensity.     

核固体物理学

核固体物理的研究给核物理学家为解决物理学基本问题作出新贡献提供了许多的良机．本文概要叙述理论研究背景及用核方法研究凝聚态物质微结构的一些新结果,报道用核方法研究材料组份,讨论辐照条件下固体的结构和行为． The study of nuclear solid-state physics provides many new opportunities for nuclear physicists to contribute to the solution of some of the most of the fundamental questions in physics. This paper gives a brief survey of theoretical background and some new results on the microstructure of condensed matter obtained by nuclear methods.The elemental composition of the materials with nuclear methods are presented. The structure and behaviour of the solids under irradiation is discussed.     

利用HIRFL高能重离子束的核能材料辐照损伤研究

载能重离子与高能中子在材料中能够产生相似的级联碰撞损伤,加之重离子具有大的离位损伤截面和在材料样品中低的感生放射性,载能重离子束成为模拟先进核能装置内部结构材料辐照损伤的重要手段。HIRFL能区的重离子在结构材料中的射程一般远大于晶粒尺寸,因此能够产生材料体损伤,借助小样品技术可以获得材料力学性能变化（尤其辐照脆化）的有用信息,为探讨材料辐照损伤微结构和宏观力学性能变化的关联提供了重要条件。本文简要介绍了近年来我们基于HIRFL高能离子束开展的聚变堆候选材料辐照损伤的研究,包括低活化钢的辐照脆化行为、氧化物弥散强化（ODS）铁素体钢的结构优化对于抗辐照性能的影响、不同载能粒子辐照条件下铁素体/马氏体钢的辐照肿胀数据的关联,以及高能重离子辐照的钨材料中氢同位素的滞留行为。研究表明,结合特殊的测试技术及数据分析方法,高能重离子可作为核能结构材料辐照损伤研究及评估的有效手段。Because of the similarity in cascade damage structure in materials produced by energetic heavy ions and by fast neutrons, and the high displacement rate and low induced radioactivity of samples by heavy ions, heavy ion beam becomes an important tool to simulate radiation damage by energetic neutrons in materials in advanced nuclear energy systems. The ranges of heavy ions provided by HIRFL (Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou) are generally much larger than the mean dimensions of grains in alloys candidate to advanced nuclear reactors, and is capable of producing radiation damage in bulk scale. It therefore makes possible the evaluation of change of mechanical properties including the radiation induced embrittlement from the irradiated specimens by using miniaturized specimen techniques. In the present paper, we provide an introduction of our recent studies of radiation damage of materials candidate to future fusion reactors by utilizing heavy ion beams in HIRFL.The studies include issues as follows:ductility loss of RAFM steels causes by high-energy Ne ions, impact of oxide dispersoids on the radiation resistance of ODS ferritic steels, correlation of void swelling of ferritic/martensitic steels under different particle irradiation, and behavior of deuterium retention in tungsten under irradiation with high-energy heavy ions. The results show that high-energy heavy ions can be used as a tool to efficiently investigate or evaluate radiation damage in structure materials if combined with some special test techniques and data analysis.     

Ni离子辐照国产ZIRLO合金的辐照性能研究

国产ZIRLO合金是CAP1400重要的燃料包壳管候选材料之一,因此需要在使用前对该材料进行辐照性能考验。研究了国产ZIRLO合金的辐照性能随辐照温度和损伤剂量的变化。辐照实验在中国原子能科学研究院HI-13串列加速器上,采用80 MeV的Ni离子进行,辐照产生的损伤采用透射电子显微镜、能量色散谱和纳米压痕法等方法表征。国产ZIRLO合金在300℃经10 dpa损伤剂量辐照后观察到均匀分布的析出颗粒,同样剂量在700℃辐照析出颗粒数目减少,析出相的主要成分为Nb。辐照后出现硬化现象,辐照损伤剂量越大,硬化程度越高;随着辐照温度升高,辐照硬化呈减小趋势。The domestic ZIRLO is a promising candidate of cladding materials for CAP1400. It is necessary to test its radiation properties before its use. In this paper, the radiation properties of the domestic ZIRLO have been studied as functions of irradiation temperature and dose respectively. The experiment was performed at the HI-13 tandem accelerator of China Institute of Atomic Energy by using 80 MeV Ni ions at different temperature and different dose. The transmission electron microscopy, electron dispersive spectroscopy and nano-indentation were used to characterize the radiation damage. The experimental results show that the precipitates are uniformly distributed at 10 dpa and 300℃, while at 700℃ the number of precipitates is reduced. Among all the precipitates, Nbisthe dominant element. Hardening phenomenon was also observed after irradiation, the higher the radiation dose, the higher the degree of hardening, and it illustrates a decreasing tendency with the increasing of the irradiation temperature.     

0.56GeV C6+离子在YIG上的辐照效应

用穆斯堡尔谱学、正电子湮没技术和高分辨电子显微镜等方法研究了高能碳离子在石榴石铁氧体材料上的辐照效应,辐照效应引起材料微结构变化源于缺陷和缺陷团,导致缺陷周围磁结构变化,内场趋向各向同性,辐照并且使得晶胞参数变大;引起材料磁性能变化源于由于O~2—空位形成而使超交换场降低,从而减小超精细场。 The vacancies and vacancy clusters induced by the irradiation lead to the change of themagnetic structure around the defects. The reduction of the hyperfine magnetic field is caused by thelower superexchange field due to the formation of the O~(2-) vacancies. The change of direction of thehyperfine field has been also observed in Mossbauer spectra. On the other hand, the X-raydiffraction showed that the defects give rise to an increase of the lattice constant of the samples.     

慢正电子束流技术在金属/合金微观缺陷研究中的应用

正电子湮没谱学技术是研究材料微观结构非常有效的一种核谱学分析方法, 主要用于获取材料内部微观结构的分布信息, 特别是微观缺陷结构及其特性等传统表征方法难以获取的微观结构信息. 近年来, 在慢正电子束流技术快速发展的基础上, 正电子湮没谱学技术在薄膜材料表面和界面微观结构的研究中得到了广泛应用. 特别是该技术对空位型缺陷的高灵敏表征能力, 使其在金属/合金材料表面微观缺陷的形成机理、缺陷结构特性及其演化行为等研究方面具有独特的优势. 针对材料内部微观缺陷的形成、演化机理以及缺陷特性的研究, 如缺陷的微观结构、化学环境、电子密度和动量分布等, 正电子湮没谱学测量方法和表征分析技术已经发展成熟. 而能量连续可调的低能正电子束流, 进一步实现了薄膜材料表面微观结构深度分布信息的实验表征. 本文综述了慢正电子束流技术应用研究的最新进展, 主要围绕北京慢正电子束流装置在金属/合金材料微观缺陷的研究中对微观缺陷特性的表征和表面微观缺陷演化行为的应用研究成果展开论述.     

Helium-hydrogen synergistic effects on swelling in in-situ multiple-ion beams irradiated steels

The development of reliable fusion energy is one of the most important challenges in this century. The accelerated degradation of structural materials in fusion reactors caused by neutron irradiation would cause severe problems. Due to the lack of suitable fusion neutron testing facilities, we have to rely on ion irradiation experiments to test candidate materials in fusion reactors. Moreover, fusion neutron irradiation effects are accompanied by the simultaneous transmutation production of helium and hydrogen. One important method to study the He-H synergistic effects in materials is multiple simultaneous ion beams (MSIB) irradiation that has been studied for decades. To date, there is no convincing conclusion on these He-H synergistic effects among these experiments. Recently, a multiple ion beam in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis facility was developed in Xiamen University (XIAMEN facility), which is the first triple beam system and the only in-running in-situ irradiation facility with TEM in China. In this work, we conducted the first high-temperature triple simultaneous ion beams irradiation experiment with TEM observation using the XIAMEN facility. The responses to in-situ triple-ion beams irradiation in austenitic steel 304L SS and ferritic/martensitic steel CLF-1 were studied and compared with the results in dual- and single-ion beam(s) irradiated steels. Synergistic effects were observed in MSIB irradiated steels. Helium was found to be critical for cavity formation, while hydrogen has strong synergistic effect on increasing swelling.     

Formation,Dynamics, and Characterization of Nanostructures by Ion Beam Irradiation

Ion beam irradiation is a potential tool for phase formation and material modification as a non-equilibrium technique. Localized rise in temperature and ultra fast (～10^?12 s) dissipations of impinging energy make it an attractive tool for metastable phase formation. As a matter of fact, a major component of materials science is dominated by ion beam methods, either for synthesis of materials or for its characterization. The synthesis of nanostructures, and their modification by ion beam technique will be discussed in this review article. Formation of nanostructures using ion beam technique will be discussed first. Depending on species (e.g., mass and charge state) and energy range, there are various modes for an energetic ion to dissipate its energy. The role of the electron will also be covered in this article as a basic principle of its interaction with matter, which is same as for an ion. By using a simple reactive ion beam or electron induced deposition, a secondary phase can be nucleated by ion beam mixing techniques, either by using inert gas irradiation or reactive gas implantation on any desired substrate. Nucleation of secondary phase can also be executed by electron irradiation and direct implantation of either negative or positive ions. Post implantation annealing processes are required for the complete growth of clusters formed in most of these ion irradiation techniques. Implantation processes being inherently a non-equilibrium technique, defects always have a role to play in phase formation, amorphization, and beyond (blister formation). When implanted with large energy, even electrons, one of the lightest charged particles, also manifest these properties. Electronic and nuclear energy losses of the impinging charged particle play a crucial role in material modification. Doping a nanocluster, however, is still a controversial topic. Some light will be shed on this topic with a discussion of focused ion beam.     

二维原子晶体的低电压扫描透射电子显微学研究

二维原子晶体材料,如石墨烯和过渡金属硫族化合物等,具有不同于其块体的独特性能,有望在二维半导体器件中得到广泛应用.晶体中的结构缺陷对材料的物理化学性能有直接的影响,因此研究结构缺陷和局域物性之间的关联是当前二维原子晶体研究中的重要内容,需要高空间分辨率的结构研究手段.由于绝大部分二维原子晶体在高能量高剂量的电子束辐照下容易发生结构损伤,利用电子显微方法对二维原子晶体缺陷的研究面临诸多挑战.低电压球差校正扫描透射电子显微(STEM)技术的发展,一个主要目标就是希望在不损伤结构的前提下对二维原子晶体的本征结构缺陷进行研究.在STEM下,多种不同的信号能够被同步采集,包括原子序数衬度高分辨像和电子能量损失谱等,是表征二维原子晶体缺陷的有力工具,不但能对材料的本征结构进行单原子尺度的成像和能谱分析,还能记录材料结构的动态变化.通过调节电子束加速电压和电子辐照剂量,扫描透射电子显微镜也可以作为电子刻蚀二维原子晶体材料的平台,用于加工新型纳米结构以及探索新型二维原子晶体的原位制备.本综述主要以本课题组在石墨烯和二维过渡金属硫族化合物体系的研究为例,介绍低电压扫描透射电子显微学在二维原子晶体材料研究中的实际应用.     

Self-organized amorphous material in silicon (0 0 1) by focused ion beam (FIB) system

A method using a focused ion beam (FIB) to prepare a silicon amorphous material is presented. The method involves the redeposition of sputtered material generated during the interaction of the Ga⁺ ion beam with a silicon substrate material. The shape and dimensions of this amorphous material are self-organized and reproducible. The stability of this amorphous material under electron irradiation was investigated in the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electron irradiation can induce recrystallization of the amorphous material, resulting in the lateral and vertical growth, starting at an amorphous-crystalline interface, of polysilicon containing defects.     

In-situ SEM indentation studies of the deformation mechanisms in TiN, CrN and TiN/CrN

In this study, the microstructure and the deformation mechanisms of TiN, CrN and multilayer TiN/CrN thin films on silicon substrates were investigated. Cross-sectional lamellas of nanoindents were prepared by focused ion beam milling to observe by transmission electron microscopy the microstructure of the as-deposited and deformed materials. TiN film exhibits nanocrystalline columns, whereas CrN shows large grains. The TiN/CrN multilayer presents microstructural features typical for both materials. A film hardness of 16.9GPa for CrN, 15.8GPa for TiN and 16.6GPa for TiN/CrN was found by the nanoindentation. Reduced modulus recorded for TiN and CrN reference coatings were 221.54 and 171.1GPa, respectively, and 218.6GPa for the multilayer coating. The deformation mechanisms were observed via in-situ scanning electron microscope nanoindentation. The TiN thin film showed short radial cracks, whereas CrN deformed through pile-up and densification of the material. For TiN/CrN multilayer pile-up and cracks were found. Transmission electron microscopy observations indicated that TiN deforms through grain boundary sliding and CrN via densification and material flow. The deformation mechanism observed in TiN/CrN multilayer was found to be a mixture of both modes.     

A variable electron beam and its irradiation effect on optical and electrical properties of CdS thin films

A low energy electron accelerator has been constructed and tested. The electron beam can operate in low energy mode (100 eV to 10 keV) having a beam diameter of 8–10 mm. Thin films of CdS having thickness of 100 nm deposited on ITO-coated glass substrate by thermal evaporation method have been irradiated by electron beam in the above instrument. The I–V characteristic is found to be nonlinear before electron irradiation and linear after electron irradiation. The TEP measurement confirms the n-type nature of the material. The TEP and I–V measurements also confirm the modification of ITO/CdS interface with electron irradiation.      

强流脉冲电子束作用下金属锆的微观结构与应力状态

利用强流脉冲电子束 (HCPEB) 技术对金属纯锆进行表面处理, 采用X射线衍射, 扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜详细分析了辐照诱发的表层微观结构和缺陷. X射线分析结果表明, HCPEB辐照后在材料表层诱发幅值为GPa量级的压应力, 并形成{0002}, {1012}, {1120}及{1013}织构. 表层微观结构观察表明, 与其他金属材料不同, HCPEB辐照在材料表层诱发的熔坑数量极少, 多次轰击甚至几乎没有表面熔坑的形成. 此外, 在快速的加热和冷却状态下, 在表面熔化层形成大量的超细晶粒结构, 同时诱发马氏体相变和强烈的塑性变形. 1次HCPEB辐照后表层内形成的变形微结构以位错为主, 孪晶数量较少; 5 次辐照样品的位错密度迅速增高, 孪晶数量也显著增加; 10次辐照后样品中的变形微结构以变形孪晶为主, 且出现二次孪晶现象. 表层晶粒内部变形的晶体学特征不仅决定了表层的织构演化行为, 而且还起到细化晶粒的作用, 为纯锆及锆合金表面强化提供了一条有效的途径. 关键词： 强流脉冲电子束 纯锆 微观结构 应力状态     

Formation of Mn3O4/C core-shell nanowires and a new Mn-O phase by electron beam irradiation

Carbon shells have been formed on Mn₃O₄ nanowires under electron beam irradiation in a transmission electron microscope. The microstructure is characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, electron energy-loss spectroscopy and energy-filtered imaging. Detailed TEM analysis confirms that the outer shell is composed of amorphous carbon with a thickness of 5–20 nm while the core is single crystalline Mn₃O₄. Electron beam irradiation induces the formation of the carbon shells. A new manganese oxide phase is also found by the transformation of Mn₃O₄ under the attack of the electron beam. PACS 61.82.Rx; 81.07.-b; 68.37.Lp; 79.20.Rf; 61.80.Lj     

A study on beam profile of an industrial electron accelerator

Experimental evaluation of electron beam profile of a recently upgraded industrial electron accelerator has been carried out to study characteristics of the beam required for the irradiation of various industrial products. Calibrated cellulose triacetate (CTA) film strip dosimeters were used for the measurement of dose profile along and transverse to the scanning direction at different distances in air under the beam extraction window in dynamic (conveyor) and static mode of operation. Two-dimensional dose distribution mapping under the beam has also been measured by using a large number of CTA strip dosimeters. The obtained result shows that the electron beam emerging out from scanning horn has a good uniformity along the scanning direction within 90% of the average maximum dose. Also, the paper reports depth dose distribution in unit density material under the 4.5?MeV beam. Using this study, area affecting dose to the product is controlled within the limit for the irradiation.