ITER高温超导电流引线的高安全分流器研究

电流引线是室温电源电缆与低温磁体之间的电连接部件.高温超导材料在液氮温度下具有零电阻率和低热导率的特性,用它做成的电流引线可以大大减小低温系统的热负荷,从而减少制冷设备投资及系统运行费.高温超导电流引线可以分为阻性换热器段和高温超导段两部分(其中还包括各部件间的连接部分).高温超导段的分流器设计关系到冷端热负荷大小以及超导段失超后的安全问题.为了研究国际热核聚变试验堆(ITER)电流引线高安全性能,专门设计、试验了68kA引线的1/90实验样品.本文通过对比全CuBe(cu-2%Be)分流器、全不锈钢分流器和二元分流器的失冷故障(LOFA)实验结果,证明二元分流器能够克服安全性和冷端漏热矛盾,可以满足ITER高安全性的要求.     

ITER PF高温超导电流引线原型件分流器漏热分析

为了满足ITER(国际热核聚变反应堆计划) PF(极向场)高温超导电流引线运行所需要的5K端能量损耗,根据IO(ITER国际组织)的设计要求,对分流器进行了优化设计。为检验分流器漏热性能,对分流器的材料参数进行了研究,建立了分流器物理模型,并进行了理论漏热值计算,同时运用焓差法对漏热值进行了测试,结果表明理论值与试验值基本吻合,均满足IO的设计要求。该型高温超导电流引线分流器的成功应用将会为未来CFETR高温超导电流引线分流器的设计、制造及测试提供技术指导。     

Pt1000温度计在HTS电流引线失冷实验中的应用研究

首先对Pt1000温度计在20K到室温范围的温度进行校准,进而应用在ITER高温超导电流引线超导模件分流器安全性能实验研究中,实现低温到室温的测量和控制。实验和测量结果表明:Pt1000温度计在20K~70K的误差一般小于1K,完全可以代替Cernox温度计用于ITER高温超导电流引线超导模件分流器的安全性研究中,能够大大降低其实验测试费用。     

超导导体测试平台背场磁体降温实验研究

在成功建成世界首个全超导托卡马克装置EAST及加入ITER项目的基础上,我国正在进行聚变工程实验堆CFETR的设计工作。超导磁体作为CFETR主机系统重要的组成部分,其研制过程需要大电流、强磁场超导导体测试装置。文中详细介绍了超导导体测试平台的背场磁体系统,设计并研制了2kA二元高温超导电流引线、超导磁体失超探测及保护系统、低温系统,并开展了磁体降温及通电实验。     

Bi-2223带材制备的高温超导电流引线

为了降低沿电流引线的漏热,用于制备高温超导电流引线的B i-2223带材要求具有较低的热导率。文中介绍了低热导率银金合金B i-2223高温超导带材;给出了其热导率的测试结果;并采用该带材制造了高温超导电流引线样机。液氮条件下测试该段高温超导引线的临界电流为332A。     

气冷变截面电流引线优化设计与实验研究

电流引线是连接超导低温装置室温电源与超导单元的桥梁,其漏热直接关系到低温系统的运行稳定与运行成本.本文对传统的气冷电流引线分段计算方法做了一定的改进,提出了气冷变截面电流引线优化设计方法.应用此方法为一个YBCO高温超导带材临界电流特性测试装置设计了变截面电流引线.通过对电流引线的温度场分布进行实验测量,并与设计值进行比较,结果吻合较好,证明了气冷变截面电流引线设计方法的有效性和实际优化效果.本文的设计方法及相关实验研究为变截面电流引线在超导低温装置中的实际应用提供了一定的参考.     

6kA气冷二元电流引线优化

为了开展高温超导导体实验研究,中国科学院等离子体物理研究所正在建设背场达6 T,最大测试电流为30 kA的超导导体测试装置。在进行高温超导导体测试时,要为背场磁体提供约6 kA的电流。为了减少电流引线的漏热,设计了自洽气冷二元电流引线,主要由铜换热器段及高温超导段组成。并以电流引线低温端漏热最小及低温端漏热使得的液氦蒸发量等于冷却电流引线所需的氦气量为依据,采用自编c程序对电流引线的尺寸进行优化。同时从简化结构、增加对流换热系数的角度出发,设计出换热效率高、满足换热需求的铜换热器。     

ITER电流引线高温超导叠制作工艺及性能测试

ITER高温超导电流引线载流能力最大要达到68 kA,一根电流引线共需要1000多根银金基Bi-2223高温超导带并联.这些高温超导带分成90叠,每叠由12层带组成.银金基Bi-2223带价格是普通银基Bi系带的4～5倍,而目前欧洲超导公司提供的超导叠的报价几乎是其带价格加倍,所以开发超导叠的制作工艺是非常有价值的.本文详细的介绍了超导叠的真空钎焊制作工艺,并进行了77 K下超导带的接头电阻测试和77 K自场下的临界电流测试,以及模拟在实际运行温度65～5 K条件下高温超导叠的载流能力测试和接头电阻的测试.测试结果证明了此工艺的可行性.     

高温超导电流引线研究进展概述

超导装置中需要电流引线实现室温端外部电源与处于低温环境的超导磁体相连，采用高温超导电流引线可以有效降低端漏热，降低运行成本.在满足设计电流的基础上，尽可能降低电流引线的总漏热，提升其失冷时间与烧毁时间，是高温超导电流引线的优化目标.本文概述了高温超导电流引线的传热分析、结构设计、安全性评价以及国内外具体应用案例.     

第二代高温超导长带传输临界电流表征及其对电压引线间距的依赖性

传输法(或四引线法) 测量可直观、 准确的体现超导材料临界电流特性. 为表征第二代高温超导长带临界电流及其沿长度方向均匀性特征, 本文以四引线法为基础, 建立了动态传输法测量装置, 并对该装置的重复稳定性进行了评估, 同时, 表征了第二代高温超导长带临界电流对电压引线间距的依赖关系. 实验结果发现, 重复性测量不确定度为0.74% ( <1 % ) , 该装置具有良好重复稳定性, 且测量速度达200~300 m/h, 满足高温超导产业化测量需求; 随着电压引线间距增加, 第二代高温超导长带各测试段临界电流的最大值和最小值分别呈现逐渐减小和增加的趋势, 平均值变化不大, 保持稳定, 其中最大值和最小值向平均值收敛; 各测试段临界电流的标准偏差随电压引线间距的增加而减小, 通过线性拟合得, 标准偏差与电压引线间距关系为:s =3.47 / L02.36 . 传输法测量装置的建立及其关键参数电压引线间距对临界电流表征的影响研究, 对推动第二代高温超导产业化进程具有重大意义.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.