压电式摆动圆柱形偶极发射换能器优化研究

为了实现偶极信号有效辐射,获得足够高的信噪比,全面分析弯曲波频散,本文提出了一种新型的频带范围为0.5–5 k Hz的压电式摆动圆柱形偶极声波测井换能器,并采用有限元方法对其进行了模拟和优化设计。此外,论文还对换能器进行了实验样机制作和实验测量,将实验测量与数值模拟结果进行了对比。研究表明,提出的新型偶极声波换能器比传统换能器具有更高的发射灵敏度,尤其是在低频响应范围。本文为新型偶极声波测井换能器的研发工作奠定了基础。     

从换能器技术的变化看声波测井技术的发展

无论是在电缆测井还是在随钻测井方面,声波换能器结构和振动模式的变化导致了声波测井技术的进步和重大演化.文章以声波测井换能器技术的变化为主线,分析了声波测井技术的发展和进步以及我国在该技术领域取得的进步.单极子声波测井技术已经成为我国成熟的声波测井技术,包括非对称声源技术在内的多极子声波测井技术是我国刚刚攻克的先进声波测井技术并已经进入产业化进程,以井下声波的定向辐射和定向接收为最主要特征的相控声波测井技术是正在研发的新一代声波测井技术,我国在此领域也已经取得显著突破.     

正交偶极声波测井换能器有限元分析*

三叠片型换能器是正交偶极声波测井仪器的重要组成部分。换能器的性能直接影响声波测井数据的质量。本文在前人工作基础上,针对三叠片型声波测井发射换能器长度方向的一阶弯曲振动工作模式,利用有限元方法,模拟了换能器结构尺寸和边界条件变化对换能器性能的影响。结果显示,结构尺寸和边界条件对换能器的谐振频率和电导值均有不同程度的影响。参考数值模拟结果,选取合适的结构尺寸参数和边界固定方式,可以调整和选择正交偶极声波测井仪器发射换能器工作频率和最大发射效率。本文研究结果对三叠片型换能器的优化设计有较好的指导意义。     

基于电缆-无线耦合的随钻测井信号传输新方法及其数值模拟研究

信号传输是随钻测井的重要组成部分, 也是随钻测井进一步发展的瓶颈.针对这个问题, 研究了由Novatek^TM提出的基于钻杆内有线传输, 钻杆间电磁耦合传输的随钻信号高速传输方法.首先, 针对钻杆间的电磁耦合结构的对称性, 采用了高效的数值模式匹配法对该耦合结构进行了电磁建模; 然后, 为了优化钻杆间耦合结构的耦合性能, 利用上述的电磁建模方法对该耦合结构进行了仿真分析, 分析了该耦合结构各个参数对耦合性能的影响, 并得出了一些有意义的结论, 该结论能够指导随钻测井信号钻杆间耦合传输的优化设计.另外, 钻杆内传输线利用矩形传输线设计, 设计出了50 Ω 特性阻抗的矩形传输线, 并计算了相关损耗.最后, 通过仿真和实验验证了优化设计的钻杆间耦合传输结构具有非常好的传输性能, 并且仿真和实验结果符合良好. 关键词： 随钻信号传输 数值模式匹配 电磁耦合 矩形传输线     

弯曲圆盘驱动的双Helmholtz共振腔换能器

使用双面同相振动的弯曲圆盘换能器驱动双Helmholtz共振腔,既放大了弯曲圆盘换能器弯曲共振频率以下频段的声输出,又利用两个Helmholtz共振腔的同相声源辐射模型实现了在Helmholtz共振频率处的"∞"字形垂直指向性,实现了低频指向性声发射。阐述了换能器实现"∞"字形低频指向性发射的机理,研究了腔体长度、金属圆片厚度及弯曲圆盘边缘简支厚度等关键结构参数对Helmholtz共振频率的影响,求解了换能器的发送电压响应、指向性等参数。依据仿真结果制作了实验样机,在消声水池中进行了电声性能测试。测试结果显示,指向性形状及液腔共振频率与仿真结果基本相符。这种由弯曲圆盘驱动的双Helmholtz共振腔水声换能器为实现水声换能器小尺寸、低频指向性发射提供了一种技术手段。      

偶极随钻声波测井声压和径向位移响应的差异*

声波测井仪接收到的电信号通常是多个压电片响应的叠加,它主要是由声压还是径向位移响应转化而来,或是两种响应兼有目前未有定论。该文通过实轴积分法和复变函数法计算并对比分析随钻声波测井的声压和径向位移场,发现这两种响应特性有着显著的差异。首先,软地层的偶极随钻测井时,声压信号包含钻铤波和舒尔特波两个波群,而径向位移信号仅有钻铤波波群;其次,单极声源情况下,声压和径向位移信号的钻铤波能量分别集中在钻铤内、外壁,而偶极情况恰好相反,可见,钻铤按照单极情况的分析结果进行刻槽后,高频时的拖尾现象会影响偶极信号中舒尔特波对横波速度的反演。因此,阐明两类信号的差异对横波速度的反演和钻铤波的压制都具有重要意义。     

声波测井中的物理问题

文章从声波测井的基本概念入手,介绍了什么是声波测井,其基本原理是什么,声波测井中的主要物理问题是什么,还从几个侧面介绍了声波测井的基本应用和未来的发展趋势,包括传统的电缆测井、目前国外流行的随钻声波测井以及具有应用前景但是尚处于研究阶段的震电测井.文章向从事物理研究的工作者概述了声波测井相关的物理问题和研究的发展现状,为打算涉入声波测井领域研究或者对相关领域研究感兴趣的读者提供了一些基本素材和知识.     

基于倒双谱的套管井声学评价系统特性辨识

将发射探头(T)、接收探头(R)和TR之间介质视为套管井声学评价系统的组成部分，由套管井声波测井响应，采用倒双谱技术辨识该声学系统的冲激响应，计算得到了该声学系统的特性曲线(冲激响应曲线)。当T、R同时位于自由套管区域时，声学系统特性曲线幅度最高，并且曲线的两端和中心点附近都有比较大的起伏；当T、R同时位于水泥完全胶结区域时，特性曲线幅度最低且比较平坦；随着T、R间窜槽面积的增大，特性曲线幅度逐渐增加并且中心点附近幅度的增加比较明显。通过对该声学系统特性的辨识，从冲激响应曲线瀑布图中可直观反映出套管井水泥胶结的质量。该方法对丰富、完善声波水泥胶结测井资料解释工作具有重要参考价值。     

具有大指向性开角及高发射电压响应的发射换能器

应用复合变幅杆及夹心式换能器结构,研制了一种指向性开角较大且发射电压响应较高的发射换能器。应用有限元方法对换能器的工作频率,发射电压响应及指向性进行了理论计算。并与实验结果进行了比较,结果较吻合。本文研制的换能器工作频率为75.6kHz,发射电压响应级达到1 56dB(基准值1V/μPa),-3dB发射指向性开角100°     

Experimental and finite element modelling studies on single-layer and multi-layer 1-3 piezocomposite transducers

Finite element modelling (FEM) using ATILA code and experimental studies have been carried out on 1-3 piezocomposite transducers. FEM study was initially carried out on a piezocomposite infinite plate and then extended to transducers of finite size. The infinite-plate model results agree well with that of a simple analytical model and experiments. The acoustic performance of multi-layer finite-size piezocomposite transducers was also studied. Transducer stacks were fabricated with different number of layers. The transducer characteristics such as the electrical impedance, the transmitting voltage response (TVR) and the receiving sensitivity (RS) of the 1-3 piezocomposite transducers were evaluated as functions of frequency, ceramic volume fractions and the number of layers. TVR increases and RS decreases with increase in ceramic volume fractions. The model results are found to agree with the experimental data, especially when the number of layers is less.     

Advantage analysis of PMN-PT material for free-flooded ring transducers

The acoustic radiation characteristics of free-flooded ring transducers made of PZT4 and PMN-PT materials are calculated and compared.First,the theoretical formulae for free-flooded ring transducers are studied.The resonant frequencies of a transducer made of PZT4 and PMN-PT materials are calculated.Then,the transmitting voltage responses of the free-flooded ring transducers are calculated using the finite element method.Finally,the acoustic radiation characteristics of the free-flooded ring transducers are calculated using the boundary element method.The calculated results show that the resonant frequencies of the free-flooded ring transducer made of PMN-PT are greatly reduced compared with those made of PZT4 with the same size.The transmitting voltage response of the transducer made of PMN-PT is much higher than that of the transducer made of PZT4.The calculated 3-dB beamwidth of the acoustic radiated far-field directivity of the free-flooded ring transducer made of PZT4 at the resonant frequency 1900 Hz is 63.6 and that of the transducer made of PMN-PT at the resonant frequency 1000 Hz is 64.6.The comparison results show that the free-flooded ring transducer made of PMN-PT material has many advantages over that made of PZT4.The PMN-PT is a promising material for improving the performance of free-flooded ring transducers.     

铁镓单晶Janus-Helmholtz换能器

针对深水、低频、宽带换能器的技术需求,结合Janus-Helmholtz换能器的结构特点和铁镓单晶材料低场应变大及机械强度高的特性,提出了铁镓单晶Janus-Helmholtz换能器设计方案。采用永磁偏磁场和环形闭合磁路,建立了一系列铁镓单晶磁致伸缩换能器理论分析模型,包括对磁致伸缩材料参数进行线性化处理,设计了换能器最佳工作点,结合静态磁场和动态磁场分布情况分段细化换能器驱动等效参数,以及利用全阻抗模型通过电感损耗等效计算换能器静态阻抗,然后通过二维有限元分析等效模型,优化分析了换能器的结构参数与电声性能。最后制作了换能器样机,并进行了测试与分析。对比仿真和测试结果表明:全阻抗模型得到的阻抗曲线与样机测试结果相一致,有限元等效模型计算的发送电流响应与样机测试结果良好吻合。换能器样机水中谐振基频为1000 Hz,谐振频率下发送电流响应176.4 dB;在875～2300 Hz频率范围内,发送电流响应起伏不大于6 dB;增加驱动电流有效值到16.2 A,最大声源级可以达到196.2 dB。     

Outer cavity Janus-Helmholtz underwater acoustic transducer

The outer cavity Janus-Helmholtz with sound insulation layer is presented for obtaining the capacity of high-power non-directional transmitting. The radiation efficiency and directivity in the 0 degrees direction can be improved when the radiation mode is changed by laying sound insulation layer. The operating bandwidth can be expanded effectively by the dual mode coupling between the cavity vibration and longitudinal vibration of Janus transducer. A prototype is designed by finite element method. Test results show that the results are in good agreement with the design results. Compared with inner cavity Janus-Helmholtz transducer,acoustic radiation performance of outer cavity Janus-Helmholtz underwater acoustic transducer in the 0 degrees direction has been significantly improved.     

Application of cylindrical linear phased array in casing borehole

An Ultrasonic Phased Array （UPA） transducer is presented for borehole imaging and casing inspection in acoustical logging. First, a Cylindrical Linear Phased Array （CLPA）, which is made up of numbers of piezoelectric elements distributed on the surface of a cylinder uniformly, is designed and fabricated. By transmitting and receiving acoustic waves using different groups of elements under the control of the electric system, the CLPA can gcan all area of the borehole wall dynamically and rapidly. Then the radiation and reflection acoustic fields of the CLPA are investigated theoretically in the casing borehole with defects. Finally, the experimental researches about ultrasonic scanning and imaging for the casing boreholes with defects have been conducted by the CLPA transducer. The experimental results consist well with the theoretical ones.     

铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷纵振换能器*

高性能环境友好型无铅压电陶瓷及其应用是当前压电材料研究的热点之一,为了探究其在水声换能器领域的应用潜力,该文对铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷和锆钛酸铅压电陶瓷纵振式换能器进行了对比研究。依据仿真结果优化结构尺寸,制作了两种换能器样机并测试了其在空气中和水中的电声性能。测试结果表明,铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷换能器的谐振频率为35kHz,最大发送电压响应为 151dB,声源级可达 190dB,在 26kHz~67kHz 的频率范围内发送电压响应的起伏不超过±4.5dB,谐振频率处-3dB 的指向性开角约为 76°。该无铅压电陶瓷换能器具有和锆钛酸铅压电陶瓷换能器相当的发射性能,有望推动无铅压电材料在水声换能器领域的应用进程。     

Design of a self-calibrating simulated acoustic emission source

The use of conical piezoelectric transducers as point acoustic sources has been investigated. It has been shown that transducers based on a design originally developed at the National Institute for Standards and Technology in the USA can be used as point transmitters over the frequency range of interest in acoustic emission measurements (100 kHz to around 1 MHz). They should, therefore, be suitable for use in experiments to calibrate structures so that acoustic emission source strengths can be determined. It has also been shown that measurements of the response of the transmitting transducer backing can be used to assess the coupling efficiency, and hence to remove concerns about inconsistent coupling affecting the calibration measurements. The results indicate that the variation of the backing response with coupling is due to a shift in the resonance frequencies of the transducer with the mechanical load impedance. If other transducers can be shown to behave in a similar fashion this effect could be used to measure coupling in standard acoustic emission and ultrasonic transducers.     

Investigations of the barbell ultrasonic transducer operated in the full-wave vibrational mode

In this paper, the resonance frequency equation and expression of displacement amplitude magnifications of a full-wave barber ultrasonic horn are obtained. By discussing the relationships between the displacement amplitude magnifications and the geometrical dimensions, the optimized design of the horn for the largest magnification is proposed, which is helpful to improve the radiation power and the transfer efficiency of the acoustic energy of the ultrasonic oscillatory system. Based on the optimized design of the horn, we introduced a barbell ultrasonic transducer operated in the longitudinal full-wave vibrational model and obtained the resonance frequency equations. For comparison, the resonance frequencies of the full-wave barbell horn and the full-wave barbell transducer are also analyzed by finite element method (FEM). It is shown that the values obtained by theoretical analysis and FEM are in good agreement with experimental observations. We hope that the research of this paper is helpful for the use of the barbell horn and transducer in the applications such as ultrasonic liquid processing.     

音叉式石英晶振共振频率对QEPAS传感器性能影响的研究

以标准商用石英音叉（QTF）为测声模块的石英增强光声光谱（QEPAS）技术是近年来发展迅速的一种痕量气体检测技术。标准商用QTF拥有的小体积,高Q值,高共振频率的特性使QEPAS技术具有结构紧凑且对环境噪声免疫的特性。但传统商用QTF狭窄的振臂间距以及较高的共振频率,使其无法在光源光束质量较差或被测气体弛豫率较低的情况下被很好的应用于QEPAS系统。为克服上述难题,非标准商用QTF（f₀≠32.7 kHz）被设计制作并越来越多的被装配于QEPAS系统中。因此,QTF共振频率对QEPAS系统信噪比的影响需要被详细研究。以水汽为目标气体,采用二次谐波调制解调技术研究了QTF共振频率对基于QEPAS技术传感器性能的影响。实验结果表明,QTF共振频率的变化对QEPAS系统的输出信号及噪声均有显著影响且QTF共振频率与QEPAS系统信噪比之间存在反比关系。上述结论对QEPAS系统中非标准QTF的设计及使用均具有重要的指导价值,对该类传感器的研发及应用意义重大。     

一种基于互易原理的超声功率新测量方法

本文从换能器的互易原理出发，利用平面波自易校准法获得换能器的自由场发送电流响应．根据平面活塞型换能器的衍射规律，推导出发射声功率的表达式．由此计算互易换能器在给定驱动电流（或电压）作用下的辐射超声功率．基于上述原理，使用自易校准装置测量了互易换能器的声功率一频率曲线．估计的测量不确定优于±20％．     

Load characteristics of high power sandwich piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers

Based on the equivalent circuit theory, the load characteristics of high power piezoelectric ultrasonic sandwich transducers are studied. Two types of loads are studied. One is liquid load as in ultrasonic cleaning, and the other is solid load as in ultrasonic drilling and machining. The effect of load and structure of the transducer on the resonance frequency of the transducer is analyzed. It is shown that the effect of load on the resonance frequency of sandwich transducers with different structures is different. For liquid load as in ultrasonic cleaning, the effect of the load on the resonance frequency of the sandwich transducer with symmetrical structure is the largest. It is the smallest for the transducer with its displacement node in the back metal cylinder. For solid load as in ultrasonic drilling and machining, the effect of the load on the resonance frequency of the sandwich transducer with its displacement node in the front metal cylinder is the largest. It is also the smallest for the transducer with its displacement node in the back metal cylinder. On the other hand, for some applications, such as ultrasonic drilling, when the lateral dimension of the tool is much less than that of the transducer, its effect on the resonance frequency of the transducer is small. The conclusions are useful in designing vibrating systems for different ultrasonic applications.