基于球壳内壁反射的球形换能器自易校准方法

基于球形换能器发射的脉冲球面声波及其在同心球壳内壁的反射,应用机电互易定理,导出了在球面波发射回波声场中,用于校准球形换能器的互易常数.以此为基础,提出一种使用封闭球壳反射器的自易校准方法,通过一次测量即可得到球形换能器的5个基本电声参数.进一步,将自易法校准所得的电压灵敏度换算成平面波声场中定义的标准灵敏度,给出了换...     

功率超声换能器辐射声功率的激光干涉测量

利用激光干涉仪,绝对测定超声换能器表面的振动位移并由此而确定超声换能器的辐射声功率,对一增幅杆型的超声换能器辐射声功率测量的实验结果表明,在本文的声功率测量范围内,空化对换能器表面的振运移测量影响不大,而且该换能器的电声功率转换效率经实验测定可达到０．４０。     

无损检测用换能器灵敏度的测量

在无损检测领域中换能器的灵敏度应该是一个重要的特性,但对于超声探伤用的换能器的灵敏度至今还没有一个有效的方法来进行测量。本文把换能器看成是平面源,推得了它在远场条件下的互易参量。并采用互易技术在固体样品中校准了超声换能器的灵敏度,实验表明超声探伤用的换能器的发送和接收灵敏度是能够精确测量的,在一定的耦合条件下,测试总精确度在±1dB以内。     

聚焦换能器自由场互易校准的冲击响应积分法衍射系数计算

在聚焦换能器的会聚球面波自由场互易校准法中，衍射损失修正系数是获得互易常数的一个关键参数。本文利用冲击响应函数积分法系统地计算了超声治疗头、机械扫描B超探头以及多普勒诊断探头的衍射损失系数，得出了一些典型参数下的计算曲线，可供不同类型的聚焦换能器会聚球面波互易校准时引用。与传统的瑞利积分法分析比较显示，本文中所采用的冲击响应函数积分法显著地提高了运算速度，同时基本保持了与瑞利积分算法计算结果的一致性。     

使用激光测振技术校准水听器灵敏度

介绍了我们利用激光测振技术在 １０～ ２００ ｋＨz频段建立的一套校准水听器灵敏度的测试装置。在该套装置中,通过激光测振仪直接测量声波作用下水介质的质点振速并导出相应的声压量值,然后利用该声压量进行待测水听器灵敏度的校准。由于不存在换能器非线性和非互易性等因素的影响,整套装置的测量不确定度减小到 ０．５ ｄＢ左右,同时该方法还具有操作方便的特点。     

用碰撞脉冲声源测定声发射换能器绝对灵敏度的方法

声发射换能器的校准一直是人们所关心的问题。由于工作状态的不同,采用互易法来测量声发射换能器的绝对灵敏度是不适宜的。因此,多数文献仅限于用比较法获得声发射换能器的频率响应和相对灵敏度。 本文从经典的脉冲力源作用下厚板中声场分布问题出发,结合碰撞理论,探讨在一定条件下,利用由碰撞产生的脉冲声源来获取声发射换能器绝对灵敏度的方法。实验所得结果是令人满意的。     

偶极子接收换能器驻波场校准系统的研究

本文研究了设计偶极子接收换能器的驻波场校准系统，利用该系统可以实现偶极子类型接收换能器的校准，包括接收灵敏度及偶极子方向性的测量，频率范围为２０－２０００Ｈｚ校准误差小于１ｄＢ。     

压电瞬态响应在换能器声功率测量中的应用

探索一种简便的聚焦超声功率测量方法,利用压电陶瓷片直接接收超声信号,通过机电类比得到压电瞬态响应由压电片在声波作用力下引起受迫振动产生的电压响应与固有振动产生的高频衰减响应叠加而成,分析输出压电信号与换能器声功率之间的换算关系。对输出压电信号进行二次包络提取,获得表征声功率变化的电压幅度曲线,分别找出不同换能器驱动电压下包络曲线的最大峰值电压,将其平方值与声功率计所测声功率进行线性拟合,并对理论关系式中的比例系数进行标定。实验结果所得线性拟合度较高,且标定后所得声功率与声功率计所测值相对误差低于8.7%,证明了通过压电瞬态响应测量换能器声功率具有可行性。      

球壳换能器电声效率测量方法及声场特性分析

在高强度聚焦超声治疗系统中,换能器的电声效率是治疗剂量控制中的重要参数,其在焦域附近的声场分布同样重要。该研究以球壳聚焦换能器为研究对象,基于辐射力天平法与平面扫描法进行输出声功率的测量,同时测量其激励电功率后计算得到电声效率,并就其声场特性分布以及存在的非线性传播现象进行了简单阐述。两种测量方法测得的电声效率在声学计量的误差允许范围内,实验结果表明两种方法在测量球壳聚焦换能器输出声功率时具备较好的一致性。     

检测超声换能器的校准与性能测量

检测超声换能器的性能是设计制造者和使用者都十分关心的问题。本文就超声换能器的几个主要整体性能——灵敏度、时间响应(传输函数)、空间响应(指向性和声场分布)以及等效电阻抗的测量与校准技术作了简要的综述。其中以灵敏度和时间响应的测量和校准为重点介绍了各种方法的原理和适用范围,并对其特点和局限性作了分析。     

Measurement of ultrasonic power and electro-acoustic efficiency of high power transducers

In this paper, an improved method for the measurement of acoustic power and electro-acoustic efficiency of high power ultrasonic transducers is presented. The measuring principle is described, the experimental results are given. In comparison with traditional methods, the method presented in this paper has the advantages of simplicity, economy and practicality. The most important is that it can measure the output acoustic power and the electro-acoustic efficiency of the transducer under the condition of high power and practical applications, such as ultrasonic cleaning and soldering.     

Acoustic power measurement of high intensity focused ultrasound in medicine based on radiation force

How to measure the acoustic power of HIFU is one of the most important tasks in its medical application. In the paper a whole series of formula for calculating the radiation force related to the acoustic power radiated by a single element focusing transducer and by the focusing transducer array were given. Various system of radiation force balance (RFB) to measure the acoustic power of HIFU in medicine were designed and applied in China. In high power experiments, the dependence of radiation force acting the absorbing target on the target position at the beam axis of focusing transducer was fined. There is a peak value of "radiation force" acting the absorbing target in the focal region when the acoustic power through the focal plane exceeds some threshold. In order to avoid this big measurement error caused by the 'peak effect' in focal region, the distance between the absorbing target of RFB and the focusing transducer or transducer array was defined to be equal to or less than 0.7 times of the focal length in the National Standard of China for the measurements of acoustic power and field characteristics of HIFU. More than six different therapeutic equipments of HIFU have been examined by RFB for measuring the acoustic power since 1998. These results show that RFB with the absorbing target is valid in the acoustic power range up to 500W with good linearity for the drive voltage squared of focusing transducer or array. The uncertainty of measurement is within +/-15%.     

Application of piezoelectric transient response in transducer acoustic power measurement

To explore a more convenient method for measuring the focused ultrasound power,a piezoelectric ceramic plate was used to receive ultrasonic signal directly.Due to an acoustic force acts on the surface of piezoelectric ceramic plate,the piezoelectric response was obtained by means of electromechanical analogy,which was composed of voltage response caused by forced vibration and high frequency attenuation response caused by natural vibration.The conversion relationship between output signal of piezoelectric ceramic plate and acoustic power of transducer was analyzed.The envelope of output piezoelectric signal was extracted in twice,and a voltage amplitude curve with sinusoidal distribution that could describe the changes of acoustic power was obtained.Under different drive voltage of transducer,the maximum peak voltage of envelope curve was found respectively.Their squared values were made a linear fitting with acoustic power measured by acoustic power meter,and then the proportional coefficient of theoretical relational expression was calibrated.The experimental results are in good agreement with the theory.The relative error between calibrated theoretical acoustic power and that measured by acoustic power meter was less than 8.7%.The paper can provide a guideline for measuring acoustic power of transducer by using piezoelectric signal.     

复杂流场的超声-激光测量原理研究

本文从复杂流场—旋涡场参量的超声—激光测试方法的需要出发,论述了超声波产生的声相位光栅对激光产生的偏转效应.并研制了适用于产生空气超声相位光栅的大功率高频超声换能器、位移灵敏接收器、数字相位差测定仪等设备,采用了超声发射的匹配技术等,从而获得了明显的空气超声-激光偏转效应,并且测定了两光束的偏转时间差.本文的结果为利用超声-激光的空气声光偏转效应测量空气旋涡流场参量提供了实验依据.     

Use of focused ultrasonic receivers for remote measurements in biological tissues

The feasibility of using a focusing ultrasonic transducer as a sound pressure receiver is discussed. It is shown theoretically that, at certain angular apertures of the receiver, its output signal is proportional to the sound pressure in the field point coincident with the receiver center of curvature. The receivers of this type have been demonstrated suitable for remote measurements of field spatial distribution of plane and focused ultrasonic radiators. Data are presented on the experimental testing of focused receivers in measuring acoustic fields in water, air, and certain samples of biological tissues. The instruments are sufficiently universal and allow the measurement not only of acoustic fields, but also of temperature increments in locally heated media, as well as permit one to follow the initiation and development of ultrasonic cavitation and study nonlinear effects. The remote sensing ability and high sensitivity of focused ultrasonic receivers allow their practical use in biomedical acoustics for noninvasive measurements.     

在线超声检测系统中螺旋线圈换能器的应用*

针对在线车轮超声检测系统的工程应用,研究了圆形螺旋线圈电磁超声换能器由洛伦兹力换能机制在钢中产生的辐射声场。给出了涡流、等效表面力源和辐射声场的计算方法,分析了圆形螺旋线圈换能器在钢试块上的辐射指向性。结果表明,辐射的圆周径向偏振横波为两边瓣中空指向性,对理解圆形螺旋线圈换能器的辐射声场和在重载货车车轮轮辋在线辋裂缺陷检测中的工程应用具有一定的指导意义。     

A new type of high power composite ultrasonic transducer

A new type of high power composite ultrasonic transducer was proposed and studied. The composite transducer consists of a sandwich longitudinal piezoelectric transducer, an isotropic metal hollow cylinder with large radial dimension, and the front and back metal radiation mass. By means of its special structure and Poisson’s effect, the composite transducer can produce vibrations both in its longitudinal and radial directions, and therefore, it can radiate sound waves in three-dimensional space. The electro-mechanical equivalent circuit of the composite transducer was derived and the resonance frequency equation was obtained analytically. Numerical methods were used to simulate the vibration of the composite transducer, and the vibrational displacement distribution, the resonance frequency and the radiation sound field are given. Some composite transducers are designed and manufactured; their resonance frequencies and the radiation acoustic field are measured and compared with the analytical and numerical results. It can be seen that the measured frequencies and acoustic field contour are in good agreement with the analytical and numerical results. It is expected that this kind of composite ultrasonic transducer can be used in more and more power ultrasonic applications, such as ultrasonic cleaning, ultrasonic extraction, ultrasonic sonochemistry and other ultrasonic liquid processing, where high ultrasonic power and large ultrasonic processing space are needed increasingly.