Control of complex components with Smart Flexible Phased Arrays

The inspection is mainly performed in contact with ultrasonic wedge transducers; However, the shape cannot fit the changing geometries of components (butt weld, nozzle, elbow). The variable thickness of the coupling layer, between the wedge and the local surface, leads to beam distortions and losses of sensitivity. Previous studies have shown that these two phenomena contribute to reduce the inspection performances leading to shadow area, split beam.... Flexible phased arrays have been developed to fit the complex profile and improve such controls. The radiating surface is composed with independent piezoelectric elements mechanically assembled and a profilometer, embedded in the transducer, measures the local distortion. The computed shape is used by an algorithm to compute in real-time the adapted delay laws compensating the distortions of 2D or 3D profiles. Those delay laws are transferred to the real-time UT acquisition system, which applies them to the piezoelectric elements. This self-adaptive process preserves, during the scanning, the features of the focused beam (orientation and focal depth) in the specimen. To validate the concept of the Smart Flexible Phased Array Transducer, prototypes have been integrated to detect flaws machined in mock-ups with realistic irregular 2D and 3D shapes. Inspections have been carried out on samples showing the enhancement performances of the "Smart Flexible Phased Array" and validating the mechanical and acoustical behaviors of these probes.     

相控阵测量雷达扫描特性及误差补偿方法研究

本文基于相控阵雷达波束扫描原理,分析了在扫描及跟踪状态下波束展宽对天线增益和测角精度的影响,提出了扫描跟踪角度误差补偿方法,提高相控阵雷达测量精度。     

超声相控阵控制、采集与全并行处理系统设计

针对超声相控阵检测系统工作环境较为恶劣、延时发射电路复杂、多路信号的采集难以单板实现以及多路信号处理实时性差等问题,提出了一种基于CPCI总线和FPGA的超声相控阵控制、采集与全并行处理系统的设计。本设计采用CPCI总线架构,可以在高尘、高冲击负荷等恶劣环境下工作,采用带高速串行LVDS接口的ADS445与XC5VSX95T相组合的方式来实现单板16路信号的高速信号采集和全并行处理,采用XC5VSX95T中的高速计数器来实现2ns的高精度延时发射,还提供了功能强大的主控软件便于用户操作。分析结果表明,多路AD+FPGA的硬件结构特别适合相控阵系统。实测结果表明,本系统可以较好地对钢管的缺陷进行实时检测和A扫与B扫成像。     

平面相控阵的尺寸对声波聚焦效果的影响

对平面相控阵加上一定的时间延迟即可实现声波的聚焦的性质进行了研究，推出了平面相控阵的空间声压分布表达式，并采用数值分析法，探讨了相控阵的尺寸对声波聚焦效果的影响。为进一步研究相控阵打下了基础。     

Status of single-model optical fiber standardization in the electronic industries association (EIA)

This paper introduces and analyzes revolutionary laser system architecture capable of dramatically reducing the complexity of laser systems while simultaneously increasing capability. The architecture includes three major subsystems. The first is a phased array of laser sources. In this article, we discuss diode-pumped fiber lasers as the elements of the phased array, although other waveguide lasers can also be considered. The second provides wavefront control and electronics beam steering, as described in an IEEE Proceedings article on “Optical Phased Array Technology” [1]. The third is subaperture receiver technology. Combining these three technologies into a new laser systems architecture results in a system that has graceful degradation, can steer to as wide an angle as individual optical phased array subapertures, and can be scaled to high power and large apertures through phasing of a number of subapertures. Diode-pumped fiber lasers are appealing as laser sources because they are electrically pumped, efficient, relatively simple, and scalable to significant power levels (over 100 Watts has been demonstrated from a single diode-pumped fiber laser) [2]. The fiber laser design also lends itself to integration into a phased array. Fiber lasers have been phased. Initial phasing demonstrations have been at low power and were conducted by taking a single source, dividing it into multiple fibers, then phasing them together. To develop this technology further we need to use independent fiber lasers or fiber amplifiers, seeded by a common source, and to increase laser power. As we increase laser power, we will have to learn to cope with nonlinearities in the laser amplifiers. Optical Phased Array technology has demonstrated steering over a 90-degree field of regard [4], although this approach used additional optical components. If we use straightforward optical phased array beam steering without additional optics we can steer with high efficiency to about one-third λ/d, where d is the smallest individually addressable element. The one-third factor depends on the efficiency threshold. For example, if we use 1.5 μm light, and 5 μm center-to-center spacing, we can steer with high efficiency to about ±6 degrees, or a field of regard of 12 degrees. Last, we need to develop a subaperture receive technology. This can be a pupil plane receiver, an image plane receiver, or some combination of the approaches. When we have matured each individual technology and combined them into new laser systems architectures, we will have the ability to build simpler and more capable laser systems. The vision for an integrated, phased array laser concept is to enable a new class of laser systems with significant advantages, including high-efficiency, all-electric laser source; all waveguide beam transport; wavefront control at the sub-aperture level (enabling wavefront compensation, conformal apertures, and wide-angle electronic beam steering); random access beam pointing over wide angles; multiple simultaneous beam generation and control; and graceful degradation.     

基于SOI非对称马赫曾德尔结构的集成矢量和微波光子移相器

设计和分析了一种基于SOI（绝缘体上的硅）脊型波导非对称马赫曾德尔结构的集成矢量和微波光子移相器。对于10 GHz的微波信号,设定非对称两臂的长度差为3 983μm时,其相应的时间延迟约为47 ps。分别在两臂上集成了一个热光可调谐可变光衰减器用于光学调谐,当衰减单元的折射率在0～6×10-3变化时,实现了10 GHz微波信号在0～180°的相位调谐。该器件尺寸小、结构紧凑,易于实现片上集成,在光控相控阵雷达中很有应用前景。     

Flexible,phase-matched,linear receive arrays for high-field MRI in monkeys

High signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) are essential for high-resolution anatomical and functional MRI. Phased arrays are advantageous for this but have the drawback that they often have inflexible and bulky configurations. Particularly in experiments where functional MRI is combined with simultaneous electrophysiology, space constraints can be prohibitive. To this end we developed a highly flexible multiple receive element phased array for use on anesthetized monkeys. The elements are interchangeable and different sizes and combinations of coil elements can be used, for instance, combinations of single and overlapped elements. The preamplifiers including control electronics are detachable and can serve a variety of prefabricated and phase matched arrays of different configurations, allowing the elements to always be placed in close proximity to the area of interest. Optimizing performance of the individual elements ensured high SNR at the cortical surface as well as in deeper laying structures. Performance of a variety of arrangements of gapped linear arrays was evaluated at 4.7 and 7T in high-resolution anatomical and functional MRI.     

An acoustic imaging system of migration technique used in borehole

In order to detect the damage of casing boreholes, an acoustic imaging method with a two-dimensional ultrasonic array was presented. Each element of the array independently emits down ultrasonic waves, the echoes received by all elements are sampled and transmitted to a computer on ground surface, where the dynamic migration method is used to form a 2 or 3-dimensional image of the situation in the borehole. The numerical simulation and experiment are conducted that demonstrate a high imaging accuracy with a small number of elements used in array. Since the delay circuits used in the traditional phased array imaging system is not needed in this system, and all data process could be completed in a ground system. the complexity and the volume of system in borehole may be significantly simplified, which is critical to the borehole instrument.     

相控阵高强度聚焦超声的研究进展

相控阵高强度聚焦超声(high Intensity focused ultrasound,HIFU)技术可以通过电子调相自由控制聚焦区域中焦点的形状、位置、个数等,实现高精度、高效率的治疗。文章主要介绍了相控聚焦超声的原理、阵型设计、声场优化、控制算法、电路设计以及换能器材料等几个方面。     

Numerical study on scanning radiation acoustic field in formations generated from a borehole

The directivity of acoustic transducers used in conventional acoustic logging tools is uncontrollable[1,2], which inevitably affects investigation depth and resolution. At present, deep and wide range of investigation in petroleum exploration is urgently re- quired. It is important to improve the exploration capability to find more complex and fine reservoirs[3], for which the direction of the radiated acoustic energy is a direct factor. Acoustic field in the formations generated by the source…     

The use of phased rays in very shallow water

Numerical predictions are studied of propagation in isovelocity water over a lossy bottom with the depth and frequency such that only one, two, or three normal modes exist. Comparison of the result from a new “Phased Ray” model with the normal mode result shows that it is the phase change upon reflection that is the major cause of the disagreement between the Phased Ray and Mode models. The possibility of controlling the phase of the plane wave reflection coefficient by tuning an overlying layer of silt, or whatever, is also demonstrated. The case is then put forward, when dealing with problems where the bottom has irregular contours or where the surface is rough, i.e., where there are no normal mode solutions, for modelling the propagation with rays corrected to agree in general properties with the normal mode solutions of nearly the same problems.     

A novel method to design sparse linear arrays for ultrasonic phased array

In ultrasonic phased array testing, a sparse array can increase the resolution by enlarging the aperture without adding system complexity. Designing a sparse array involves choosing the best or a better configuration from a large number of candidate arrays. We firstly designed sparse arrays by using a genetic algorithm, but found that the arrays have poor performance and poor consistency. So, a method based on the Minimum Redundancy Linear Array was then adopted. Some elements are determined by the minimum-redundancy array firstly in order to ensure spatial resolution and then a genetic algorithm is used to optimize the remaining elements. Sparse arrays designed by this method have much better performance and consistency compared to the arrays designed only by a genetic algorithm. Both simulation and experiment confirm the effectiveness.     

Results of studying metamorphic rock samples (Outokumpu,Finland Borehole) by the acoustic polarization method

When studying the elastic properties of anisotropic solid media, it is necessary to determine the spatial orientation of the elastic symmetry elements. This is particularly important for randomly inhomogeneous elastically anisotropic media, such as rock. By applying the acoustic polarization method, the possibility of determining the direction of the symmetry elements of deep rock samples extracted from the Outokumpu, Finland borehole was demonstrated. The anisotropy indices of samples were obtained, calculated from the velocity values of longitudinal and transverse waves. Additional inelastic effects were revealed that are widespread in rock.     

Design of Wide-Band Microstrip Antenna Array at Millimeter Wave Frequencies

This paper describes the Design of Broadside 8-Elements Microstrip Antenna Array at Ka-Band using corporate feed. Array is designed for the Broadband applications for 32 GHz to 36 GHz (4 GHz Bandwidth). The Gain of the Antenna Array is 18 dBi and the 3-dB Beamwidth in E - & H - Plane is 18 degree and 27 degree respectively with minimum sidelobe level of 15 dBc. Antenna test results show a close agreement between the designed and measured values. The Antenna Array has been printed on 10 mil RT-Duriod (_r = 2.22) substrate.     

外表面应力自由的充液有限壁厚井孔中的声场及其频散曲线的“平台”特征

为了开发一种新型标准刻度井,对外表面应力自由的充液有限壁厚井孔中的声场进行了更加深入的研究,计算分析了这种圆柱形封闭声波导结构中的声场和多阶对称模式波的频散特性。结果表明:充液有限壁厚井孔中高阶对称模式波的相速度频散曲线在一定频率范围内出现“平台”现象;当声源激发主频大于5 kHz且慢度时间相关法(STC)的窗长取4到5个周期时,得到全波波形中的“首波”速度与高阶模式波相速度频散曲线上的“平台”区域速度接近,该“平台”区域的速度与有限壁厚管材的纵波速度相差百分比随管材泊松比增加呈指数型上升;通过选择合适的管材材料以及改变其几何尺寸,可在一定频率范围内控制对称模式波相速度频散曲线的“平台”宽度、位置及平稳度。这一研究可为建立行业标准的声速刻度井提供新思路。      

井中雷达的瞬态电磁波传输特性及实验验证(英文)

研究了瞬态电磁波在地层中的传输特性,为井中雷达系统设计和地层信息解释提供重要依据。通过对传播速度和衰减系数的理论计算,确定目标物与井眼间的距离以及井中雷达最大的探测距离。基于以上雷达波传输特性的理论研究,设计了一个井中雷达系统。为了验证该系统的工作性能,在石灰岩地层中开展了实验测试。实验结果表明:该雷达系统能够探测到距离井眼8m远的金属目标。     

Optimal type of focusing borehole radiators

A promising type of borehole acoustic radiators intended for both affecting geotechnological processes and investigating the borehole environment is considered. The basic difference of the radiators under consideration from the existing ones is the possibility of focusing the acoustic field into a preset region of the borehole environment. Elastic fields produced by focusing borehole radiators in rock are studied. Limiting abilities of focusing borehole systems are investigated. It is demonstrated that borehole radiators with a variable focal distance can be designed, which provides a real opportunity to control the distribution of elastic fields in the borehole environment. This property may be very important in developing the acoustic technologies for affecting productive reservoirs of geotechnological boreholes.     

传声器失配误差对差分传声器圆阵主瓣指向的影响特性

从理论上导出了传声器失配误差对适用于任意阵元数的一阶和二阶差分传声器圆阵的主瓣指向影响规律。揭示了传声器相位误差可造成一阶差分传声器圆阵主瓣指向产生反转现象,是影响其主瓣指向的主要因素。而对于二阶差分传声器圆阵,传声器相位误差和增益误差均可导致其主瓣指向产生反转现象和严重指向误差,进而造成阵列指向性因子严重下降,尤其在低频处失配误差的影响更为显著。然后给出了确保差分传声器圆阵主瓣指向正确时阵列设计参数所需满足的条件,并在此基础上进行了传声器失配误差的容差分析。分析结果表明,随着阵元数增多,失配误差的容差范围增大,差分传声器圆阵对传声器失配误差的敏感性相应降低。      

Seismoelectric waves in a borehole excited by an external explosive source

The conversion of energy between seismic and electromagnetic wave fields has been described by Pride’s coupled equations in porous media. In this paper, the seismoelectric field excited by the explosive point source located at the outside of the borehole is studied. The scattering fields inside and outside a borehole are analyzed and deduced under the boundary conditions at the interface between fluid and porous media. The influences of the distance of the point source, multipole components of the eccentric explosive source, and the receiving position along the axis of vertical borehole, on the converted waves inside the borehole are all investigated. When the distance from the acoustic source to the axis of a borehole is far enough, the longitudinal and coseismic longitudinal wave packets dominate the acoustic and electric field, respectively. The three components of both electric field and magnetic field can be detected, and the radial electric field is mainly excited and converted by the dipole component. Owing to the existence of borehole, the electric fields and magnetic fields in the borehole are azimuthal. The distance from the point where the maximum amplitude of the axial components of electric field is recorded, to the origin of coordinate indicates the horizontal distance from the explosive source to the axis of vertical borehole.     

Stoneley wave generation by an external seismic point source in an infinite fluid-filled borehole embedded in a transversely isotropic formation: Basic relationships

The method of integral transformations is used to obtain a long-wave solution to the problem of tube wave excitation by an external point source in an infinite fluid-filled borehole embedded in a transversely isotropic formation. The external field that occurs in the formation gives rise to waves in the borehole fluid. The waves generated in the borehole include the lowest mode of the Stoneley wave (tube wave), which is the borehole eigenmode, and the qP-and qSV-waves. It is shown that the Stoneley wave is determined by the contributions of two poles in the complex plane of horizontal slowness. According to the asymptotic solution, the Stoneley wave can be described by one of three different waveforms depending on the relationship between the elastic parameters of the surrounding anisotropic formation and the borehole fluid. An analysis of the results of calculations shows that the shape and polarity of the Stoneley wave strongly depend on the sign of the nonellipticity parameter of the elastic medium, which offers a possibility of estimating the anisotropy of the borehole environment from observations of the waveform of the Stoneley wave.