白芥子炒制过程的红外及二维相关光谱研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术动态跟踪药用植物白芥子的炒制过程,获得了不同炒制时间样本的红外谱,二阶导数谱和热扰动下的二维相关红外谱。白芥子的红外谱表明,白芥子在炒制过程中1 747 cm-1油脂特征蜂的相对强度变化不明显,说明白芥子羧酸酯相对较稳定;而1 657 cm-1附近酰胺Ⅰ带峰和1 546 cm-1附近的酰胺Ⅱ带的吸收峰相对强度显著减小,是因为白芥子在高温炒制过程中,蛋白质(酶)发生了热变性;1 055 cm-1附近的纤维多糖的特征吸收峰在炒制10 min后明显减弱,这与药材表皮纤维多糖加热分解相关联。二阶导数谱和二维相关红外谱的变化规律与红外谱的结果相一致,进一步验证了白芥子药材在炒制过程中发生的主要变化是蛋白质变性及多糖的分解。该方法揭示了药材在炮制过程中所发生的物理化学变化过程,从分子光谱水平上奠定了白芥子药材炮制的目的“杀酶保甙”的理论基础。     

双背景法扣除溶剂水峰及蛋白质热变性的研究

研究蛋白质水溶液的红外光谱(IR)谱时,由于溶剂水的强吸收与蛋白质的吸收峰会发生严重重叠,极大地干扰对蛋白质吸收峰的识别、定性、定量和结构分析。尝试利用杂化光谱法扣除溶剂水峰。采用双背景方法,用空白ATR晶体（背景样品1）与ATR水层（背景样品2）合成了单光束杂化背景谱,通过控制对背景样品1和背景样品2的扫描次数,合成的单光束杂化背景谱中水的信号强度可任意调节,成功实现了牛血清白蛋白（BSA）水溶液中溶剂峰的在线扣除。与光谱差减技术比较,杂化光谱扣除法具有显著的优势：水3 400 cm-1峰强度接近于零,1 700～1 800 cm-1区间得到近似平滑直线,水1 640 cm-1峰彻底扣除,观察到了高质量的酰胺I带吸收峰。将杂化谱法获得BSA红外光谱二次微分,得到蛋白质二级结构大量信息,与文献报道高度吻合。杂化光谱法应用到蛋白质热变性研究中,成功获得没有溶剂水峰干扰的蛋白质红外光谱,变性前后,酰胺Ⅰ带光谱发生明显改变,峰形变化显著,吸收峰往低波数方向移动,吸收强度显著减小。杂化光谱ATR法扣除溶剂水峰简单、易操作、效果令人满意。     

玉米花粉中营养物质的傅里叶变换红外光谱特征

为了研究玉米花粉中的蛋白质和多糖等营养物质,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合曲线拟合技术分析曲辰9号和靖丰3号两种杂交玉米花粉.玉米花粉的傅里叶变换红外光谱显示蛋白质的特征吸收峰酰胺I带、酰胺II带和酰胺III带出现在1 653cm-1、1 546cm-1和1 241cm-1附近,多糖特征吸收峰出现在1 078cm-1、1 056cm-1、1 030cm-1和995cm-1附近.对比它们的傅里叶变换红外光谱的蛋白质和多糖特征吸收带,两种玉米花粉存在一定差异,表明它们所含的蛋白质和多糖含量不同.对1 900~950cm-1吸收带实施傅里叶自去卷积和二阶导数处理后再进行曲线拟合分析,剥离出因光谱叠加而掩盖的特征吸收子峰.子峰信息显示曲辰9号玉米花粉中多糖的含量高于靖丰3号玉米花粉,而蛋白质的含量关系则相反.研究表明,傅里叶变换红外光谱技术可为玉米花粉中营养物质的研究提供一种便捷的手段.     

面粉中蛋白质二级结构的红外光谱研究

测定了不同温度下面粉蛋白质酰胺Ⅲ带的一维红外光谱,二阶导数红外光谱和去卷积红外光谱。研究发现:随着测定温度的升高,面粉蛋白质中的α-螺旋结构的、β-转角结构、无规卷曲结构和β-折叠结构红外吸收强度均有所增加。进一步研究了面粉蛋白质酰胺Ⅲ带的二维红外光谱。研究发现:随着测定温度的升高,面粉中蛋白质酰胺Ⅲ带的红外吸收强度变化快慢趋势是:1312cm-1(α-螺旋结构)1285cm-1(β-转角结构)1260cm-1(无规卷曲结构)1229cm-1(β-折叠结构)。     

FTIR结合曲线拟合分析用于普洱熟茶陈化过程的研究

为了研究陈化时间对普洱熟茶所含化学成分的影响,分析了同一品种普洱熟茶在不同陈化时间的傅里叶变换红外光谱,光谱初步显示不同陈化时间的普洱熟茶的化学成分存在差异。茶叶是一个复杂的体系,其红外光谱由所含成分的特征吸收带叠加而成。为了深入探索发生变化的特征带,对光谱中的1 900～900 cm-1吸收带进行傅里叶自去卷积,确定该范围内叠加子峰的个数和预估波数位置,然后进行曲线拟合分析。通过曲线拟合分析确定不同陈化时间普洱熟茶红外光谱中的蛋白质、茶多酚、果胶和多聚糖的子峰位置。蛋白质的特征吸收酰胺Ⅱ带子峰出现在1 520 cm-1,茶多酚和果胶吸收子峰分别出现在1 278和1 103 cm-1,葡甘露聚糖和阿拉伯聚糖的吸收子峰波数是1 063和1 037 cm-1,分别利用这些子峰面积和叠加带面积的比例间接反映蛋白质、茶多酚、果胶和多聚糖的含量在陈化过程中的变化情况。曲线拟合结果显示,随着陈化时间的增加,茶叶中的酰胺Ⅱ带子峰面积比例先增大后减小,同时茶多酚和果胶类物质含量比例减少,可溶性多聚糖类物质含量比例增加。这解释了普洱熟茶随着陈化时间增加其苦涩味减弱,口感上出现甜味的原因。研究表明傅里叶变换红外光谱结合曲线拟合分析能反映普洱熟茶陈化过程中化学成分的变化,为其品质的评定提供有效依据。     

常见野生蘑菇的红外光谱及其二维相关红外光谱的鉴别

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合相关性分析、二阶导数谱和二维相关谱对13种常见野生蘑菇进行鉴别研究。结果显示13种野生蘑菇的红外光谱光谱特征相似,主要由蛋白质、多糖的吸收组成,13种样品的相关系数最小为0.779,最大值为0.960。在1 700~1 400和1 400~800 cm-1范围的二阶导数光谱中,各样品吸收峰的强度、位置和形状均有明显差异。二维相关红外光谱在1 380~1 680 cm-1范围的强自动峰整体相近,但自动峰和交叉峰位置、形状存在差异;在920~1 230 cm-1的范围,各样品的自动峰和交叉峰的数量、强度和位置差异明显。结果表明傅里叶变换红外光谱结合相关性分析、二阶导数谱和二维相关谱有望发展为区分不同种类蘑菇的快速方法。     

七种牛肝菌的红外光谱鉴别

运用傅里叶变换红外光谱、二维相关谱及主成分分析对7种同属牛肝菌进行分析鉴别。结果显示：7种牛肝菌的原始光谱总体特征相似,主要由蛋白质、多糖等的吸收峰组成,但在吸收峰强度、位置仍存在差异。对样品进行二维相关红外光谱分析,在二维相关红外光谱1 680～1 300 cm-1范围内,茶褐牛肝菌和双色牛肝菌出现了6个明显的自动峰;小美牛肝菌出现了5个明显的自动峰;灰褐牛肝菌和美柄牛肝菌出现4个明显自动峰;美味牛肝菌和铜色牛肝菌自动峰相对较少,只出现了3个明显的自动峰;而且自动峰和交叉峰的强度、位置也存在较大差异。同样在二维相关红外光谱1 150～920 cm-1范围内,不同牛肝菌的同步谱中自动峰和交叉峰的数量、强度和位置也不同。对光谱1 800～800 cm-1范围内的二阶导数进行主成分分析,所有样品均区分开,其分类正确率达100%。结果表明,傅里叶变换红外光谱结合二维相关红外光谱或者主成分分析可以有效地区分茶褐牛肝菌、小美牛肝菌、双色牛肝菌、灰褐牛肝菌、美柄牛肝菌、美味牛肝菌和铜色牛肝菌。该方法对于分类鉴别蘑菇是一种快速、准确、有效的方法。     

鱼胶原蛋白肽与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯相互作用的研究

运用荧光光谱、红外光谱、圆二色谱和拉曼光谱等四种光谱手段, 研究了鱼胶原蛋白肽(FCP)与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)在水溶液中的相互作用。荧光结果表明: EGCG使FCP中的酪氨酸荧光强度减小, 促进了二酪氨酸的形成;FCP与EGCG能够形成FCP-EGCG非共价复合物, 同时, EGCG影响了FCP中酪氨酸的微环境。红外光谱分析表明: FCP具有胶原蛋白特征吸收带;EGCG的加入使3 281 cm-1处的吸收峰消失, 3 076 cm-1处的吸收峰红移, 表明EGCG影响了酰胺A带和酰胺B带;1 659和1 689 cm-1处的吸收峰蓝移, 1 547 cm-1处的吸收峰红移以及1 248 cm-1处吸收峰的消失, 表明FCP中酰胺Ⅰ带、酰胺Ⅱ带和酰胺Ⅲ带均受到EGCG的影响。圆二色谱分析表明: 添加EGCG后, FCP 222 nm处的负峰消失, 198 nm处的负峰依次红移至200和204 nm, 说明EGCG影响了FCP的二级结构。拉曼光谱分析结果表明: EGCG的加入影响了FCP中酰胺Ⅰ带、酰胺Ⅱ带和酰胺Ⅲ带的吸收;同时, EGCG的添加使863和932 cm-1处的峰红移, 前者峰强度降低, 后者峰强度大幅增加, 表明羟脯氨酸和脯氨酸均参与了与EGCG的结合, 且EGCG浓度的增加使更多的脯氨酸暴漏。     

鱼胶原蛋白肽与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯相互作用的研究

运用荧光光谱、红外光谱、圆二色谱和拉曼光谱等四种光谱手段,研究了鱼胶原蛋白肽(FCP)与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)在水溶液中的相互作用。荧光结果表明：EGCG使FCP中的酪氨酸荧光强度减小,促进了二酪氨酸的形成;FCP与EGCG能够形成FCP-EGCG非共价复合物,同时,EGCG影响了FCP中酪氨酸的微环境。红外光谱分析表明：FCP具有胶原蛋白特征吸收带;EGCG的加入使3 281 cm-1处的吸收峰消失,3 076 cm-1处的吸收峰红移,表明EGCG影响了酰胺A带和酰胺B带;1 659和1 689 cm-1处的吸收峰蓝移,1 547 cm-1处的吸收峰红移以及1 248 cm-1处吸收峰的消失,表明FCP中酰胺Ⅰ带、酰胺Ⅱ带和酰胺Ⅲ带均受到EGCG的影响。圆二色谱分析表明：添加EGCG后,FCP 222 nm处的负峰消失,198 nm处的负峰依次红移至200和204 nm,说明EGCG影响了FCP的二级结构。拉曼光谱分析结果表明：EGCG的加入影响了FCP中酰胺Ⅰ带、酰胺Ⅱ带和酰胺Ⅲ带的吸收;同时,EGCG的添加使863和932 cm-1处的峰红移,前者峰强度降低,后者峰强度大幅增加,表明羟脯氨酸和脯氨酸均参与了与EGCG的结合,且EGCG浓度的增加使更多的脯氨酸暴漏。     

乳菇和红菇的红外光谱及其二维相关红外光谱的分析与鉴别

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱原始谱、二阶导数光谱以及二维相关谱的三级鉴定方法,对红菇属和乳菇属六种蘑菇进行了鉴别分析。六种样品的原始光谱吸收峰非常相似,主要为蛋白质和碳水化合物的吸收组成,但在各样品吸收峰强度、峰形和峰位上仍有微小差异。对其进行二阶导数分析,在二阶导数谱中,1 800～1 400和1 200～800 cm-1范围内的吸收峰强度、位置、峰形状显示出明显差异。二维相关红外光谱提高了光谱的分辨率;对六种蘑菇样品进行二维相关红外光谱分析,发现在1 690～1 420 cm-1范围内,三种乳菇出现了3个明显的自动峰,另外三种红菇出现了4个自动峰,而且自动峰和交叉峰位置、强度均不同;在1 110～920 cm-1二维光谱范围内,六种蘑菇的自动峰和交叉峰的数量、位置和强度也都不同;说明不同样品中蛋白质和糖类化合物的显著不同。结果表明：应用红外光谱、二阶导数谱和二维相关红外光谱三级鉴定的技术可以快速有效地分析和鉴别辣乳菇、绒白乳菇、香乳菇、稀褶红菇、变绿红菇和近似酒红菇。该多级鉴定的方法对于分类鉴别蘑菇是一种快速、准确、有效的方法。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.