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1.
An irreversible combined Carnot cycle model using ideal quantum gases as a working medium was studied by using finite-time thermodynamics. The combined cycle consisted of two Carnot sub-cycles in a cascade mode. Considering thermal resistance, internal irreversibility, and heat leakage losses, the power output and thermal efficiency of the irreversible combined Carnot cycle were derived by utilizing the quantum gas state equation. The temperature effect of the working medium on power output and thermal efficiency is analyzed by numerical method, the optimal relationship between power output and thermal efficiency is solved by the Euler-Lagrange equation, and the effects of different working mediums on the optimal power and thermal efficiency performance are also focused. The results show that there is a set of working medium temperatures that makes the power output of the combined cycle be maximum. When there is no heat leakage loss in the combined cycle, all the characteristic curves of optimal power versus thermal efficiency are parabolic-like ones, and the internal irreversibility makes both power output and efficiency decrease. When there is heat leakage loss in the combined cycle, all the characteristic curves of optimal power versus thermal efficiency are loop-shaped ones, and the heat leakage loss only affects the thermal efficiency of the combined Carnot cycle. Comparing the power output of combined heat engines with four types of working mediums, the two-stage combined Carnot cycle using ideal Fermi-Bose gas as working medium obtains the highest power output. 相似文献
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Monica Costea Stoian Petrescu Michel Feidt Catalina Dobre Bogdan Borcila 《Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)》2021,23(5)
An irreversible Carnot cycle engine operating as a closed system is modeled using the Direct Method and the First Law of Thermodynamics for processes with Finite Speed. Several models considering the effect on the engine performance of external and internal irreversibilities expressed as a function of the piston speed are presented. External irreversibilities are due to heat transfer at temperature gradient between the cycle and heat reservoirs, while internal ones are represented by pressure losses due to the finite speed of the piston and friction. Moreover, a method for optimizing the temperature of the cycle fluid with respect to the temperature of source and sink and the piston speed is provided. The optimization results predict distinct maximums for the thermal efficiency and power output, as well as different behavior of the entropy generation per cycle and per time. The results obtained in this optimization, which is based on piston speed, and the Curzon–Ahlborn optimization, which is based on time duration, are compared and are found to differ significantly. Correction have been proposed in order to include internal irreversibility in the externally irreversible Carnot cycle from Curzon–Ahlborn optimization, which would be equivalent to a unification attempt of the two optimization analyses. 相似文献
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The fundamental optimal relation between heating load and coefficient of performance (COP) of a generalized irreversible Carnot
heat pump is derived based on a new generalized heat transfer law, which includes the generalized convective heat transfer
law and generalized radiative heat transfer law, q ∝ (ΔT
n
)
m
. The generalized irreversible Carnot heat pump model incorporates several internal and external irreversibilities, such as
heat resistance, bypass heat leakage, friction, turbulence and other undesirable irreversibility factors. The added irreversibilities
besides heat resistance are characterized by a constant parameter and a constant coefficient. The effects of heat transfer
laws and various loss terms are analysed. The heating load vs. COP characteristic of a generalized irreversible Carnot heat
pump is a parabolic-like curve, which is consistent with the experimental result of thermoelectric heat pump. The obtained
results include those obtained in many literatures and indicated that the analysis results of the generalized irreversible
Carnot heat pump were more suitable for engineering practice than those of the endoreversible Carnot heat pump. 相似文献
5.
Performance characteristics of low-dissipative generalized Carnot cycles with external leakage losses 下载免费PDF全文
《中国物理 B》2015,(11)
Under the assumption of low-dissipation, a unified model of generalized Carnot cycles with external leakage losses is established. Analytical expressions for the power output and efficiency are derived. The general performance characteristics between the power output and the efficiency are revealed. The maximum power output and efficiency are calculated. The lower and upper bounds of the efficiency at the maximum power output are determined. The results obtained here are universal and can be directly used to reveal the performance characteristics of different Carnot cycles, such as Carnot heat engines, Carnot-like heat engines, flux flow engines, gravitational engines, chemical engines, two-level quantum engines,etc. 相似文献
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在热力学中,功率和效率是衡量热机性能的两个主要参数。根据经典热力学,可逆热机效率的上限是卡诺效率,但相应的功率为零。这是因为卡诺效率的实现依赖于时间无穷长的准静态假设。因此,如何根据实际需求,在保证热机功率前提下提高热机效率成为热力学一个重要的科学挑战问题。在20世纪上半叶应运而生的有限时间热力学,今天得到了蓬勃发展,为应对这个挑战提供了必要的科学支撑。文章主要介绍有限时间热力学的发展及现状,特别是最近对于有限时间热机功率效率约束关系及其优化问题上的研究。针对有限时间热力学循环功率—效率约束与不可逆性的关系,文章还简介最近作者关于有限时间等温过程中不可逆熵产生的理论和实验研究工作。最后展望未来有限时间热力学及有限系统非平衡物理的可能发展与应用。 相似文献
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研究了一维晶格中费曼棘齿-棘爪热机模型. 用粒子的概率主方程来描述粒子在晶格中的动力学特性, 推导出热流、 功率和效率的表达式. 通过数值计算分析势垒高度、 外力和温比对热流以及热机功率和效率的影响. 研究表明: 在粒子稳态概率流为零时, 存在非零的热流从高温库流入低温库, 类似于经典不可逆卡诺模型中的热漏; 热漏的存在使得热机的效率远远小于卡诺效率, 功率与效率之间为闭合的关系曲线, 热机为不可逆热机; 对热机性能参数进行优化, 可以使热机工作在最优性能状态下. 相似文献
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研究了单势垒锯齿势中,布朗粒子在外力和空间周期温度场作用下构成的布朗热机的热力学性能.考虑布朗粒子动能变化以及高、低温库之间热漏引起的热流.用Smoluchowski方程描述粒子在黏性介质中的动力学特性,推导出高、低温库的热流以及热机功率和效率的解析表达式.通过数值计算分析势垒高度、外力和温库边界对热机性能的影响.研究表明:由于动能变化和热漏引起的不可逆热流的存在,布朗热机为不可逆热机,热机的功率效率特性为一闭合的关系曲线;势垒边界与温库边界重合时,热机的功率达到最大值;通过改变温库边界的位置,可以在一定范围内提高热机的效率,但同时减小了热机的输出功率. 相似文献
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An irreversible cycle model of the quantum Bose Brayton engine is established, in which finite-time processes and irreversibilities in two adiabatic processes are taken into account. Based on the model, expressions for the power output and the efficiency are derived. By using a numerical computation, the optimal relationship between the power output and the efficiency of an irreversible Bose Brayton engine is obtained. The optimal regions of the power output and the efficiency are determined. It is found that the influences of the irreversibility and the quantum degeneracy on the main performance parameters of the Bose Brayton engine are remarkable. The results obtained in the present paper can provide some new theoretical information for the optimal design and the performance improvement of a real Brayton engine. 相似文献
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The efficiency of macroscopic heat engines is restricted by the second law of thermodynamics. They can reach at most the efficiency of a Carnot engine. In contrast, heat currents in mesoscopic heat engines show fluctuations. Thus, there is a small probability that a mesoscopic heat engine exceeds Carnot's maximum value during a short measurement time. We illustrate this effect using a quantum point contact as a heat engine. When a temperature difference is applied to a quantum point contact, the system may be utilized as a source of electrical power under steady state conditions. We first discuss the optimal working point of such a heat engine that maximizes the generated electrical power and subsequently calculate the statistics for deviations of the efficiency from its most likely value. We find that deviations surpassing the Carnot limit are possible, but unlikely. 相似文献
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The efficiency of macroscopic heat engines is restricted by the second law of thermodynamics. They can reach at most the efficiency of a Carnot engine. In contrast, heat currents in mesoscopic heat engines show fluctuations. Thus, there is a small probability that a mesoscopic heat engine exceeds Carnot's maximum value during a short measurement time. We illustrate this effect using a quantum point contact as a heat engine. When a temperature difference is applied to a quantum point contact, the system may be utilized as a source of electrical power under steady state conditions. We first discuss the optimal working point of such a heat engine that maximizes the generated electrical power and subsequently calculate the statistics for deviations of the efficiency from its most likely value. We find that deviations surpassing the Carnot limit are possible, but unlikely. 相似文献
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研究了周期性双势垒锯齿势中, 布朗粒子在外力作用下沿空间坐标方向交替地和高、低温热库接触构成的布朗热机的热力学性能. 考虑布朗粒子动能的变化以及高、 低温库之间热漏的存在, 通过数值计算分析势垒高度、势比、外力等参数对布朗热机效率的影响. 研究表明:当考虑热漏时, 布朗热机始终是不可逆的, 效率小于卡诺效率; 并且当热漏很小时, 势比的增大在一定程度上可提高布朗热机的效率; 其功率与效率之间的关系曲线为闭合线. 当不考虑热漏时, 其功率与效率之间的关系曲线为开型线, 但由于布朗粒子动能的变化引起的不可逆热流, 热机的效率依然小于卡诺效率.
关键词:
布朗热机
双势垒锯齿势
热漏
热力学性能 相似文献
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Y. Zhang B. H. Lin J. C. Chen 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2006,53(4):481-485
Brownian particles moving in a spatially asymmetric but periodic
potential (ratchet), with an external load force and connected to an
alternating hot and cold reservoir, are modeled as a microscopic heat
engine, referred to as the Brownian heat engine. The heat flow via both the
potential energy and the kinetic energy of the particles are considered
simultaneously. The forward and backward particle currents are determined
using an Arrhenius' factor. Expressions for the power output and efficiency
are derived analytically. The maximum power output and efficiency are
calculated. It is expounded that the Brownian heat engine is always
irreversible and its efficiency cannot approach the efficiency ηC of
the Carnot heat engine even in quasistatic limit. The influence of the main
parameters such as the load, the barrier height of the potential, the
asymmetry of the potential and the temperature ratio of the heat reservoirs
on the performance of the Brownian heat engine is discussed in detail. It is
found that the Brownian heat engines may be controlled to operate in
different regions through variation of some parameters. 相似文献
15.
We propose a model for a three-terminal quantum well heat engine with heat leakage. According to the Landauer formula, the expressions for the charge current, the heat current, the power output and the efficiency are derived in the linear-response regime. The curves of the power output and the efficiency versus the positions of energy levels and the bias voltage are plotted by numerical calculation. Moreover, we obtain the maximum power output and the corresponding efficiency, and analyze the influence of the heat leakage factor, the positions of energy levels and the bias voltage on these performance parameters. 相似文献
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Quantum-size effects unavoidably produce imperfect-regeneration heat losses in irreversible isothermal expansion/compression cycles, leading to the less efficiency of micro engines. Here, we design a smallest quantum Stirling-like heat engine using a single trapped electron as the working substance. The quantum probabilities to determine the electronic position are constructed from the incoherent mixed ensemble. When the quantum well expands isothermally to double its size and an infinite delta-function potential barrier is inserted in the middle, the complete degeneracies enable the heat engine to work reversibly and achieve the Carnot efficiency. The proposed theoretical model can open up new avenues for building practical nano-energy devices. 相似文献
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有限时间热力学所得结果具有普适性,其研究结果已成为热物理学的一个重要基础.许多学者利用有限时间热力学方法对单级和多级正、反向两热源热力循环最优性能和最优构型进行了大量研究,获得了一些比经典热力学对于工程设计和优化更具有实际指导意义的新结论.综述了利用有限时间热力学理论对不同传热规律下单级和多级正、反向两热源热力循环最优性能和最优构型研究的最新进展,包括不同传热规律下内可逆和不可逆卡诺热机、制冷机和热泵循环的最优性能研究进展,两热源热机、制冷和热泵循环最优构型及多级复杂热力系统最优构型研究进展. 相似文献
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研究了以带有Dzyaloshinski-Mariya(DM)相互作用的两比特自旋体系为工质的量子纠缠Otto热机和量子Stirling热机.两种不同热机在各自的循环过程中,通过保持其他参量不变,只有DM相互作用发生改变,从而分析热机循环中DM相互作用与热传递、做功以及效率等热力学量之间的关系.研究结果表明:DM相互作用对两种热机的基本量子热力学量都具有重要的影响,但量子Stirling热机由于回热器的使用,其循环效率会大于量子Otto纠缠热机的效率,甚至会超过Carnot效率;得到了量子Otto纠缠热机和量子Stirling热机做正功的条件.因此,在这两个纠缠体系中,热力学第二定律都依然成立. 相似文献
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Xiaoguang Luo Nian Liu Jizhou He Teng Qiu 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2014,117(3):1031-1039
A numerical model of a nano-scaled thermoelectric heat engine with InP/InAs/InP trilayer quantum well (QW) is investigated. The expressions of those performance parameters, such as current, power output, and efficiency are expressed. By numerical calculation, the resonant tunneling behavior of electrons in the QW is described, which seems like a very good energy selective electron mechanism for the heat engine. After considering the radiation heat leakage, for fixed layer thicknesses of the QW, the optimum working regions of the heat engine with respect to the chemical potentials and the bias voltage are obtained numerically under the economic criterion. From these results, the power output can be increased by narrowing down the layer thicknesses. In addition, owing to the radiant heat leakage, the efficiency initially increases in the working regions and then decreases when the layer thicknesses increase gradually, from which one can obtain a maximum efficiency by optimizing layer thicknesses of QW. These results calculated here may provide a guide for the optimum designs of tunneling thermoelectric devices. 相似文献
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Based on finite time thermodynamics, an irreversible combined thermal Brownian heat engine model is established in this paper. The model consists of two thermal Brownian heat engines which are operating in tandem with thermal contact with three heat reservoirs. The rates of heat transfer are finite between the heat engine and the reservoir. Considering the heat leakage and the losses caused by kinetic energy change of particles, the formulas of steady current, power output and efficiency are derived. The power output and efficiency of combined heat engine are smaller than that of single heat engine operating between reservoirs with same temperatures. When the potential filed is free from external load, the effects of asymmetry of the potential, barrier height and heat leakage on the performance of the combined heat engine are analyzed. When the potential field is free from external load, the effects of basic design parameters on the performance of the combined heat engine are analyzed. The optimal power and efficiency are obtained by optimizing the barrier heights of two heat engines. The optimal working regions are obtained. There is optimal temperature ratio which maximize the overall power output or efficiency. When the potential filed is subjected to external load, effect of external load is analyzed. The steady current decreases versus external load; the power output and efficiency are monotonically increasing versus external load. 相似文献