温库边界对布朗热机性能的影响

研究了单势垒锯齿势中,布朗粒子在外力和空间周期温度场作用下构成的布朗热机的热力学性能.考虑布朗粒子动能变化以及高、低温库之间热漏引起的热流.用Smoluchowski方程描述粒子在黏性介质中的动力学特性,推导出高、低温库的热流以及热机功率和效率的解析表达式.通过数值计算分析势垒高度、外力和温库边界对热机性能的影响.研究表明:由于动能变化和热漏引起的不可逆热流的存在,布朗热机为不可逆热机,热机的功率效率特性为一闭合的关系曲线;势垒边界与温库边界重合时,热机的功率达到最大值;通过改变温库边界的位置,可以在一定范围内提高热机的效率,但同时减小了热机的输出功率.     

周期性双势垒锯齿势中温差驱动的布朗热机

研究了周期性双势垒锯齿势中, 布朗粒子在外力作用下沿空间坐标方向交替地和高、低温热库接触构成的布朗热机的热力学性能. 考虑布朗粒子动能的变化以及高、 低温库之间热漏的存在, 通过数值计算分析势垒高度、势比、外力等参数对布朗热机效率的影响. 研究表明：当考虑热漏时, 布朗热机始终是不可逆的, 效率小于卡诺效率; 并且当热漏很小时, 势比的增大在一定程度上可提高布朗热机的效率; 其功率与效率之间的关系曲线为闭合线. 当不考虑热漏时, 其功率与效率之间的关系曲线为开型线, 但由于布朗粒子动能的变化引起的不可逆热流, 热机的效率依然小于卡诺效率. 关键词： 布朗热机 双势垒锯齿势 热漏 热力学性能     

以广义Redlich-Kwong气体为工质的不可逆回热式斯特林热机循环输出功率和效率

研究了热阻、回热损失和热漏等多种不可逆因素对以广义Redlich-Kwong气体为工质的斯特林热机性能的影响,给出了斯特林热机输出功率和效率的具体表达式并分析非理想回热特性及循环主要性能参数(如循环体积比及工质高低温比等)对循环输出功率和效率的影响.同时指出,只有在理想回热及无热漏的情况下,气体斯特林热机的效率才能达到卡诺效率.     

以一维谐振子势阱中的单粒子为工质的量子热机性能分析

建立了以一维谐振子势阱中的单粒子为工质的量子热机模型.当势阱壁宽度和粒子的量子态缓慢改变时, 该热机类似于经典卡诺热机对外做功.假设势阱壁移动速度非常缓慢并且考虑热漏, 推导出量子热机循环的输出功率和效率等重要性能参数的一般表达式.通过优化分析, 获得了热机循环中各主要性能参数的最佳优化值和优化区间.     

不可逆回热式循环热机的功率与效率关系

给出了不可逆回热式热机循环模型 ,得到了与实际观测的热机特性相一致的p - η关系 ,讨论了热阻、热漏等不可逆困素对热机特性的影响 ,并与不可逆卡诺热机循环模型作了比较     

有热漏时定常态不可逆卡诺热机功率效率特性

对变热漏情况下定常态不可逆卡诺热机进行了有限时间热力学分析。导出最佳效率时的功率与等熵温比指数、效率与等熵温比指数的关系式,以及最佳面积比,进而得到最佳效率与功率关系。对最佳功率与最佳效率时的热机性能进行分析和讨论,给出一些有益的结论。     

非线性二极管系统构成的不可逆热机性能特征分析

研究了一个非线性二极管系统构成的不可逆热机的性能,它是由分别处于两个温度不同的热库中,完全相同的两个非线性二极管反向连接后并联上一个电容器组成的.运用非线性系统涨落理论计算出从两个热库中吸收的热流,考虑热漏损失后得出热机的功率和效率.通过数值模拟可以绘出热机的性能特征曲线以及优化性能参数随两热库温度比等主要参量的特征曲线.分析了二极管的非线性强度、热漏损失和温度比对热机性能特性的影响.最后,讨论了理想二极管热机的性能特征.     

卡诺制冷机的最佳制冷系数与制冷率间的关系

一、引 言 众所周知,可逆卡诺热机的效率为而可逆卡诺制冷机的制冷系数为然而,实际热机的效率或制冷机的制冷系数,都不象理想可逆机那么大,其主要原因是要实现理想的可逆卡诺循环,循环的等温部分必须以无限缓慢的速度进行.否则由于热阻的存在,循环就必须在不可逆导热的情况下进行.而实际热机或制冷机总是在有限时间内完成循环的,它难兔要受到热阻的影响.因此,为了使热力学理论能更好地指导实际热机或制冷机的工作,必须考虑有限时间的热力学问题. 自从Curzon和Ahlborn 发表《最大功率输出时卡诺热机的效率》一文后[1],这个问题引起了人们的…     

热漏、内不可逆性和导热规律对制冷机最优性能的影响

１引言有限时间热力学研究制冷循环性能已取得了一批成果。已发表了热阻加热漏模型［１－４］、热阻加内不可逆模型问研究各种损失对卡诺循环性能的影响。本文作者用一常数项ｑ表示热漏流率,用常系数表示热阻和热漏外的其余内不可逆性,建立了一类广义不可逆制冷机模型［６－７］,并分析了牛顿传热定律下的最优性能。本文将基于此模型和较为普遍的导热规律,导出制冷机的制冷率、制冷系数最佳特性关系。２广义不可逆卡诺制冷机及其最优性能考虑一类工作在两个恒温热源之间的定常态流卡诺制冷机,循环中存在热阻、热漏和其它内不可逆性［６…     

斯特林热机的基本优化关系及功率和效率界限

1前言近年来,有些学者应用有限时间热力学研究斯特林热机的优化性能,获得一些比经典热力学界限更有意义的新性能界限。但至今为数还较少,应继续开展研究。特别是有人提出“21世纪是斯特林热机的世纪’巾一］。本文将进一步研究受热阻、热漏和回热损失三种主要不可逆因素影响的斯特林热机的优化性能,导出热机的基本优化关系及功率和效率界限。结果表明,热漏的存在使斯特林热机的优化性能与无热漏时的有质的差异,而在热阻和回热损失的基础上再考虑热漏的影响,其结果将可反映出实际热机观测性能的主要特征【’,‘］,从而对实际更有指…     

Performance Analysis and Optimization for Irreversible Combined Carnot Heat Engine Working with Ideal Quantum Gases

An irreversible combined Carnot cycle model using ideal quantum gases as a working medium was studied by using finite-time thermodynamics. The combined cycle consisted of two Carnot sub-cycles in a cascade mode. Considering thermal resistance, internal irreversibility, and heat leakage losses, the power output and thermal efficiency of the irreversible combined Carnot cycle were derived by utilizing the quantum gas state equation. The temperature effect of the working medium on power output and thermal efficiency is analyzed by numerical method, the optimal relationship between power output and thermal efficiency is solved by the Euler-Lagrange equation, and the effects of different working mediums on the optimal power and thermal efficiency performance are also focused. The results show that there is a set of working medium temperatures that makes the power output of the combined cycle be maximum. When there is no heat leakage loss in the combined cycle, all the characteristic curves of optimal power versus thermal efficiency are parabolic-like ones, and the internal irreversibility makes both power output and efficiency decrease. When there is heat leakage loss in the combined cycle, all the characteristic curves of optimal power versus thermal efficiency are loop-shaped ones, and the heat leakage loss only affects the thermal efficiency of the combined Carnot cycle. Comparing the power output of combined heat engines with four types of working mediums, the two-stage combined Carnot cycle using ideal Fermi-Bose gas as working medium obtains the highest power output.     

Ecological optimization of an irreversible harmonic oscillators Carnot heat engine

A model of an irreversible quantum Carnot heat engine with heat resistance, internal irreversibility and heat leakage and many non-interacting harmonic oscillators is established in this paper. Based on the quantum master equation and semi-group approach, equations of some important performance parameters, such as power output, efficiency, exergy loss rate and ecological function for the irreversible quantum Carnot heat engine are derived. The optimal ecological performance of the heat engine in the classical limit is analyzed with numerical examples. Effects of internal irreversibility and heat leakage on the ecological performance are discussed. A performance comparison of the quantum heat engine under maximum ecological function and maximum power conditions is also performed.     

能造出功率和效率都高的热机吗?——有限时间热力学的发展与展望

在热力学中,功率和效率是衡量热机性能的两个主要参数。根据经典热力学,可逆热机效率的上限是卡诺效率,但相应的功率为零。这是因为卡诺效率的实现依赖于时间无穷长的准静态假设。因此,如何根据实际需求,在保证热机功率前提下提高热机效率成为热力学一个重要的科学挑战问题。在20世纪上半叶应运而生的有限时间热力学,今天得到了蓬勃发展,为应对这个挑战提供了必要的科学支撑。文章主要介绍有限时间热力学的发展及现状,特别是最近对于有限时间热机功率效率约束关系及其优化问题上的研究。针对有限时间热力学循环功率—效率约束与不可逆性的关系,文章还简介最近作者关于有限时间等温过程中不可逆熵产生的理论和实验研究工作。最后展望未来有限时间热力学及有限系统非平衡物理的可能发展与应用。     

Modeling and Performance Optimization of an Irreversible Two-Stage Combined Thermal Brownian Heat Engine

Based on finite time thermodynamics, an irreversible combined thermal Brownian heat engine model is established in this paper. The model consists of two thermal Brownian heat engines which are operating in tandem with thermal contact with three heat reservoirs. The rates of heat transfer are finite between the heat engine and the reservoir. Considering the heat leakage and the losses caused by kinetic energy change of particles, the formulas of steady current, power output and efficiency are derived. The power output and efficiency of combined heat engine are smaller than that of single heat engine operating between reservoirs with same temperatures. When the potential filed is free from external load, the effects of asymmetry of the potential, barrier height and heat leakage on the performance of the combined heat engine are analyzed. When the potential field is free from external load, the effects of basic design parameters on the performance of the combined heat engine are analyzed. The optimal power and efficiency are obtained by optimizing the barrier heights of two heat engines. The optimal working regions are obtained. There is optimal temperature ratio which maximize the overall power output or efficiency. When the potential filed is subjected to external load, effect of external load is analyzed. The steady current decreases versus external load; the power output and efficiency are monotonically increasing versus external load.     

Performance characteristics of an irreversible thermally driven Brownian microscopic heat engine

Brownian particles moving in a spatially asymmetric but periodic potential (ratchet), with an external load force and connected to an alternating hot and cold reservoir, are modeled as a microscopic heat engine, referred to as the Brownian heat engine. The heat flow via both the potential energy and the kinetic energy of the particles are considered simultaneously. The forward and backward particle currents are determined using an Arrhenius' factor. Expressions for the power output and efficiency are derived analytically. The maximum power output and efficiency are calculated. It is expounded that the Brownian heat engine is always irreversible and its efficiency cannot approach the efficiency η_C of the Carnot heat engine even in quasistatic limit. The influence of the main parameters such as the load, the barrier height of the potential, the asymmetry of the potential and the temperature ratio of the heat reservoirs on the performance of the Brownian heat engine is discussed in detail. It is found that the Brownian heat engines may be controlled to operate in different regions through variation of some parameters.     

谐振电机耦合型双效斯特林燃气热泵系统研究

针对当前国家大力推行清洁能源技术和煤改气政策的供暖现状,本文探索了一种双效斯特林燃气热泵系统。全文基于热声学观点对系统进行了理论研究,并采用SAGE程序对其进行数值模拟和优化设计。计算表明,当加热、供热和冷端温度分别为923 K、333 K和273 K时,系统可获得的泵热量为7000 W,COPh为1.79,系统(火用)效率可达到45.67%;但谐振活塞位移对温度、压力以及谐振电机机械阻尼等参数变化具有敏感性,该特点将会严重制约系统的高效运行。为了降低系统的敏感性,本文采用谐振电机耦合斯特林发动机和斯特林热泵,通过对谐振电机电功输入和输出的调控来保持电机活塞工作状态的稳定。结果表明,谐振电机对于实现斯特林发动机和斯特林热泵的高效耦合以及降低系统敏感性具有可行性。