功率超声对酶促反应的影响

本文评述了功率超声在水溶液和有机中对酶促反应的影响,对固定化酶的影响,同时探讨了功率超声影响酶促反应的可能机理,并并评价功能超声作为一种工业生物化学反应促进手段的可能性。     

碘化钾水溶液中碘释放现象的超声可见光协同效应研究

观察了超声波和可见光分别辐照下及共同辐照下碘化钾水溶液中碘释放现象,发现超声波和可见光共同辐照下碘化钾水溶液中碘释放的产率显著高于超声波和可见光分别辐照下碘化钾水溶液中碘释放的产率之和,即该反应体系呈现出显著的声光协同效应。对该反应体系进一步的反应动力学研究结果表明,超声空化产生的对反应系统理想的搅拌作用可能是声光协同效应产生的主要原因。该搅拌作用使得反应系统趋于均一化,从而提高了光化学的反应产率和速率。     

超声波和紫外光协同降解酸性橙Ⅱ水溶液的机理研究

以含有多个苯环的典型偶氮染料-酸性橙Ⅱ为研究对象,研究了超声波和紫外光分别辐照及共同辐照下的降解现象。酸性橙Ⅱ水溶液在超声波及紫外光分别辐照下均发生显著降解,反应过程符合准一级反应动力学规律。在超声波和紫外光共同辐照下,反应过程也符合准一级反应动力学规律,同时酸性橙Ⅱ水溶液降解呈现显著的声光协同效应,即同一辐照时间内超声波和紫外光共同辐照下酸性橙Ⅱ的降解率大于超声波和紫外光单独辐照下各自降解率之和。动力学分析结果表明,该协同效应可归因于紫外光对超声空化过程中产生的过氧化氢的裂解作用。      

超声波与光协同降解对氯苯酚水溶液的机理研究

为阐明超声波与光协同作用机理,以对氯苯酚为研究对象,研究了对氯苯酚水溶液在超声波与光(紫外光,可见光)单独及共同辐照下的降解现象,研究发现对氯苯酚水溶液在超声波及紫外光单独辐照下均发牛降解,降解过程符合一级反应动力学规律.在超声波和紫外光共同辐照下,降解过程也符合一级反应动力学规律,同时对氯苯酚水溶液降解呈现显著的声光协同效应,即同一辐照时间内超声波和紫外光共同辐照下对氯苯酚的降解率大于超声波和紫外光单独辐照下各自降解率之和.另一方面,超声波和可见光共同辐照没有呈现出明显的卢光协同效应.超声波和紫外光共同辐照下的声光协同效应被归因于紫外光对超声空化过程中产生的过氧化氢的裂解作用.     

超声波对木瓜蛋白酶催化活性影响的机理研究

木瓜蛋白酶经适当参数的超声波处理后酶活力提高。超声处理后酶的米氏常数Km变小,最大反应速率Vm也减小。超声处理后酶的紫外吸收光谱不变,荧光发射光谱也不改变,而差示光谱出现明显的正峰和负峰。研究结果表明,超声波处理后,木瓜蛋白酶的构型没有改变,而构象发生了变化。本文讨论了超声波影响木瓜蛋白酶活性的可能机理。     

超声作用可以提高公猪的生殖能力与质量

本实验研究了0.88和2.64 MHz高频超声对公猪精液质量的影响。采用的超声声强为0.05W/cm~2,辐照时间15、30s和1、2 min。超声波形分连续波和宽度为2、4、10ms的脉冲波。经超声处理过精子的活动性和绝对存活率分别增加到23％。最佳辐照时间30s而脉冲波宽度2ms。实验揭示了超声对猪的生理、生化特性和产仔的短期与长期影响。采用0.88MHz的超声辐照猪的生物活性点(BAP)和睾丸,精     

X射线辐照对发根农杆菌介导芸芥遗传转化的影响

探讨了X射线辐照对芸芥发状根诱导的影响, 为研究辐射对转基因技术的协同作用提供一定的实验依据。 以芸芥无菌苗的子叶为材料, 通过5—20 Gy的X射线辐照和不等浸染时间的联合处理, 研究苗龄、 预培养时间、 辐照剂量及其浸染时间等因素对芸芥发状根诱导的影响作用, 并通过聚合链酶式反应（PCR）对所得发状根进行了分子水平的鉴定。 15 Gy X射线辐射能提高芸芥发状根的诱导频率, 且有量效关系, 其中先浸染后辐照比先辐照后浸染效果更显著; PCR结果也表明, 发根农杆菌R1000的 rolB基因已成功地被转入并整合到该发状根的基因组中。 X射线辐照对芸芥发状根的诱导具有一定的促进作用, 且最佳推荐诱导剂量为15 Gy或稍多。     

超声对蛋白质盐析作用的研究

在蛋白质（牛血清白蛋白）-水胶体溶液中加入无机盐，利用蛋白质盐析的原理粗分离蛋白质是常用的生物分离技术。本文试图利用超声强化蛋白质盐析分离过程。讨论了声场参数，即频率、声强、超声辐射时间对该过程的影响。实验表明超声处理牛血清白蛋白时，20kHz超声辐照比无超声处理可缩短了近4．5小时的静置时间，20kHz超声处理可得到约90％的最高蛋白质收率；不同超声频率下有不同的最佳声压值，频率较低时的盐析效果较好；超声辐照并非时间越长越好，超声辐照2min时，牛血清白蛋白的收率最大。由此证明超声技术可加速盐析后的蛋白质沉降速度。     

1064nm脉冲激光诱导Cl2对GaAs（100）表面蚀刻反应动力学

本文采用超声分子束和角分辨的时间分辨质谱技术，研究１０６４ｎｍ脉冲激光辐照下Ｃｌ２对ＧａＡｓ（１００）单晶表面的蚀刻反应动力学。测量了反应产物的质量分布，速度分面睡窨角分布。通过研究激光能量密度对反应产物产率的影响，认为近红外激光的作用主要是通过加热表面脱附反应产物。同时还发现增加入射Ｃｌ２的平动能和它在表现法线方向的分量可提高反应产物的产率。     

超声辐照活体家兔肝组织引起结构改变的阈函数

本文主要描述了用连续聚焦超声波直接辐照活体的家兔肝组织,取材后在光镜下观察组织结构形态的改变。超声强度和辐照时间共取8组数据,用数学上的拟合原理,求出超声直接辐照活体肝组织的阈函数IT~(0.65)=30。最后对该结果进行了讨论:认为在目前条件下,用于治疗的超声强度可以参照该结果加以限制。随意加大超声剂量会造成伤害。     

Interaction of therapeutic ultrasound with purified enzymes in vitro

The effects of ultrasound on the rates of the catalytic reactions of four purified enzymes in vitro have been extensively investigated under a wide range of biochemical and physical exposure conditions. In general, it can be concluded that therapeutic intensities of continuous wave 0.88 MHz ultrasound had no detectable direct effects on the rates of the reactions catalysed by creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, hexokinase and pyruvate kinase. Some minor effects were noted. These were: an indirect effect resulting from mixing within the sample chamber caused by quartz wind streaming; an effect on partially-hydrated cross-linked enzyme systems which appears to be the result of increased fluid penetration of the solid matrix in the presence of ultrasound; and an increase in the rate of spontaneous dissociation of a multimeric enzyme system. It is, therefore, concluded that a direct interaction between ultrasound and the catalytic functioning of individual enzyme molecules is unlikely to be the primary step in any acousto-biological interaction, and that this primary interaction appears to be occurring at a higher level of organizational complexity.     

功率超声在生物工程中的应用

本文对于不同工作条件下超声在生物过程中的作用、功率超声对活细胞和酶的影响、功率超声在基因工程中的应用等方面,综述了这些领域的研究进展。     

超声波对固定化酶活性的影响

本文介绍了超声波对固定化酶的影响，同时对作用过程中的影响因素进行了阐述，并探讨了超声波影响固定化酶的可能机理。     

Effect of ultrasound on protein functionality

The review focus on the effect of ultrasound on protein functionality. The presence of transient ultrasonic mechanical waves induce various sonochemical and sonomechanical effects on a protein. Sonochemical effects include the breakage of chains and/or the modification of side groups of aminoacids. Sonomechanical modifications by enhanced molecular agitation, might lead to the transient or permanent modification of the 3D structure of the folded protein. Since the biological function of proteins depends on the maintenance of its 3D folded structure, both sonochemical and sonomechanical effects might affect its properties. A protein might maintain its 3D structure and functionality after minor sonochemical effects, however, the enhanced mass transfer by sonomechanical effects might expose internal hydrophobic residues of the protein, making protein unfolding to an irreversible denatured state. Ultrasound enhanced mass transport effects are unique pathways to change the 3D folded structure of proteins which lead to a new functionality of proteins as support shield materials during the formation microspheres. Enzymes are proteins and their reactions should be conducted in a reactor set-up where enzymes are protected from sonic waves to maximize their catalytic efficiency. In this review, focused examples on protein dispersions/emulsions and enzyme catalysis are given.     

The influence of frequency on the mechanical and radical effects for the ultrasonic degradation of dextranes

The ratio of mechanical and radical effects for the ultrasonic degradation of dextranes in aqueous solutions was studied in dependence of frequency and molecular weight of the dextranes. For low ultrasound frequency (35 kHz) a stronger increase of the polymer degradation with increasing molecular weight was found as expected on the basis of the radicals present. This is due to the mechanical effects of ultrasound. Applying higher frequencies (>500 kHz) only radical reactions are responsible for the degradation. Below a molecular weight limit of 40000 the mechanical effects vanish.     

Studies on the application of ultrasound in leather enzymatic unhairing

Enzymatic unhairing is a clean technology for leather industry. However, one problem hinders the utilization of enzymes in leather unhairing is the slow diffusion of enzymes through skins. As another clean technology, ultrasound can be applied to accelerate the diffusion of enzymes through skins. In this work, effects of ultrasound on the enzymatic unhairing were investigated. Effect of frequency of ultrasound on the enzymatic unhairing was compared, and 20 kHz was chosen in this work. Under our conditions, ultrasound has little effect on enzyme activities, and also has little influence on the physical and mechanical properties of leather. Ultrasound can enhance the diffusion of enzyme through skins, thus improving the unhairing capacities of enzymes. It is noted that amylase can interact with proteoglycans by attacking saccharide side chains, thus having some unhairing capacity. Ultrasound can improve the unhairing capacity of amylase more effectively. Furthermore, amylase does no harm on the collagen fibrous structure and can be used safely without the need for a high degree of control. So it is possible to use amylase in enzymatic unhairing in combination with protease. In short, using ultrasound in amylase and protease unhairing is a promising clean technology.     

An investigation of lipase catalysed sonochemical synthesis: A review

Ultrasonic irradiation has recently gained attention of researchers for its process intensification in numerous reactions. Earlier ultrasound was known for its application either to deactivate enzyme activity or to disrupt the cell. However, in recent years, practice of ultrasonic irradiation began to emerge as a tool for the activation of the enzymes under mild frequency conditions. The incorporation of ultrasound in any of enzymatic reactions not only increases yield but also accelerates the rate of reaction in the presence of mild conditions with better yield and less side-products. To attain maximum yield, it is crucial to understand the mechanism and effect of sonication on reaction especially for the lipase enzyme. Thus, the influence of ultrasound irradiation on reaction yield for different parameters including temperature, enzyme concentration, mole ratio of substrates, solvents ultrasonic frequency and power was reviewed and discussed. The physical effect of cavitation determined by bubble dynamics and rate of reaction through kinetic modelling also needs to be assessed for complete investigation and scale up of synthesis. Thus, prudish utilisation of ultrasound for enzymatic synthesis can serve better future for sustainable and green chemistry.     

Effects of therapeutic ultrasound on the nucleus and genomic DNA

In recent years, data have been accumulating on the ability of ultrasound to affect at a distance inside the cell. Previous conceptions about therapeutic ultrasound were mainly based on compromising membrane permeability and triggering some biochemical reactions. However, it was shown that ultrasound can access deep to the nuclear territory resulting in enhanced macromolecular localization as well as alterations in gene and protein expression. Recently, we have reported on the occurrence of DNA double-strand breaks in different human cell lines exposed to ultrasound in vitro with some insight into the subsequent DNA damage response and repair pathways. The impact of these observed effects again sways between extremes. It could be advantageous if employed in gene therapy, wound and bone fracture-accelerated healing to promote cellular proliferation, or in cancer eradication if the DNA lesions would culminate in cell death. However, it could be a worrying sign if they were penultimate to further cellular adaptations to stresses and thus shaking the safety of ultrasound application in diagnosis and therapy. In this review, an overview of the rationale of therapeutic ultrasound and the salient knowledge on ultrasound-induced effects on the nucleus and genomic DNA will be presented. The implications of the findings will be discussed hopefully to provide guidance to future ultrasound research.