基于近红外高光谱成像技术的干制红枣品种鉴别

为实现干制红枣的快速鉴别,提出了一种基于近红外高光谱成像技术的鉴别方法。采集四个品种共240个样本干制红枣的近红外高光谱图像(1 000～1 600 nm)。通过主成分分析法(principal component analysis,PCA)、载荷系数法(x-Loading Weights,x-LW)和连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm,SPA)分别提取7个、8个和10个特征波长;基于灰度共生矩阵(gray level co-occurrence matrix, GLCM)提取第一主成分图像的纹理特征。分别以光谱特征、纹理特征、光谱和纹理融合特征作为输入,建立偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)、反向传播神经网络(back-propagation neural network,BPNN)和最小二乘支持向量机(least squares support vector machines,LS-SVM)模型。结果显示,基于融合特征的模型鉴别率高于分别基于光谱特征或纹理特征的模型鉴别率;基于融合特征的BPNN模型的结果最优,对预测集样本鉴别正确率为100%。说明近红外高光谱成像技术可用于干制红枣品种的快速鉴别。     

正交优化红枣多糖的超声波提取工艺

建立了UV-Vis分光光度测定红枣中多糖含量的方法.考察了乙醇体积、超声温度、超声时间、料液比4因素对多糖含量测定的影响.在单因素试验结果的基础上,进行正交试验设计,试验结果表明:最佳测定条件为A2B2C3D2,即超声温度为50℃,超声时间为60min,料液比为1∶30(g/mL),乙醇用量为30mL.方法平均回收率为96.87％,RSD为1.11％(n=5).该法快速、灵敏、准确,可用于红枣多糖的提取及含量测定.     

陕北红枣中微量元素含量测定及聚类分析

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法,测定了6种红枣中6种微量元素的含量.测定结果表明,红枣中微量元素含量丰富,其含量顺序由高到低为Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn和Cu.并对6种红枣作了聚类分析,比较分析了6种红枣之间的相关性,这对于发挥红枣的药用价值具有重要意义.     

南疆红枣品质近红外光谱在线模型参数的实验研究

为建立南疆红枣品质近红外光谱在线校正模型,分析了在线检测结果的主要影响因素,对相应的参数进行了实验研究。设置红枣不同的光谱采集条件,如测量状态、波段谱区、仪器参数等,利用近红外光谱仪和自行设计的红枣批量采集附件,获取南疆红枣品质光谱,通过光谱预处理和检测精度相结合的办法选择条件参数。通过不同建模参数进行PLS光谱校正和二维相关光谱分析,选择糖度特征光谱参数。结果表明:红枣糖度中心波长9 116,9 418和10 500cm-1,采集分辨率16cm-1,扫描次数8次,糖度相对误差8%～10%,单粒红枣光谱数据量减少为原来的1/10,采集时间减少了3s左右。通过实验参数,压缩了数据量,建立了初级在线校正模型,基本实现南疆红枣品质近红外光谱在线检测。     

近红外拓扑方法在南疆红枣品质分析中的应用

从南疆红枣的物理和光谱特征两方面,通过反复调整和逐步细分相结合的方法,给出红枣品质细分和特征因子分析框图。实际应用中可依据不同需要设置最佳光谱参数来提高光谱重复性和质量。实验分离出南疆红枣常见的裂口褐变、色泽和成分等光谱特征因子,如褐变特征因子明显尖峰特征谱线位置10 170cm-1。通过光谱图的特征分析,初步建立了红枣近红外光谱和部分品质之间的对应关系,为下一步红枣品质编码奠定了基础。该方法可节省大量重复建模费用,在建立红枣近红外品质分析标准和模型库共享方面有较好的应用前景。     

紫外分光光度法测定红枣中总糖的含量

采用浓盐酸使红枣中总糖发生脱水反应,紫外分光光度法在284nm处直接测定红枣中总糖的吸光度.在0.78-2.34mg/mL的范围内总糖的浓度与吸光度呈现良好的线性关系(r=0.9990,n=5),平均回收率为99.8%(RSD=2.5%,n=6).本法简单,明确,可用于红枣中总糖的含量测定.     

FAAS测定新疆哈密红枣中的微量元素

用硝酸-高氯酸溶解试样,盐酸溶出,利用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定哈密红枣中Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn微量元素的含量,该方法的加标回收率在97.10%—100.20%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.18%—2.33%之间,具有较好的准确度和精密度。实验发现哈密红枣中微量元素含量丰富,这为哈密红枣的合理食用及进一步开发利用提供了可靠的依据。     

红枣中微量元素含量的测定

用火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)测定了红枣中K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn、Zn、Fe等7种微量元素的含量.实验方法加入标准样回收率在99.4%-105.2%之间,RSD在0.4%-1.3%之间,分析结果令人满意.红枣中含有丰富的微量元素,其含量由高到低的排列顺序为:Fe、K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Mn、Cu,说明红枣具有很高的营养价值.     

不同品种红枣中微量元素的分析

微波消解-原子吸收光谱法测定红枣中微量元素含量,发挥不同品种红枣的药用和食用贾?红枣中6种微量元素含量分别是:铁21.01-31.09mg/kg,钙607.40-787.80mg/kg,铜1.97-3.58mg/kg,锌6.46-14.91mg/kg,锰2.64-3.67mg/kg,镁358.60-431.40mg/kg.红枣中微量元素的含量丰富,尤其是钙、镁、铁的含量较高.     

ICP-AES测定自制风味红枣豆浆的营养元素

通过正交试验设计实验方案,以方差分析优化实验条件制备得到了风味独特的红枣豆浆。采用ICP-AES测定自制红枣豆浆的Ca、Zn、Fe、Mn、Mg、Cu和K7种营养元素。该法简单、快速、灵敏度高,准确性好。回收率在96.9%—100.5%之间,相对标准偏差小于2.02%。实验结果表明:自制红枣豆浆中K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn含量较为丰富,风味独特、品质较好。     

舒胸片中川芎和红花提取工艺优化

优化了舒胸片处方中红花与川芎超声提取工艺.以红花中羟基红花黄色素A （Hydroxysafflor yellow A.HsYA）、川芎中阿魏酸（Ferulic acid,FA）的提取率为考察指标,应用正交试验,考察乙醇浓度、物料比、超声时间和超声次数对提取效果的影响.最终得到川芎和红花药材提取工艺如下,加入12倍50％乙醇超声提取2次,每次30min,能最大限度的提取红花与川芎药材中的有效成分.建立的优化工艺能有效克服川芎、红花药材有效成分热不稳定的缺点,提取转移率较高,可为工业生产提供参考.     

Investigation on ultrasound-assisted extraction of salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza root

It is reported that salvianolic acid B, a bioactive phenolic compound contained in the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, exhibits a much stronger activity in free radical scavenging and antioxidance than those of vitamin E. When a conventional refluxing method is adopted to extract salvianolic acid B from the root, in which the materials are subjected to higher temperature and longer time, the yield of this phenolic compound is lower due to the possibility of its hydrolysis to tanshinol. However, a higher extraction yield can be achieved over a shorter time period and lower temperature when an ultrasound-assisted extraction method is used. This paper investigated the parameters influencing the extraction of salvianolic acid B. Factors such as extraction time, frequency of the ultrasound, the ratio of solvent to material, and types of extraction solvent were examined. A comparison was also conducted between conventional refluxing and ultrasound-assisted extraction. Results showed that the optimal parameters to extract salvianolic acid B from the root of S. miltiorrhiza were as follows: ultrasonic frequency: 45 Hz; solvent: 60% aqueous ethanol; extraction temperature: 30 °C; extraction time duration: 25 min.; ratio of solvent to material: 20:1 (v/w, ml/g). Under these conditions, the yield of salvianolic acid B was 5.17 mg/g (33.93 mg/g) higher than those with conventional refluxing method (28.76 mg/g), indicating that the efficiency and the yield of ultrasound-assisted extraction method are higher than reflux method, and the hydrolysis of salvianolic acid B to tanshinol is effectively avoided.     

热水回流提取香椿叶多糖的工艺研究

研究热水回流提取香椿叶总多糖的工艺条件。单因素考察了原料粒度、提取温度、提取时间、料液比对香椿叶总多糖提取量的影响。以香椿叶总多糖提取量为考察指标,选用L9(34)试验设计对香椿叶总多糖的热水回流提取工艺条件进行优化,并验证最佳工艺条件、确定提取次数。其最佳工艺条件为:在原料粒度约为40目的条件下,提取温度为90℃,提取时间为3h,料液比为1∶25,提取次数为5次。在最佳参数组合下,每克香椿叶可提取总多糖为34.783mg。     

荧光分析法测定岩黄芪根中的总黄酮含量

采用索氏提取法,超声提取法,回流提取法分别提取多序岩黄芪、天山岩黄芪根中总黄酮,并用荧光分析法进行含量测定。结果测得回流提取法提取的多序岩黄芪、天山岩黄芪根中总黄酮含量分别为12.005%,8.647%;索氏提取法提取的总黄酮含量分别为9.744%,7.348%;超声提取法提取的总黄酮含量分别为7.688%,5.840%。最后得出结论回流提取法是提取多序岩黄芪根中总黄酮的最佳方法。     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of ginseng saponins from ginseng roots and cultured ginseng cells

Ultrasound-assisted extraction was evaluated as a simpler and more effective alternative to conventional extraction methods for the isolation of ginsenosides (saponins) from various types of ginseng. The ginseng samples were extracted with different solvents, under either direct sonication by an ultrasound probe horn or indirect sonication in an ultrasound cleaning bath. The ultrasonic extraction was compared with the conventional method of refluxing boiling solvents in a soxhlet extractor, on the yields of both the total saponin isolated by thin-layer chromatography and the individual ginsenosides by high performance liquid chromatography. It was found that the sonication-assisted extraction of ginseng saponins was about three times faster than the traditional extraction method. The ultrasonic extraction was not only more efficient but also convenient for the recovery and purification of the active ingredients of plant materials. In addition, the sonication-assisted extraction can be carried out at lower temperatures which are favorable for the thermally unstable compounds.     

叉枝鸦葱黄酮类化合物提取工艺的研究

采用均匀实验设计对叉枝鸦葱总黄酮的提取工艺进行了研究。主要考察乙醇浓度、提取时间、料液比及提取次数等4个因素对提取率的影响,优选出合理的提取工艺。结果表明水浴回流提取法最佳提取工艺为：15%乙醇、料液比为1：34、提取时间为45min、提取次数为3次;超声-微波协同提取法最佳提取工艺为：30%乙醇、料液比为1：36、提取时间为41min、提取次数为3次。通过比较两种提取方法,超声-微波协同提取法具有省时、节能、操作方便等优点。     

广藿香挥发油提取工艺的优化选择

采用正交试验探讨了不同提取温度、提取剂用量、提取时间以及提取次数对广藿香中挥发油提取率的影响,最终确定了广藿香挥发油的最佳提取工艺,即采用5倍量的石油醚在40℃下浸提4次,提取时间为24h.     

正交试验优选老鹳草中没食子酸的提取工艺

以没食子酸含量和出膏率的综合评分为指标,以溶剂用量、提取时间和提取次数为考察因素,采用正交试验优选老鹳草中没食子酸的提取工艺。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为8倍量水、回流提取3次,每次60m in。该工艺稳定可行,可作为老鹳草中没食子酸的提取方法。     

紫草的提取工艺

对紫草提取工艺中各参数进行了优化,为紫草工业化提取提供一定的参考;以左旋紫草素含量的测定为工艺指标,通过正交设计试验,对乙醇浓度,乙醇体积,浸泡时间,及渗漉时间各因素进行了考察;紫草最佳提取工艺为：5倍量80%乙醇浸泡16h,再加10倍量80%的乙醇渗漉4h;适宜工艺为：5倍量80%乙醇浸泡12h,再加10倍量80%的乙醇渗漉4h;本工艺设计合理,工艺稳定,左旋紫草素提取率高,质量可控,适宜于工业化生产。     

Improved extraction of vegetable oils under high-intensity ultrasound and/or microwaves

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) techniques have been employed as complementary techniques to extract oils from vegetable sources, viz, soybean germ and a cultivated marine microalga rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Ultrasound (US) devices developed by ourselves, working at several frequencies (19, 25, 40 and 300 kHz), were used for US-based protocols, while a multimode microwave (MW) oven (operating with both open and closed vessels) was used for MAE. Combined treatments were also studied, such as simultaneous double sonication (at 19 and 25 kHz) and simultaneous US/MW irradiation, achieved by inserting a non-metallic horn in a MW oven. Extraction times and yields were compared with those resulting from conventional procedures. With soybean germ the best yield was obtained with a ‘cavitating tube’ prototype (19 kHz, 80 W), featuring a thin titanium cylinder instead of a conventional horn. Double sonication, carried out by inserting an immersion horn (25 kHz) in the same tube, improved the yield only slightly but halved the extraction time. Almost comparable yields were achieved by closed-vessel MAE and simultaneous US/MW irradiation. Compared with conventional methods, extraction times were reduced by up to 10-fold and yields increased by 50–500%. In the case of marine microalgae, UAE worked best, as the disruption by US of the tough algal cell wall considerably improved the extraction yield from 4.8% in soxhlet to 25.9%. Our results indicate that US and MW, either alone or combined, can greatly improve the extraction of bioactive substances, achieving higher efficiency and shorter reaction times at low or moderate costs, with minimal added toxicity.