低能量阈高纯锗探测器用于暗物质探测实验研究

一个位于韩国江原道襄阳郡地下实验室的暗物质WIMP探测实验中, 采用了低能量阈高纯锗探测器, 带有碘化铯晶体反符合探测器作为主动屏蔽体. 整个系统设置和能量标定已经完成, 并且已经积累了约155d的本底数据. 还应用外置伽玛源和中子源进行了实验, 以判断本底的来源. 介绍了数据的分析和初步结果, 并给出了实验诱人的前景.     

掺钆液闪中子探测器的研制

中子在探测器中能产生与暗物质粒子(WIMPs)类似的核反冲信号,对于低背景的暗物质直接探测实验,精确测量和排除中子的干扰尤其重要。为测量中国锦屏地下实验室(CJPL)中子本底的通量,研制了高效的、具有很强"中子-伽马"分辨的掺钆液闪快中子探测器。介绍了掺钆液闪中子探测器的研制和性能,包括探测器形状和尺寸的设计,液体闪烁体类型、光电倍增管型号以及液闪容器材料的选择,探测器的伽马能量刻度以及中子与伽马信号的甄别。用Am-Be中子源对探测器进行探测效率刻度,得到阈值为0.2 MeV等效电子能量的中子探测效率为(6.30±0.30)%,满足中国锦屏地下实验室对中子通量测量的要求。     

3×3锗酸铋晶体阵列探测器对于0.5—21MeV光子能量响应的研究

建造了由九块国产锗酸铋晶体组成的采用光电倍增管读出的阵列式探测器. 应用γ放射源、中子放射源、静电加速器(p,γ)反应以及核反应堆(n,γ)反应得到0.5—21MeV γ射线. 在这个能量范围内进行的测试显示了线性的能量响应. 能量分辨率在低能量下满足预期的E^1/2关系, 而能量在4.43MeV以上实际测得的数值较预期为大. 实验中还考察了光子在晶体阵列中沉积能量的横向分布情况, 结果与蒙特卡罗模拟一致. 本工作表明, 采用放射源及低能(p,γ)反应作为锗酸铋电磁量能器定标和监测的手段是实际可行的.     

第一性原理研究[112]硅锗异质结纳米线的电子结构与光学性质

基于密度泛函理论体系下的广义梯度近似,本文利用第一性原理方法着重研究了[112]晶向硅锗异质结纳米线的电子结构与光学性质.能带结构计算表明:随着锗原子数的增加,[112]晶向硅锗纳米线的带隙逐渐减小;对Si_(36)Ge_(24)H_(32)纳米线施加单轴应变,其能量带隙随拉应变的增加而单调减小.光学性质计算则表明:随着锗原子数的增加,[112]硅锗纳米线介电函数的峰位和吸收谱的吸收边均向低能量区移动;而随着拉应变的增大,吸收系数峰值呈现出逐渐减小的趋势,且峰位不断向低能量区移动,上述结果说明锗原子数的增加与施加拉应变均导致[112]硅锗纳米线的吸收谱产生红移.本文的研究为硅锗异质结纳米线光电器件研究与设计提供一定的理论参考.     

高纯锗探测器的广泛应用和自主研制进展

以目前国际上极为活跃开展的暗物质探测、无中微子双 衰变研究为例,评述了高纯锗探测器的重要性及其广泛的应用前景。介绍了己开展的高纯锗单晶、探测器制备的关键技术研究进展:合作单位已研制出了用于高纯锗单晶材料制备的区熔炉、单晶炉;并制备出直径为20  50 cm、纯度为12N(< 41011  atoms/cm3)、位错< 5000 atoms/cm2 的锗单晶;掌握了高纯锗探测器(平面型、同轴型)制备的关键技术,用进口高纯锗单晶材料制备出的同轴型高纯锗探测器对射线的能量分辨率及探测效率均达到进口产品指标,使用自制的12N 高纯锗单晶材料己制备出平面型高纯锗探测器。呼吁加速高纯锗研制的自主创新步伐,尽早实现其国产化目标。The article reviews importance and wide applications of HPGe detector, especially the application on the dark matter search experiment and double beta decay experiment. The research progress on the Highpurity germanium single crystal and HPGe detector in China has been introduced. The cooperation partner developed new type zone-refining furnace and single crystal furnace. The ultra-purity germanium single crystal with 20~50 cm, purity up to 12N(net impurity concentration is less than 41011 atoms/cm3), and dislocation less than 5 000 /cm3 was prepared. The key technologies for preparing planar and coaxial HPGe detector were mastered. The coaxial detector, which has been made of imported ultra-purity germanium single crystal has excellent energy resolution and efficiency as the imported commercial detector. The planar detector using selfmade germanium single crystal was also successfully manufactured. The research group appeals for speeding up the pace of independent innovation on the high-purity germanium, and achieving the high-purity germanium localization as soon as possible.     

基于应变锗空穴双量子点的可调耦合和自旋阻塞研究

应变锗空穴量子点是实现超大规模量子计算最有前景的平台之一.由于锗空穴不受超精细相互作影响，有着较长的自旋弛豫时间和量子退相干时间，且锗中本征的强旋轨道耦合和空穴载流子的低有效质量，使得全电场操控空穴自旋量子比特得以实现，极大地降低了器件加工难度，增加了量子点的可扩展性.本文介绍了一种使用应变锗异质结制备重叠栅空穴双量子点器件的方法，完成了应变锗异质结性质测量，空穴双量子点器件制作，单量子点输运性质和双量子点输运性质研究，双量子点耦合可研究调节性研究，以及外磁场存在下的漏电流性质研究和泡利自旋阻塞解除机制的研究.这些工作为未来实现高质量自旋量子比特制备和高保真度量子逻辑门操控提供了实验平台和基本参数.     

面向PEM应用的γ射线探测器研究

正电子发射乳腺照相术(Positron Emission Mammography, PEM)获得的是乳腺的实时高分辨率动态的功能图像, 从而为在更广范围里研究治疗乳腺癌的方法提供了可能. 大多数的PEM探测器采用紧凑型无机闪烁晶体阵列与光电探测器相耦合的形式, 故光电信号转换器件在PEM探测器中起着非常重要的作用. 探测器基于新型平面面板位置敏感型光电倍增管(Flat Panel Position Sensitive PMT, FP-PS-PMT), 配以锗酸铋(Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂, BGO)晶体阵列. PS-PMT型号为R8400-00-M256型FP-PS-PMT, 有效面积大于90%. 晶体阵列为20×20, 单个晶体尺寸为2mm×2mm×20mm. 实验验证表明该探测器具有良好的空间分辨本领和能量分辨本领, 空间分辨率达到2.0mm半高宽(Full Width Half Maximum, FWHM), 能量分辨率达到23% FWHM.     

纷繁隐秘的暗世界

 暗物质的由来 暗物质的最佳候选者--弱作用大质量粒子（WIMPs） WIMP 粒子是暗物质的唯一候选者吗？ 暗作用力,隐藏的世界 暗物质和暗能量之间的联系     

超薄介质插层调制的氧化铟锡/锗肖特基光电探测器

本文通过在氧化铟锡(indium tin oxide, ITO)透明电极和锗(germanium, Ge)之间引入超薄氧化物介质层以调节其接触势垒高度,制备出低暗电流、高响应度的锗肖特基光电探测器.比较研究了采用不同种类介质Al_2O_3和MoO_3,以及不同掺杂浓度的锗和硅衬底上外延锗材料制作的ITO/Ge肖特基二极管特性.发现2 nm厚的Al_2O_3插层可有效提高ITO与n-Ge和i-Ge的接触势垒高度,而MoO_3插层对ITO与不同Ge材料的接触势垒高度影响不明显. ITO/Al_2O_3/i-Ge探测器由于其增大的势垒高度表现出性能最佳,暗电流(–4 V)密度低至5.91 mA/cm~2, 1310 nm波长处光响应度高达4.11 A/W.而基于硅基外延锗(500 nm)材料制作的ITO/Al_2O_3/Ge-epi光电探测器的暗电流(–4 V)密度为226.70 mA/cm~2, 1310 nm处光响应度为0.38 A/W.最后,使用二维位移平台对ITO/Al_2O_3/i-Ge光电探测器进行了单点成像实验,在1310 nm, 1550 nm两个波段得到了清晰可辨的二维成像图.     

上海激光电子伽马源(SLEGS)核共振荧光谱仪设计及探测器性能分析

核共振荧光(NRF)实验可对光核反应低激发能级进行研究。上海激光电子伽马源(SLEGS)设计、建造了一组由2台大尺寸同轴高纯锗(HPGe,φ80 mm×70 mm)探测器和2台CLOVER HPGe(4×φ50 mm×70 mm)探测器组成的核共振荧光谱仪,大尺寸HPGe探测器获得了大于100%的相对效率和好于0.3%@1 332keV的能量分辨率。谱仪采用Mesytec MDPP-16数字脉冲处理器及MVME获取系统,以读取和记录HPGe前置放大器输出信号的幅度和时间信息。研究了CLOVER HPGe探测器在加和(Add-back)模式和去除(Reduction)模式下的性能提升,结果表明,Add-back重建可以显著提高全能峰效率和峰总比,在1 460 keV能量处,Addback重建后的全能峰效率可以提高21%以上。由于Add-back重建引入了多个晶体之间的耦合,导致探测器能量分辨稍有下降。而Reduction模式可以降低康普顿峰,提高峰总比,并保持和直接(Direct)工作模式同等水平的能量分辨,但是损失了一定的全能峰效率。     

Low-energy neutrino and dark matter physics with sub-keV germanium detectors

The TEXONO-CDEX Collaboration (Taiwan experiment on neutrino?CChina dark matter experiment) explores high-purity germanium (HPGe) detection technology to develop a sub-keV threshold detector for pursuing studies on low mass weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), properties of neutrino and the possibilities of neutrino-nucleus coherent scattering observation. This article will introduce the facilities of newly established China Jing-Ping Underground Laboratory (CJPL), preliminary result of cosmic ray background studies at CJPL, the dark matter studies pursued at Kuo-Sheng Neutrino Laboratory (KSNL) and research efforts to accomplish our physics goals.     

HPGe 探测器晶体尺寸及效率的研究

采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟计算光子的探测效率需对高纯锗( HPGe ) 探测器进行准确的建模。模拟计算研究了HPGe 晶体长度对探测效率的影响,并在空间不同的测量位置对放射源进行测量,将模拟计算与实验测量相结合,对探测器晶体的尺寸进行调整,获得了HPGe 探测器晶体的模拟计算的准确尺寸,并在122s1 332 keV 能量范围内对模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明,在此能量范围内HPGe 探测器的探测效率的模拟计算值与实验测量值的相对偏差大多数在5% 内,并建立点源探测效率与探测器轴向距离的关系。The accurate shape of HPGe detector is needed in order to calculate its detection efficiency with Monte Carlo methods. In our calculation, the influence of the HPGe crystal size on efficiency has been investigated; the final crystal sizes were determined by comparison with experiments and were validated by the experimental efficiency obtained at several source-to-detector positions. The results show that when the crystal dimensions determined are used to calculate the detection efficiency in the energy range 122s1 332 keV, the relative deviations between simulated and most experimental results were within 5%. In addition, the relationship between detection efficiency and axial distance to detector was established.     

Identification of weakly interacting massive particles through a combined measurement of axial and scalar couplings

We study the prospects for detecting weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) in a number of phenomenological scenarios, with a detector composed of a target simultaneously sensitive to both spin-dependent and spin-independent couplings, as is the case of COUPP (Chicagoland Observatory for Underground Particle Physics). First, we show that sensitivity to both couplings optimizes chances of initial WIMP detection. Second, we demonstrate that, in case of detection, a comparison of the signal on two complementary targets, such as in COUPP CF3I and C4F10 bubble chambers, allows a significantly more precise determination of the dark matter axial and scalar couplings. This strategy would provide crucial information on the nature of the WIMPs and possibly allow discrimination between neutralino and Kaluza-Klein dark matter.     

Direct dark matter search with CRESST and EURECA

The current status of the direct Dark Matter experiments CRESST (Cryogenic Rare Event Search with Superconducting Thermometers) and the planned EURECA (European Underground Rare Event Calorimeter Array) is presented. Both experiments are aimed at the direct detection of WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), potential candidates for the Dark Matter in the universe. New design developments of the cryogenic detectors operated at mK temperatures are investigated to optimize detector performance and to simplify mass production. Thus, CRESST is also providing a basis for the EURECA project, aimed at a ton of cryogenic detectors with a multi-material target.     

暗物质寻找实验中CsI(Tl)晶体反符合探测器实验研究

一个正在建设的位于韩国Y2L地下实验室的低能暗物质探测实验中, 采用了CsI(Tl)晶体反符合探测器作为主动屏蔽体. 本工作对CsI(Tl)晶体反符合探测器的实验性能进行了研究. 通过FADC系统记录的脉冲波形数据, 研究了探测器的能量分辨率和波形甄别的能力; 研究相同能量γ射线入射到反符合探测器不同位置的相对光输出将有助于选择探测器的工作参数; 为了解晶体自身放射性对暗物质测量的影响, 利用低本底HPGe探测器对CsI(Tl)晶体内部的放射性进行了测量, 得到晶体内部Cs同位素的放射性活度. 探测器系统进行了约18d的试运行取数. 实验数据表明, CsI(Tl)晶体探测器的反符合效率约为31% HPGe探测器的本底计数率水平约为133cpd. 为了进行暗物质探测研究, 需要采取有效的方法进一步降低探测器的本底水平.     

重丰中子新同位素——238Th

利用兰州重离子加速器（ＨＩＲＦＬ）提供的６０ＭｅＶ／ｕ的１８Ｏ离子束照射天然铀靶,通过多核子转移反应生成２３８Ｔｈ．用快速放射化学分离技术从铀及其反应产物的混合物中分离出Ｔｈ同位素．使用两台高纯锗（ＨＰＧｅ）探测器测量了样品的γ射线活性,观测到了２３８Ｔｈ的β－衰变子体２３８Ｐａ的γ射线的生长、衰变行为,测定２３８Ｔｈ的半衰期为9.4±2.0min A new nuclide 238Th has been produced via multinucleon transfer reaction by 60 MeV/u 18 O ion irradiation of natural uranium. The produced thorium was radiochemically separated from the mixture of uranium and its reaction products. The activity of thorium was measured by using a HPGe detector and a planar HPGe detector. 238 Th has been identified for the first time by measuring the growth and decay of the γ rays from its daughter nucleus 238 Pa.     

Simulated minimum detectable activity concentration (MDAC) for a real-time UAV airborne radioactivity monitoring system with HPGe and LaBr3 detectors

An automatic real-time UAV airborne radioactivity monitoring system with high-purity germanium (HPGe) and lanthanum bromide (LaBr₃) detectors (NH-UAV) was developed to precisely obtain small-scope nuclide information in major nuclear accidents. The specific minimum detectable activity concentration (MDAC) calculation method for NH-UAV in the atmospheric environment was deduced in this study for a priori evaluation and quantification of the suitability of NH-UAV in the Fukushima nuclear accident, where the MDAC values of this new equipment were calculated based on Monte Carlo simulation. The effects of radioactive source term size and activity concentration on the MDAC values were analyzed to assess the detection performance of NH-UAV in more realistic environments. Finally, the MDAC values were calculated at different shielding thicknesses of the HPGe detector to improve the detection capabilities of the HPGe detector, and the relationship between the MDAC and the acquisition time of the system was deduced. The MDAC calculation method and data results in this study may be used as a reference for in-situ radioactivity measurement of NH-UAV.     

Review of dark matter direct detection experiments

Matter, as we know it, makes up less than 5% of the Universe. Various astrophysical observations have confirmed that one quarter of the Universe and most of the matter content in the Universe is made up of dark matter. The nature of dark matter is yet to be discovered and is one of the biggest questions in physics. Particle physics combined with astrophysical measurements of the abundance gives rise to a dark matter candidate called weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP). The low density of WIMPs in the galaxies and the extremely weak nature of the interaction with ordinary matter make detection of the WIMP an extraordinarily challenging task, with abundant fakes from various radioactive and cosmogenic backgrounds with much stronger electromagnetic interaction. The extremely weak nature of the WIMP interaction dictates detectors that have extremely low naturally occurring radioactive background, a large active volume (mass) of sensitive detector material to maximize statistics, a highly efficient detector-based rejection mechanism for the dominant electromagnetic background and sophisticated analysis techniques to reject any residual background. This paper reviews currently available major technologies being pursued by various collaborations, with special emphasis on the cryogenic Ge detector technology used by the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search Collaboration (CDMS).