非密堆积TiO2空心微球光子晶体的制备与能带分析

利用胶体自组装、高温烧结和HF酸刻蚀技术,制备了SiO2微球非密堆积面心立方(FCC)结构的胶体晶体,并以此为模板,利用溶胶凝胶方法和NaOH湿法刻蚀技术制备了TiO2空心微球非密堆积FCC结构光子晶体.利用电子显微镜分析了晶体的结构,用平面波展开法对该结构进行了能带计算与分析.计算结果表明,制备的TiO2空心微球非密堆积FCC结构光子晶体在低能区的第二、第三能带之间除布里渊区的W点仍保持简并外,其余各点简并都已经消除.     

基于光纤的三维可调胶体光子晶体

用改进的垂直沉积法在光纤端面制备了高质量的SiO₂胶体光子晶体,经过烧结、固化构成胶体光子晶体-光纤结构. 用扫描电子显微镜确定了样品为面心立方密排结构,其密排面平行于光纤基底表面. 利用全光纤传感网络测试了该胶体光子晶体,反射峰中心位于845 nm处,与Bragg理论计算值符合很好. 将该样品浸入不同折射率的液体中,反射光谱的峰值位置随着液体折射率的改变而发生偏移,近似呈线性关系,实现了峰位可调. 对于不同浓度引起的液体折射率的变化,基于光纤的胶体光子晶体结构也能够很好地分辨出来. 关键词： 可调胶体光子晶体 2微球')" href="#">SiO₂微球 Bragg反射 光纤     

FCC结构胶体光子晶体的制备及其带隙特性测量

基于对光纤传输特性和胶体光子晶体制备方法的研究,提出了用外加电场控制的方法制备光子带隙位于通讯波段的FCC结构的胶体光子晶体,并用光纤系统测试胶体光子晶体的带隙特性.采用RSOFT模拟了胶体光子晶体的带隙,分析了带隙位于通讯波段时所需的胶体微球的基本参量(微球折射率和直径).采用自组装的方法,用步进电机控制玻璃基片向上的拉升速率.速率为5 μm/s,同时外加一电场.用扫描电镜观测胶体晶体的表面形貌,并设计了单模光纤系统测量胶体光子晶体的带隙特性.测试的透射谱线表明胶体光子晶体的带隙中心波长为1552 nm.测试结果和模拟结果具有很好的一致性,误差只有2 nm.     

FTIR与XRD的均匀粒度分布Ce-Cu/TiO2空心微球制备机理研究

随着社会经济的发展,环境空气品质已经成为研究热点。TiO₂是一种化学稳定性高,耐腐蚀性强,对人体无毒无害的N型半导体材料。利用TiO₂的光催化性能提高室内环境空气品质已经成为研究焦点,但是由于TiO₂只能在紫外光源下才具有较高的光催化效率,而在可见光源下的光催化效率较低,从而极大的限制了TiO₂在室内环境领域的发展。因此,研发在可见光源下具有良好光催化性能的TiO₂复合材料势在必行。利用元素掺杂改性技术与提高比表面积方法可以改善光催化反应过程中量子效率和对光能的利用率,以加快电子和空穴向表面迁移的速率同时降低光生载流子的复合机率。以二氧化硅SiO₂为模板、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为成膜剂、硝酸铈Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O和硝酸铜Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O为改性剂采用溶胶-凝胶法制备均匀粒度分布的Ce-Cu/TiO₂空心微球,并将制备过程分为四个阶段,即纳米SiO₂球模板的制备、Ce-Cu/TiO₂-SiO₂复合微球凝胶的制备、Ce-Cu/TiO₂-SiO₂复合微球的制备和Ce-Cu/TiO₂空心微球的制备。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）与X射线衍射仪（XRD）对Ce-Cu/TiO₂空心微球的制备过程各阶段生成物进行测试与分析,即在纳米SiO₂球模板的制备阶段从微观角度研究纳米SiO₂球模板的搭建过程,在Ce-Cu/TiO₂-SiO₂复合微球凝胶的制备阶段研究TiO₂附着于纳米SiO₂球模板的过程,在Ce-Cu/TiO₂-SiO₂复合微球的制备阶段研究煅烧工艺对Ce-Cu/TiO₂-SiO₂复合微球中晶相与结构的影响,在Ce-Cu/TiO₂空心微球的制备阶段研究氢氧化钠溶液对Ce-Cu/TiO₂-SiO₂复合微球中纳米SiO₂球模板洗涤效果的影响。利用紫外-可见分光光度计（UV-Vis）对Ce-Cu/TiO₂空心微球的光响应性能进行测试与分析,以研究Ce-Cu/TiO₂空心微球对可见光源的利用效率。利用激光粒度分析仪（LPSA）与扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对Ce-Cu/TiO₂空心微球的粒度分布与微观形貌进行测试与分析,以研究Ce-Cu/TiO₂空心微球的均匀粒度分布效果。结果表明：以Si-O-Si基团构建非晶体结构的无定形态纳米SiO₂球模板,有利于聚乙烯吡咯烷酮在纳米SiO₂球模板表面附着,从而控制Ce-Cu/TiO₂空心微球的空腔结构。Ce-Cu掺杂基本进入TiO₂晶体,极少进入纳米SiO₂球模板晶体,从而抑制了Ce-Cu/TiO₂-SiO₂复合微球中TiO₂由锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变。Ce-Cu掺杂TiO₂可以促使TiO₂内部形成新的能级,实现能量较小的光子捕获e-和h+,从而提高Ce-Cu/TiO₂空心微球对可见光源的利用效率。Ce-Cu/TiO₂空心微球的表面光滑且不存在明显的缺陷,其形貌呈现良好的球体且粒径分布均匀,即d₉₀为219.54 nm,d₅₀为151.60 nm、d₁₀为103.84 nm,以及d₉₀-d₁₀为115.70 nm。研究结果为进一步获得可见光源下具有良好光催化性能的均匀粒度分布Ce-Cu/TiO₂空心微球提供理论依据和研究基础。     

光纤表面自组装胶体晶体微结构的实验研究

利用自组装方法在普通单模光纤裸纤表面生长胶体晶体,采用自组装方法制备了一种新型的三维光子晶体微结构光纤。将单分散度小于2％的二氧化硅胶体微球超声分散于乙醇溶液,通过垂直沉积法在表面经湿法腐蚀处理的裸光纤表面组装胶体晶体。采用SEM对样品进行表征,胶体样品表面为六角密排列,晶体呈FCC结构,其（111）晶面平行于光纤表面。当微球直径远小于光纤直径时,在60℃温度下制备的胶体样品有较好的质量。     

聚乙二醇/二氧化钛一维光子晶体的制备及其性质研究

采用旋涂法制备了多层聚乙二醇/二氧化钛(PEG/TiO₂)一维光子晶体膜,通过控制旋涂时间、旋涂速度和聚乙二醇溶液质量浓度,制备出具有不同光子禁带的PEG/TiO₂一维光子晶体膜。制备的PEG/TiO₂膜对有机溶剂二甲亚砜(DMSO)和强碱溶液有双重响应。     

聚苯乙烯多孔薄膜的密度梯度控制

利用单分散的SiO2微球自组装制备了含一种尺寸微球的SiO2胶体晶体和含多种尺寸微球的多层异质结构。对含一种尺寸微球的SiO2胶体晶体进行煅烧和刻蚀处理后,胶体晶体中空隙所占比例大于立方密堆结构的26%,形成了非密堆结构,而且刻蚀时间越长,空隙比例越大。在同样的热处理和刻蚀条件下,微球尺寸越小的胶体晶体被刻蚀的程度越高,结构中空气空隙所占的比例越大。对SiO2多层异质结构经过煅烧和刻蚀处理后,得到了空隙梯度变化的多层结构,以此为模板制备了密度梯度变化的聚苯乙烯多孔薄膜。薄膜各层之间形成了平滑的过渡,没有显示出明显的层间缺陷,且孔与孔之间没有出现3维有序多孔结构中常见的大的连通孔道。     

由介质球构成的三维光子晶体能带结构的平面波研究

采用平面波展开方法计算由介质球构成的面心立方三维光子晶体的能带结构及透射性质.选 用合适的平面波个数研究了SiO₂蛋白石结构光子晶体的能带及透射性质，并采 用转移矩阵 方法计算了电磁波沿［111］方向的传输特性，两种方法得到的结果相符合.还研究了反蛋白 石结构光子晶体的全带隙.最后，研究了壳层介质球构成的面心立方结构光子晶体的能带特 性，发现在高介质球外面包裹适当厚度的低介电常数介质壳层所构成的光子晶体，可以增大 L点相对带隙宽度50％，并证明了其优化内外半径比值约为0．69. 关键词： 光子晶体 光子能带 平面波展开方法 Core-Shell结构     

异质三周期光子晶体的光子带隙特性

利用传输矩阵法研究了由TiO₂和SiO₂两种材料构成的异质三周期一维光子晶体的传光特性,发现该结构能在波长为200~ 2 000 nm的范围内形成7处比较明显的光子带隙,并且波长越大,带隙的宽度越大。重点研究了这种结构的光子晶体的透射谱线与入射角度、介质层数及介质层厚度的关系,发现该结构形成的光子带隙的大小和位置对介质层的循环周期数不敏感,但对入射角度和介质层的厚度很敏感。     

硅基两维光子晶体的制备和光子带隙特性

利用反应离子束刻蚀设备制备了硅基的两维空气柱光子晶体，并用红外显微镜测试了样品的 反射谱. 理论上用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法计算了样品的光子带隙，从测试结果看光子带隙 和理论计算的光子带隙符合得很好.  关键词： 光子晶体 光子带隙 反射谱 时域有限差方法     

Introducing CdS into two- and three-dimensional photonic crystals

SiO₂/air three-dimensional (3D) periodic structures were fabricated by removing Si layers partially from Si/SiO₂ 3D photonic crystals (PhCs) formed by using autocloning. CdS/SiO₂ 3D periodic structures were formed by introducing CdS into the SiO₂/air structures by the TEA method and photoluminescence (PL) was observed from the introduced CdS. TiO₂/air/CdS two-dimensional (2D) PhCs were also fabricated by introducing CdS into the voids of TiO₂/air 2D periodic structures, in which SiO₂ layers were partially etched out from TiO₂/SiO₂ 2D PhCs fabricated by using autocloning. PL radiating normal to the surface was measured and large polarization dependence was observed.     

Three-dimensional photonic bandgap crystals of titania hollow spheres at visible wavelengths

A non-close-packed three-dimensional photonic crystal of titania hollow spheres has been fabricated. The fabricated process is based on the silica template technique, thermal sintering, and the sol–gel process. The band-structure calculations and optical measurements both indicate that a quasi-full three-dimensional photonic bandgap located at the visible wavelength has been presented between the eighth and ninth bands. This indicates that the non-close-packed structure of titania hollow spheres was easier to open the complete photonic bandgaps than other face-centered cubic structures made by self-assembling methods at the visible region.     

Si-based two-dimensional photonic crystals coupled to one-dimensional Bragg mirrors

Planar two-dimensional photonic crystals can be combined with a one-dimensional Bragg mirror to control the quality factor and out-of-plane coupling of optical Bloch modes. We have investigated the optical properties of such structures fabricated on silicon. The photonic crystals are fabricated in the upper Si layer deposited on top of quarter-wave thick SiO₂-polycrystalline Si layers. The optical properties are probed by the room-temperature photoluminescence of Ge/Si self-assembled islands as an internal source. We show that an enhancement of the quality factor can be obtained by controlling the thickness of the silicon upper layer in which the two-dimensional photonic crystal is etched and by controlling the air filling factor of the photonic crystal. Quality factors of 2200 around 1100 nm are obtained by this method for defect-free photonic crystals with a square lattice pattern. The experimental results are supported by three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations of the radiated modes for the investigated structures.     

Modelling of 3D photonic crystals based on opals

The construction of 3D photonic crystals with gaps in the visible or the near-infrared frequency range requires engineering of complex microstructures which are very difficult to realize by etching and micro-fabrication. Consequently, self-ordered systems such as synthetic opals are very promising. Synthetic bare opals are constituted by SiO₂ spheres that organize themselves by a sedimentation process in a face centered cubic (fcc) arrangement. Using the plane wave method, we examine the photonic band structures of close-packed opal-based photonic crystals with an SiO₂ (n = 1.5) matrix. The incomplete photonic band gaps at the X- and L-points have been studied which correspond to normally incident plane waves onto the (100) and (111) crystal planes. With the transfer matrix method, we model the transmission properties. We find that the incomplete gap at the L-point fully inhibits the transmission of waves propagating in the [111] direction for opal sample thicknesses that are easily obtainable. This property shows that bare opals could be good candidates for complete inhibition of transmission in the near-infrared and visible frequency range for given orientations.     

Two-dimensional Si photonic crystals on oxide using SOI substrate

Two-dimensional photonic crystals (2D-PhCs) on oxide can be easily incorporated into photonic integrated circuits. Although an asymmetrical structure (air/PhC/oxide) is advantageous in terms of ease of fabrication, it has been pointed out that such a structure may have no photonic band gap (PBG). To clarify the characteristics of the asymmetrical structure, we calculated the band structure using the three-dimensional (3D) FDTD method and measured the transmission characteristics of a fabricated 2D Si-PhC on oxide. The calculations show that we can use a quasi-PBG even in an asymmetrical structure when the PhC thickness satisfies the single-mode condition. The measured transmission characteristics correspond to the calculated band structure and reveal the existence of a quasi-PBG. These results show that the asymmetrical 2D Si-PhC-on-oxide structure can be applied to various optical devices.     

Analysis of ultra-small photonic large scale integrated circuits

A detailed study of a platform of ultra-small photonic large-scale integrated circuits was conducted. Bandgap structure calculations of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) based photonic crystals have been investigated. The photonic crystal consists of dielectric cylinders in air. Using the band structure calculations we obtained design parameters for the proposed structures. The coupling between the photonic crystal and a waveguide fabricated from SOI system has been analysed. It is shown that the optical coupling is improved by interfacing different types of spot-size converters (SSCs) between the SOI waveguide and the photonic crystal. Also, the possibility and limitations of silicon doped germanium and SOI photonic crystals to analyse the light guiding in the third dimension is discussed.     

Fabrication of flexible photonic crystal using alumina ball inserted Teflon tube

In our previous paper, it was found that cotton yarn/TiO₂-dispersed resin photonic crystals were fabricated successfully by applying textile technology. However, it is difficult to apply for practical use because these photonic crystals cannot change their shape flexibly. In this study, we fabricate the flexible photonic crystals using high-dielectric constant fibers. The high-dielectric constant fibers were made by inserting alumina balls into Teflon tubes. The crossed linear-fiber laminated fabric and multilayered woven fabric with an fcc lattice structure were structured by aligning high-dielectric constant fibers periodically. These photonic crystals consist of air and high-dielectric constant fibers. The attenuation of transmission amplitude through the photonic crystals was measured. The photonic crystal of crossed linear-fiber laminated fabric exhibits a forbidden gap in the range from 16 to 18 GHz range. On the other hand, the photonic crystal of multilayered woven fabric, which was fabricated by the same parameter with crossed linear-fiber laminated fabric, also exhibits a forbidden gap in the range from 13 to 16 GHz range. Thus, we can successfully fabricate flexible photonic crystals of woven fabric using high-dielectric constant fibers.     

全息制作不同晶面取向光子晶体模板

用单向光入射和单次曝光的激光全息技术制作了类金刚石结构, 此类金刚石结构有宽完全带隙和低介质折射率要求等优点. 在同一种光束配置下，引入恰当的匹配棱镜，用激光全息技术制作了大面积的类金刚石光学晶格不同晶面取向的亚微米周期结构. 满足如负折射效应等研究中所需的特殊晶面取向要求. 关键词： 激光全息技术 光学晶格 光子晶体     

Cotton-yarn/TiO$\mathsf{_{2}}$ dispersed resin photonic crystals with straight and wavy structures

The feasibility of three-dimensional (3-D) photonic crystals made using textile technology was investigated. Three different textures consisting of the cotton-yarn and TiO₂ dispersed resin; a crossed linear-yarn laminated fabric, a multi layered woven fabric, and a 3-D woven fabric, were fabricated. The microwave attenuation of the transmission amplitude through these photonic crystals was measured. The straight cotton-yarn as well as the wavy cotton-yarn/TiO₂ dispersed resin photonic crystals exhibited band gaps in the 6 to 15 GHz range. Thus, we could fabricate successfully 3-D photonic crystals using textile technology.Received: 27 February 2004, Published online: 12 July 2004PACS: 42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials - 84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology     

Photonic crystals for the visible spectrum by holographic lithography

We describe a general and flexible technique for the fabrication of three-dimensional photonic crystals that is particularly well adapted to the production of structures with the sub-micron periodicity required for applications in the visible optical spectrum. Three-dimensional microstructure is generated by using a four-beam laser interference pattern to expose a thick layer of photoresist. Exposed areas are rendered insoluble; unexposed areas are dissolved away leaving a three-dimensional photonic crystal formed of cross-linked polymer with air-filled voids. The polymeric structure may be used as a template for the production of photonic crystals with higher refractive index contrast. Photonic crystals made of polymer and of TiO₂ have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy and by optical diffraction measurements.