荧光光谱法研究三种黄酮类化合物与BSA的相互作用

用荧光光谱法研究了黄酮类化合物高良姜素(Galangin),山萘酚(Kaempferol),槲皮素(Quercetin)和牛血清白蛋白(BSA)之间的相互作用,测定了这三种化合物与BSA的结合常数和结合位点数,探讨了其荧光猝灭机制.根据热力学参数确定了三种化合物与BSA之间的作用力类型,运用Foerster's偶极-偶极非辐射能量转移原理测定了与牛血清白蛋白的结合距离.结果表明,高良姜素、山萘酚、槲皮素等三种黄酮化合物能够使牛血清白蛋白的荧光猝灭,各化合物与BSA自发地发生了结合,形成了新的加合物(Adduct)或缀合物(Conjugate).其荧光猝灭过程是疏水作用力为主导的静态猝灭过程,BSA与各化合物之间发生了非辐射能量转移.三种黄酮化合物分子中随B环上的羟基数增加,与BSA的结合力增强.     

光谱法研究儿茶素与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

运用荧光猝灭光谱、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)等光谱手段研究了模拟人体牛理条件下儿茶素与牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA)的相互作用,求出了儿茶素与BSA结合的结合常数、结合位置、结合类型等参数,并研究了共存离子对儿茶素与BSA的结合常数的影响.实验结果表明:儿茶素与BsA形成复合物从而猝灭BSA的内源荧光,且其荧光猝灭机理符合静态机制.296,303,310 K下儿茶素与BSA结合的结合常数分别为:2.368,2.249,2.152×106 L·mol-1.热力学数据表明儿茶素与BsA主要靠疏水作用力和静电作用力结合,探针实验表明儿茶素与BSA在结合位点Site Ⅰ发生结合.F(o)ster偶极一偶极非辐射能量转移机理确定了儿茶素在BSA中与第214位色氨酸残基之间的距离r=1.93 nm.FTIR光谱显示,儿茶素诱导BSA的二级结构发生了变化.     

胡椒酸乙酯与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用及金属离子的影响

采用荧光光谱研究了胡椒酸乙酯与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用。实验结果表明:胡椒酸乙酯与BSA形成基态复合物从而猝灭BSA的内源性荧光,猝灭原因主要为静态猝灭和非辐射能量转移作用。胡椒酸乙酯对BSA的猝灭速率常数Kq为1.451×1013L.mol-1.s-1(25℃)和1.136×1013L.mol-1.s-1(37℃),胡椒酸乙酯与BSA的结合常数KA为9.484×105L.mol-1(25℃)和1.355×106L.mol-1(37℃),结合位点数n为1.18(25℃)和1.24(37℃)。根据Frster偶极-偶极非辐射能量转移理论得到结合距离r为2.68 nm(25℃)和2.81 nm(37℃)。通过热力学参数的计算,确定胡椒酸乙酯与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用是熵增加和吉布斯自由能降低的自发过程,主要作用力为疏水作用力。讨论了共存金属离子对胡椒酸乙酯与BSA的相互作用的影响。     

荧光法研究PTB与白蛋白的结合

利用药物对蛋白的荧光猝灭作用,用荧光法研究了N-苯酰甲噻唑溴(PTB)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)及人血清白蛋白(HSA)的相互作用。测定发现BSA溶液的最大激发波长为280 nm,HSA溶液的最大激发波长为290 nm。分别向溶液中加入PTB后,原有的最大发射波长处的强度明显减弱。说明PTB对BSA和HAS有荧光猝灭作用。PTB与BSA,HSA有中等强度的结合。测得15 ℃时PTB与BSA,HSA的结合常数分别为3.66×103和3.83×103,结合位点数n分别为1.02和1.16;37 ℃时PTB与BSA,HSA的结合常数分别为3.58×103和3.35×103,结合位点数分别为0.95和0.87。根据热力学常数确定了PTB与BSA,HSA之间的主要作用力类型均为静电作用力。通过Fster偶级-偶级非辐射能量转移原理,得到BSA,HSA与PTB结合的位置距色氨酸残基的距离分别为7.5和7.9 nm。根据白蛋白的结构,可以推测BSA,HSA与PTB结合的位点在ⅡA亚结构域,靠近Try214的区域。     

染料木素酯化修饰物与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

在模拟人体生理条件下(pH＝7.4),利用荧光光谱和紫外分光光度法研究了染料木素7-乙酰阿魏酸酯(1)和染料木素7,4’-二-乙酰阿魏酸酯(2)两种新型染料木素酯化修饰物,与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用。实验表明：两种染料木素阿魏酸酯均能有效猝灭BSA的内源荧光,低浓度时为静态猝灭过程。考察了不同温度下化合物与BSA的结合常数和结合位点数。根据反应热力学参数确定了BSA与1之间主要为静电力作用,与2之间主要为氢键和范德华力作用。根据Frster 非辐射能量转移理论,BSA(给体)与化合物(受体)间的结合距离r分别为2.63和2.92 nm。同步荧光光谱法研究表明,染料木素乙酰阿魏酸酯与BSA的结合不影响蛋白质的构象,结合位点更接近于色氨酸。     

多光谱法和分子对接模拟法研究黄腐植酸和牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

在模拟生理环境中,使用荧光光谱法、紫外光谱法、圆二色谱法、同步荧光光谱法、三维荧光光谱法与分子对接模拟法研究黄腐植酸和牛血清白蛋白(BSA)之间相互作用。在荧光光谱法研究中,经Stern-Volmer方程计算得到298,303和308 K温度下的动态荧光猝灭速率常数K_q和猝灭常数,证明BSA与黄腐殖酸(FA)相互作用的猝灭过程为静态猝灭;同时根据计算得出的结合位点数n都在1附近,FA与BSA体系相互作用比为1∶1;利用静态猝灭双对数方程计算三个温度下的热力学参数,焓变ΔH<0,熵变ΔS＜0,得出结论,FA与BSA之间的主要作用力为氢键和范德华力;ΔG＜0,说明作用过程为自发过程。采用Förster’s偶极-偶极非辐射能量转移理论,计算出结合距离r=6.340 nm,表明BSA与FA之间存在非辐射能量转移。分子对接模拟结果表明FA与BSA残基的结合作用力具有氢键和范德华力,同时二者之间还存在疏水作用力,多种力共同作用使FA与BSA能够稳定结合。通过对FA与BSA相互作用的紫外-可见吸收光谱分析,发现BSA最大吸收峰发生了较为明显的红移,表明FA使BSA的二级结构发生改变。通过研究FA与BSA相互作用的同步荧光光谱,得到FA使BSA中的色氨酸（Trp）残基周围的微环境极性增强,疏水性减弱,亲水性增强,使BSA的蛋白质构象发生了一定程度的改变。通过研究FA与BSA相互作用的三维荧光光谱,峰1（peak 1）与峰2（peak 2）的最大发射波长峰都发生了红移,证明FA与BSA发生了相互作用,FA使BSA周围环境的极性增大,疏水性减小,亲水性增加,BSA蛋白质构象发生变化。最后采用圆二色谱法进行分析,利用软件计算得出该实验相互作用体系下α-螺旋（α-Helix）减少2.3％、β-折叠（β-sheet）增加7.7％、β-转角（β-Turn）增加0.6％和无规则结构（Random coil）含量减少1.2％,β-折叠（β-sheet）含量增加最为明显, 强有力地说明了FA使BSA结构发生了改变。     

奥硝唑对映体与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用研究

利用荧光光谱法分别研究了S-奥硝唑(S-ONZ)和R-奥硝唑(R-ONZ)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)相互作用机制。结果表明S-ONZ和R-ONZ均能猝灭BSA的荧光,属于静态猝灭。根据Stern-Volmer方程和结合反应方程式分别计算出了反映药物与BSA作用机制的参数:猝灭常数KSV,结合常数KA,结合位点数n。由求得的热力学参数(ΔH、ΔS和ΔG)判断了药物与BSA之间作用力主要类型为静电作用。此外,本文同时考察了溶液pH值和异丙醇对药物和BSA之间作用力类型及作用强度的影响。实验方法简便、快速,实验结果初步阐明药物与BSA作用机制,有助于解释奥硝唑不同对映体的药效差异。     

荧光光谱法研究四苯基-锌金属卟啉与蛋白质的相互作用机理

利用荧光光度法研究了meso-四(4-羟基苯基)卟啉-锌金属卟啉(TPP-Zn)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)之间的结合反应。TPP-Zn对于BSA有荧光猝灭作用,基于TPP-Zn对BSA内源荧光的猝灭机理,测定了两者之间在不同温度下的结合常数,温度在27,35和42 ℃时,利用荧光猝灭法测得的结合常数K分别为1.521×106 L·mol-1,7.048×105 L·mol-1,1.473×105 L·mol-1,各温度下的最大扩散碰撞猝灭速率常数K_q均大于2.0×1010 L·mol-1·s-1,由此判定猝灭类型为静态猝灭。根据Frster非辐射能量转移理论,确定了TPP-Zn与BSA之间的能量转移效率E,能量给体(BSA)与受体(TPP-Zn)之间的结合距离r=3.72<7 nm,符合非辐射能量转移条件。依据热力学参数ΔG<0,ΔH<0和ΔS>0确定了TPP-Zn与BSA之间的作用力主要是静电引力。     

极性分子摆动态的三体量子关联

极性分子具有较长的相干时间和较强的偶极-偶极相互作用,因此它被视为量子信息处理的有效量子载体.基于分子摆动态作为量子比特,研究了处于热平衡状态下三极性分子线性链系统的三体量子关联特性,分析了三体负性熵纠缠度、测量诱导扰动和三体量子失协随与电场强度、分子电偶极矩、分子转动常数、偶极-偶极相互作用和温度等参数有关的三个无量纲变量之间的变化关系.研究表明:在其他参数给定的情况下,随电场强度的增加,三体量子关联均变小;随偶极-偶极相互作用强度的增大,三体量子关联先增加到峰值再逐渐变小;温度越高,负性熵纠缠度和三体量子失协越小,但测量诱导扰动随温度的改变在电场强度和偶极-偶极相互作用影响下呈现不同的变化趋势.此外,通过调节电场强度、偶极-偶极相互作用和温度,可改变与操控极性分子摆动态的三体量子关联.     

光谱探针猩红S与牛血清白蛋白结合的发光光谱

利用荧光光谱和紫外吸收光谱,详细研究了不同温度下猩红S(PS)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的结合反应,发现PS对BSA的内源性荧光具有较强的猝灭作用,其猝灭机理属于静态猝灭,由此求得PS与BSA间的结合常数、结合位点数及热力学参数等.结果表明:PS与BSA之间形成了1:1稳定复合物,它们之间的作用力主要是静电引力.根据Fo...     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.