轨道板中超声兰姆波传播的有限元计算和实验*

该文针对我国高速铁路轨道板缺陷的非接触动态检测问题,研究了空气耦合超声兰姆波在轨道板中的传播规律。首先,给出了轨道板中超声兰姆波的相速度和群速度频散曲线,结果表明:随着频厚积的增加,频散现象越明显,并且A0相速度收敛于Rayleigh波的波速。然后,建立轨道板中波传播的有限元模型,计算得到兰姆波传播的群速度为2220 m/s,且二维傅里叶变换系数的较大值沿Rayleigh波的频散曲线分布。最后,在沪杭高铁嘉兴南站进行了现场测试,以8.8°倾斜角向轨道板激励产生超声兰姆波,激发产生的兰姆波模态群速度为2325 m/s,且二维傅里叶变换分析其系数的较大值沿Rayleigh波的频散曲线分布。有限元计算结果和实验结果均与理论计算结果一致。该研究为后续轨道板缺陷的非接触动态检测提供了理论依据和实验方法。     

超声兰姆波的时频分析

声-超声方法在被测板件厚度较小时,板中传播的超声波模式主要是多模式的兰姆波。由于兰姆波的复杂性,声-超声方法回避了对信号进行进一步深入的分析,而采用所谓“应力波因子”对材料中能量耗散进行相对度量。当多模式与频散同时存在时,信号的识别异常困难,本文采用时-频分析的方法对声-超声信号进行了分离,只需一次测量就可满足分析要求。通过对兰姆波信号的伪Wigner-Ville分布进行时频重排和图像特征提取,能够精确地获得兰姆波的局部群速度频散曲线。     

用于储罐底板缺陷检测的超声兰姆波模式研究

从超声兰姆波的声场方程出发,得到板材表面离面位移(法向位移)为零的条件,即当超声兰姆波的相速度等于板材介质的纵波声速时,在板材表面的离面位移为零。在给定适当频厚积的条件下,分别数值模拟了仅有切向位移而无离面位移的A1、S1、A2和S2兰姆波模式在有液体负载的单层钢板中的传播情形。结果表明:离面位移为零的S2模式频散较小且对板中缺陷更为敏感。     

兰姆波非线性效应的实验观察(Ⅱ)

基于Ritec-SNAP系统对固体板中传播的兰姆波的非线性效应进行了实验观察。根据导波的模式展开分析方法和兰姆波的频散曲线,简述了兰姆波的积累二次谐波发生条件。采用一定倾角的斜劈换能器在固体板表面激发和接收兰姆波的基波和二次谐波时域信号,阐述了兰姆波的基波、二次谐波时域脉冲包络的积分振幅的物理意义,在固体板表面分别测量了不同传播距离的兰姆波的基波、二次谐波的幅频曲线。在兰姆波具有非线性效应的频率值附近,分析了兰姆波的二次谐波振幅随传播距离的变化关系。实验结果进一步证明了兰姆波在一定条件下具有强烈的非线性效应,其二次谐波表现出随传播距离积累增长的性质。     

非线性兰姆波在阶梯板中传播的有限元仿真

在非线性兰姆波检测中,累积二次谐波是重要的检测信号.该文利用有限元法仿真了非线性兰姆波在阶梯板中的产生和传播过程,通过二维离散傅里叶变换分析了兰姆波的传播模态和各个模态通过波导横截面的能流大小,给出了各个模态在阶梯板中的反射、透射系数,总结了其随阶梯板厚度的变化规律.研究发现,随着台阶增高,散射效应使得兰姆波更难入射波...     

一种定征复合板材粘接层性质的非线性超声兰姆波方法

借助于兰姆波频散曲线及导波激发的模式展开分析方法,对基频兰姆波时域信号及二次谐波时域信号的发生过程进行了直观的论述。结合Ritec-SNAP系统的测量功能,详细分析了二次谐波时域脉冲包络积分表达式的物理意义;该积分表达式可表征基频兰姆波时域脉冲传播过程中的二次谐波发生效率,以及基频与二倍频兰姆波模式之间的频散程度。在基频与二倍频兰姆波相速度相等(或近似相等)的频率附近,实验观察到显著的且无模式混叠的二次谐波信号,显示出在兰姆波的传播过程中的确可存在强烈的非线性效应。对于三种不同粘接情形的复合板材,实验结果表明,采用本文引入的非线性兰姆波应力波因子,结合二次谐波幅频曲线峰值所对应的频率值,可有效地对板材粘接层性质进行表征。     

兰姆波各模式声速与板材疲劳关系研究

为了研究由于材料疲劳造成的材料弹性系数变化对兰姆波各模式相速度的影响,对兰姆波传播特性进行了理论计算与实验测量.研究表明高阶模式兰姆波相速度对于弹性系数的变化要比零阶模式敏感.对于LY-12-CZ合金铝板,A3模式由于材料疲劳产生的相速度相对变化量要比A0模式约高4倍.因此采用高阶模式兰姆波进行无损检测,其灵敏度要远优...     

基于模式分离的兰姆波逆时偏移成像

应用频率域逆时偏移方法实现各向同性和各向异性板中缺陷的兰姆波成像.由于缺陷引起的多模态散射信号会在重建图像中形成伪像,根据基本导波模式振动对称性的差别进行了模式分离预处理.基于多元阵列超声技术,开展了铝板和复合板内缺陷频率域逆时偏移超声成像方法的数值仿真研究.首先,建立有限元模型,采用环形传感器数值采集由缺陷引起的兰姆波散射信号,然后,将采集到的多模式散射信号进行模式分离处理,再将模式分离后的兰姆波散射信号经时间反转后并在相应的接收器处重新激励,在频域中运用格林函数反向传播兰姆波散射信号,获取监测区域的声场信息,与正向传播声场进行互相关,重建缺陷图像.首先对铝板中单缺陷以及复合材料板中相邻的两个相同缺陷进行数值仿真,对比有无模式分离处理的缺陷逆时偏移成像效果,体现出模式分离的重要性.在此基础上,采用逆时偏移方法对复合板材内位置邻近、深度不同的双缺陷进行识别.数值结果表明,模式分离预处理后的缺陷重建图像能够有效去除多模式干扰产生的伪像.文中提出的成像方法对各向同性板和各向异性板内缺陷的检测和成像具有很好的发展潜力,可以准确地探测多个缺陷的形状、尺寸和深度.     

时频域独立元分析方法实现超声兰姆波的多模式分离

为方便兰姆波信号分析与模式定征,提出一种将短时傅里叶变换(Short-Time Fourier Transform,STFT)与独立元分析(Independent Component Analysis,ICA)相结合的多模式超声兰姆波识别方法。首先通过STFT将兰姆波时域信号投影至时频域,基于各模式信号在时频域相对独立的特点,利用ICA实现混叠模式分离。根据分离模式时频能量脊提取各模式群速度曲线,进而估计板厚。将方法运用于时域有限差分(Finite-Difference Time-Domain,FDTD)法仿真与钢板实验,分离得到A0、A1和S0三种模式。仿真与实验中平均群速度估计误差约为1.5%和2.0%,板厚估计误差约为0.3%和2.0%。仿真结果表明,在信噪比(Signal-to-Noise Ratio,SNR)不小于0 dB的情况下,时频域独立元分析方法均可实现兰姆波多模式分离、群速度曲线提取及板厚估计。      

金属板疲劳损伤非线性兰姆波混频检测

针对金属板结构安全运行需要,开展了金属板结构疲劳损伤非线性兰姆波混频检测方法研究.通过数值仿真,研究了两列A0兰姆波与材料损伤间的非线性相互作用.结果 表明,两列共线A0兰姆波在结构材料损伤处产生单向传播的和频S0波,且和频波幅值随传播距离具有积累增长效应.对不同疲劳程度金属板试件进行了共线混频兰姆波检测实验,结果表明...     

The propagation of Lamb waves in a plate bordered with layers of a liquid.

The influence of liquid layers on the propagation of Lamb waves in a plate of finite thickness is studied theoretically. The dispersion equations of Lamb waves in a plate bordered with layers of liquids are derived. Numerical solutions of the equations show that the phase velocity of Lamb waves changes with the thickness of the liquid layers. For the lowest antisymmetrical mode of very thin plates, the numerical results calculated from the dispersion equations are compared with those derived from the bending wave acoustic impedance approach. The limitation of the latter is discussed. Applications of Lamb waves pertinent to biosensing are also presented.     

基于层状模型的功能梯度板中兰姆波传播研究

功能梯度板中的兰姆波的传播在实际工程中有着非常广泛的应用。采用层状模型研究了兰姆波在材料特性沿厚度方向连续变化的功能梯度板中的传播特性。通过数值计算获得了层状板中兰姆波的色散关系,并与已有结果进行了比较,获得了材料属性沿厚度方向呈指数变化和多项式变化时功能梯度板中兰姆波的波速和位移解。当材料属性连续变化时,兰姆波各阶模态的波速与位移都将发生变化。相比于兰姆波的高阶模态,低阶模态的波速变化更加明显。本文的研究可为功能梯度板的设计提供参考。     

The group velocity variation of Lamb wave in fiber reinforced composite plate

Experimentally measured Lamb wave group velocities in composite materials with anisotropic characteristics are not the same as the theoretical group velocities which is calculated with the Lamb wave dispersion equation. This discrepancy arises from the fact that the angle between the group velocity direction and the phase velocity direction in anisotropic materials exists. Wave propagation in a composite material with anisotropic characteristics should be considered with respect to magnitude correction in addition to direction correction. In this study, S0 mode phase velocity dispersion curves are depicted with the variation of degree with respect to the fiber direction using a Lamb wave dispersion relation in the unidirectional, bidirectional, and quasi-isotropic composite plates. Slowness surface is sketched by the reciprocal value of the phase velocity curves. The magnitude and direction of the group velocity could be calculated from the slowness surface. The recalculated group velocities with consideration of the magnitude and direction from the slowness surface are compared with experimentally measured group velocities. The proposed method shows good agreements with theoretical and experimental results.     

Propagation Properties of Backward Lamb Waves in Plate Investigated by Dynamic Photoelastic Technique

The dynamic photoelastic technique is employed to visualize and quantify the propagation properties of backward Lamb waves in a plate. Higher energy leaikage of second-order symmetric backward wave mode S_(2 b) in contrast to third-order anti-symmetric backward mode A3 b is shown by the dispersion curve of a plate immersed in water,and then verified by experiments. To avoid the considerable high leakage, the plate is placed in air, both group and phase velocities of modes S_(2 b) and A3 b in the glass plate are experimentally measured. In comparison with the theoretical values, less than 5% errors are found in experiments.     

两侧有固体层负载时板中Lamb波的传播

本文研究了薄板二面有固体导负载时板中Ｌａｍｂ波的传播，从弹性波理论出发并结合应的边界条件，导出板中Ｌａｍｂ波的色散方程，数值计算表示，不管作为自由状态时板中Ｌａｍｂ波相速（板厚取定时）是大于或小于外层固体的声表面波波速，板中对称及反对称模式的Ｌａｍｂ波相速都随着外层固体层厚度增加而变化并且渐近于外层固体的声表面波波速，数值计算又表明，对很薄的板，板中对称及反对称模式的相速均随负载板的厚度呈线性变化     

Second Harmonic Generation of Lamb Wave in Numerical Perspective

The influences of phase and group velocity matching on cumulative second harmonic generation of Lamb waves are investigated in numerical perspective.Finite element simulations of nonlinear Lamb wave propagation are performed for Lamb wave mode pairs with exact and approximate phase velocity matching,with and without group velocity matching,respectively.The evolution of time-domain second harmonic Lamb waves is analyzed with the propagation distance.The amplitudes of primary and second harmonic waves are calculated to characterize the acoustic nonlinearity.The results verify that phase velocity matching is necessary for generation of the cumulative second harmonic Lamb wave in numerical perspective,while group velocity matching is demonstrated to not be a necessary condition.     

非线性兰姆波在厚度缓慢变化和衰减下的特性分析*

该文运用解析的方式推导了考虑声波衰减时兰姆波二次谐波的累积和传播规律,并用半解析方式将该理论推广到缓慢变厚度板的情况。由于色散特性,兰姆波二次谐波和基频波相速度不匹配,传播通常会产生拍频效应,使得二次谐波的振幅沿着传播距离周期性的归零。当考虑声波衰减或板的厚度缓慢变化的情况时,拍频效应将不再严格地被满足。二次谐波的振幅依然会沿着传播距离而振荡,但不会归零。该研究可以用于分析如何高效地激发和接收兰姆波的二次谐波,表征和评估不同厚度变化的结构中的微观结构损伤。     

Lamb wave extraction of dispersion curves in micro/nano-plates using couple stress theories

In this paper, Lamb wave propagation in a homogeneous and isotropic non-classical micro/nano-plates is investigated. To consider the effect of material microstructure on the wave propagation, three size-dependent models namely indeterminate-, modified- and consistent couple stress theories are used to extract the dispersion equations. In the mentioned theories, a parameter called ‘characteristic length’ is used to consider the size of material microstructure in the governing equations. To generalize the parametric studies and examine the effect of thickness, propagation wavelength, and characteristic length on the behavior of miniature plate structures, the governing equations are nondimensionalized by defining appropriate dimensionless parameters. Then the dispersion curves for phase and group velocities are plotted in terms of a wide frequency-thickness range to study the lamb waves propagation considering microstructure effects in very high frequencies. According to the illustrated results, it was observed that the couple stress theories in the Cosserat type material predict more rigidity than the classical theory; so that in a plate with constant thickness, by increasing the thickness to characteristic length ratio, the results approach to the classical theory, and by reducing this ratio, wave propagation speed in the plate is significantly increased. In addition, it is demonstrated that for high-frequency Lamb waves, it converges to dispersive Rayleigh wave velocity.     

Estimation of wall thinning in mild steel using laser ultrasound Lamb waves and a non-steady-state photo-emf detector

In this work, a non-steady-state photo-emf receiver has been used to detect the lower frequency fundamental a0 Lamb waves in mild steel. Experimentally, the Lamb waves are laser-generated in the thermoelastic regime using a Q-switched, 20 ns, pulsed Nd:YAG laser and a line source. Typical Lamb waves had centre frequencies of 250 kHz but with frequency components that extended beyond 1 MHz. In mild steel, higher order Lamb wave modes were not considered to be significant below a frequency thickness product of 1.6 MHz mm. Below this level, associated velocity dispersion curve offered phase velocity changes that were sensitive to thickness change. Samples up to 5 mm in thickness were examined without significant interference from higher order modes. A non-steady-state photo-emf detector used as the ultrasonic detector had the advantage of a lower frequency cut-off at 100 kHz compared to a confocal Fabry-Pérot interferometer (CFPI) of about 2 MHz. Both schemes offered greater stand-off distance (>20 cm) than is possible with EMATs, which have a stand-off distance less than 1.0 mm. Progress made in detecting wall thinning in steel plate with thickness up to 5 mm is reported.