考虑环境成本的能量系统(火用)经济学分析模型

随着可持续发展战略的实施,对传统的(火用)经济学提出了新的挑战。本文在传统佣经济学分析的基础上,将环境成本引入到(火用)经济学分析中,首先提出了“广义子系统”的概念,建立了包括(火用)环境成本平衡在内的各种平衡方程;在系统生产结构的描述中,将系统中的(火用)流划分成外界输入(火用)流、内部(火用)流以及向外界输出(火用)流三类,最终建立了以矩阵形式表示的各种平衡方程,用于求解系统中各股(火用)流的单位(火用)成本、单位(火用)经济成本、单位环境成本、单位综合(火用)经济成本等性能参数。最后针对某国产200MW机组进行了实例计算。     

确定多联产能量系统产品火用成本的能质因数法

根据"优质优价"原则,提出多联产能量系统产品的单位火用成本Ui与该产品火用的"能质因数"λi的关系为Ui=λieλi;改进完善了多联产能量系统产品的单位火用成本分析的矩阵模式。通过实例计算得到了多联产能量系统产品电、热的单位火用成本,与单产电、单产热的单位火用成本对比,与产品等价分配得到的单位火用成本对比,发现根据"能质因数"确定产品的单位火用成本较为合适。     

基于(火用)概念的能量系统环境效应评价和建模

基于环境是稀缺资源,提出环境效应的(火用)评价策略及其废物(火用)费用估算方法,引入了环境损害因子、环境污染率及环境损害函数的概念。按照能量转换、能量回收子系统系统的(火用)流变化与环境污染特征,建立了能量系统环境(火用)经济三子系统分析优化模型,并分别给出了各子系统环境(火用)经济优化的目标函数。     

热力学(火用)的基本表达式与应用

把系统和环境构成的多相复合系统作为(火用)的物质属体,进一步明确了(火用)的定义,直接从理论上给出热力学(火用)的基本表达式,该式适用于均相或多相开口系统、封口系统、稳流系统等各类物理化学(火用)的计算。     

碳化酸溶消解-原子吸收光谱法测定环烷酸盐中的锌

用碳化酸溶法消解环烷酸锌试样 ,首先用硝酸消解试样中易溶解的部分 ,蒸干 ,然后约 30 0℃碳化 ,使大分子裂解形成小分子或碳残渣 ,再用硝酸 ,高氯酸消解成无色透明溶液。消解中虽然用了高氯酸 ,但不会发生爆炸。用本法消解环烷酸锌 ,FAAS法测定锌 ,RSD为 1.13% ,方法简便、快速 ,效果良好 ,获得满意的结果     

固体中冲击波的分子动力学研究

 文中用分子动力学方法研究了具有面心结构的晶体在冲击波的作用下温度、压力、粒子速度、物质密度及冲击波速度诸参数的变化,并与宏观规律作了比较。文中采用Fincham的计算格式。原子间的相互作用势用Morse势,其参数用最近邻相互作用近似获得。     

微波溶样FAAS法测定头发中锌、铜、

本文用微波溶样技术，对头发样品进行消解处理，用ＦＡＡＳ法测定头发中锌、铜、铁。实验结果表明，用微波溶样消解头发具有省时、节约试剂、消解完全等优点。用本法测定头发中锌、铜、铁，获得满意的方法精密度、准确度。     

人体脏器中钼的石墨炉原子吸收测定方法的研究

本文讨论了用衬钽石管测定人体脏器中钼的方法。初钽管完全消除了形成稳定碳化物的影响,灵敏度较用普通石墨炉管提高约８４倍,较用热解石墨管提高了一个数量级,完全消除 记忆效应,减少了钠、钾、铁等共存元素的干扰．方法简单、准确、快速。     

基于(?)分析的空分流程对比研究

以内、外压缩空分流程为对象,通过AspenPlus模拟计算获得系统总(火用)损失,(火用)效率及压力(火用)、温度(火用)、跑冷(火用)、分离(火用)占设备(火用)损失的比例,探讨两类流程的区别。研究发现:压缩、精馏及换热设备损失是空分系统(火用)损失的主要来源;内压缩流程主换热器、过冷器的传热损失比例大于外压缩流程;相对传统的外压缩流程,内压缩流程在生产液体及高压产品方面表现更优。最后探讨了一种基于空分流程产品冷(火用)与膨胀节流过程产生冷量的变化关系来进行流程比较的方法。     

火焰原子吸收法测定血清中三种元素的三种前处理方法比较

本文就火焰原子吸收法测定血清中K、Fe、Mg三种元素常用的三种前处理方法,即用去离子水稀释、用1%硝酸稀释、用硝酸-高氯酸消化进行了比较,并用数理统计方法进行差异显著性测验,证明三种前处理方法所得结果一致。其中1%硝酸稀释法操作简便快速,适于批量样品的分析。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.