数值模拟探针诱导表面等离子体共振耦合纳米光刻

采用有损耗介质和色散介质的二维时域有限差分方法,数值模拟了以光波长514.5nm的p偏振基模高斯光束为入射光源,激发Kretschmann型表面等离子体共振,并通过探针的局域场增强效应实现纳米光刻的新方法——探针诱导表面等离子体共振耦合纳米光刻.分别就探针与记录层的间距以及探针针尖大小,模拟分析了不同情况下探针的局域场增强效应和记录层表面的相对电场强度振幅分布.结果表明,探针工作在接触模式时,探针的局域场增强效应最明显,记录层表面的相对电场强度振幅的对比度最大;当探针针尖距记录层5nm时,针尖下方记录层表面的相对电场强度振幅大于光刻临界值的分布宽度与针尖尺寸相近. 关键词： 纳米光刻 表面等离子体共振 时域有限差分方法     

The electric field modulation by three-dimensional crack on fused silica subsurface

The main factor of laser-induced damage is the modulation to electromagnetic field of laser by the crack on the subsurface. In this paper, a three-dimensional crack model on the exit surface is presented. Three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is employed to simulate the electric field intensity distribution in the vicinity of crack on fused silica subsurface. The roles of the crack width, depth, length and the gradient angle in the modulation to the incident light field are analyzed in detail. Results show that the crack size plays an important role in the electric modulation. With the increasing depth and width, the peak value of maximal electric field intensity appears in fused silica. However, the maximal electric field intensity tends to be a constant when the crack length reaches 1 μm. Besides, the enhancement of light intensity becomes obvious when total internal reflection occurs in fused silica. Our calculated results provide an advisable theoretical criterion to the corresponding experiment.     

Superfocussing in a metal-coated tetrahedral tip by dimensional reduction of surface-to edge-plasmon modes

Metal-coated dielectric tetrahedral tips (T-tip) have long been considered to be interesting structures for the confinement of light to nanoscopic dimensions, and in particular as probes for scanning near-field optical microscopy. Numerical investigations using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method are used to explore the operation of a T-tip in extraction mode. A dipole source in close proximity to the apex excites the tip, revealing the field evolution in the tip, the resulting edge and face modes on the metal-coated surfaces, and the coupling from these modes into highly directional radiation into the dielectric interior of the tip. These results are the starting point for illumination-mode numerical investigations by a Volume Integral equation method, which compute the field distribution that develops in a T-tip when a Gaussian beam is incident into the tip, and which show that a highly confined electric field is produced at the apex of the tip. The process of light confinement can be considered as a superfocussing effect, because the intensity of the tightly confined light spot is significantly higher than that of the focussed yet much wider incident beam. The mechanism of superfocussing can be considered as a dimensional reduction of surface plasmon modes, where an edge plasmon is the most important link between the waveguide-modes inside the tip and the confined near field at the apex.     

Influence of residual surface stress on the fracture of nanoscale piezoelectric materials with conducting cracks

In this paper,we analyze the stress and electric field intensity factors affected by residual surface stress for conducting cracks in piezoelectric nanomaterials.The problem is reduced to a system of non-linear singular integral equations,whose solution is determined by iteration technique.Numerical results indicate that the residual surface stress can significantly alter the crack tip fields at nanometer length scales.Due to the residual surface stress,281he electric field can produce stress around crack tip.This suggests a strong electromechanical coupling crack tip field for nanoscale piezoelectric materials.Such a finding is considerably different from the classical fracture mechanics results.A transit electric field to stress load ratio is identified,for which influences of residual surface stresses vanish.The research is useful for the applications of nanoscale piezoelectric devices.     

Enhanced Field Emission from Vertical ZnO Nanoneedles on Micropyramids

Vertical ZnO nanoneedles with sharp tips are secondarily grown on tips of primarily grown ZnO micropyramids by a vapour transport process. The field emission （FE） properties exhibit a lower turn-on electric field and a higher field enhancement factor as compared with vertical ZnO microrods. This result indicates that ZnO nanoneedles have good optimum shapes for FE due to electron accumulation at sharp tips.     

Numerical study on the field emission properties of aligned carbon nanotubes using the hybrid field enhancement scheme

The magnitude of the local electric field and the electron emission current density for an array of aligned carbon nanotubes is estimated. For describing in detail the properties of the local electric field in the vicinity of the nanotube tips, a hybrid method allowing for the local determination of the field enhancement factor is introduced. The field factor consists of two parts: an internal factor which describes the structure of the carbon nanotubes and an external factor which represents the field screening effect due to neighboring nanotubes. The current density is obtained using the Fowler–Nordheim equation with the hybrid field enhancement scheme. As a result, the emission properties for an array of nanotubes with a given length are described satisfactorily, and an optimum value for the nanotube spacing is determined. PACS 85.45.Fd; 85.45.Db     

Experimental and modelling study of the dependence of corona discharge on electrode geometry and ambient electric field

The results of experimental observations and mathematical modeling of corona formation on the tips of grounded rods are presented as a function of their tip height, curvature radius, the magnitude and polarity of the applied electric field producing corona. The investigations demonstrate that corona current depends on the active volume of zone in which electric field strength exceeds the breakdown criteria for air. The mathematical model was verified with the experimental data, enabling dependence of corona current on rod tip height, tip radius and applied electric field strength to be quantified with the need for a plethora of experiments.     

Heat-field treatment of tips made of tungsten-hafnium alloy

The combined effect of a high electric field and a high temperature on the morphology of W-Hf field-emission tips is studied. It is shown that, while the tip reconfiguration stages for this alloy are basically the same as for pure tungsten, they have a number of specific features due to the surface segregation of hafnium. The heat-field treatment of these emitters narrows the solid angle of emission significantly, improves the emissivity of the tips, and is accompanied by the high-temperature evaporation primarily of Hf atoms.     

爆炸电子发射初期阴极表面电场的研究

为了研究二极管爆炸电子发射初始阶段阴极表面复杂的物理现象及规律, 建立了由场致电子发射阴极构成的一维平板真空二极管物理模型,通过自行编程数值求解泊松方程, 考虑了发射出的电子对阴极表面电场的非线性影响,自洽模拟得到了阴极表面电场随时间的变化情况. 模拟结果表明,爆炸电子发射初期,阴极表面电场随时间的增加而呈现出不断振荡的规律, 且振荡幅度越来越小,最终到达一个稳态的值,二极管两极板之间的外加电场越大, 阴极表面稳态电场的绝对值越大;电场增强系数越大,阴极表面稳态电场的绝对值越大. 在整个时间演变过程中,阴极表面的实际电场强度决定着阴极发射的电流密度大小, 反过来阴极发射的电流密度又会影响到阴极表面的电场.     

基于人工表面等离激元探针实现太赫兹波的紧聚焦和场增强

为提高太赫兹近场显微成像技术的分辨率,设计了一款在Teflon探针的尖锥形表面镀上厚度渐变、具有相同占空比的超薄金属银制条带的探针,用于实现探针尖端处人工表面等离激元的激发和太赫兹波的亚波长聚焦.研究表明,对于频率为0.1 THz的入射波,厚度渐变镀银条带探针产生的紧聚焦光场的尺寸可稳定在20μm左右(λ/150),探针尖端处最大电场强度为入射电场强度的849倍.研究还发现,周期性金属条带的数目和入射电场的偏振方向可对探针尖端处产生的紧聚焦光斑的尺寸和电场强度等进行灵活有效的调控.     

Field emission properties of nano-structured phosphorus-doped diamond

Nano-structured phosphorus-doped diamonds were fabricated for field emitters and their field emission properties were characterized. Two kinds of nano-structures were prepared; tip array structures and whiskers on tip structures. The tips, which have 100 nm radius and 10 μm height, are used in tip array structures; whiskers have tip radii of 5 nm and height of 500 nm. Following nano-structure formation, a reduction of threshold fields is observed compared to non-patterned flat surfaces. This is ascribed to field concentration at the tips. However, at higher electric fields, a saturation of the emission current is observed due to non-negligible bulk resistances in tips and whiskers.     

The use of antenna theory to calculate the electric fields in a thermal field emission metal whisker diode

In recent years, research groups have used metal-metal point contact diodes for frequency mixing and detection of infrared laser radiation. It has been postulated that the mechanism for the nonlinear current-voltage characteristic of the diode is the tunneling of electrons through an intermediate oxide film from the whisker tip to the metal base, i.e., the configuration is considered to be a metal-oxide-metal (MOM) tunneling junction. Several features of the diodes' operation create considerable doubt concerning the applicability of the MOM tunneling mechanism. Analysis of the available data led us to postulate an alternate solid state mechanism, namely a thermally enhanced field emission process. Such emission would be a consequence of the immersion of the whisker in the laser radiation resulting in (1) conduction heating which induces thermionic emission and (2) generation of an electric field at the tip necessary for electron tunneling. In an earlier paper, we calculated the power absorbed by the cylindrical shank of a point contact diode in an infrared radiation field. Using the absorbed power as a source, detailed calculations were made of the laser induced temperature distributions on the diode; more approximate treatments were used to obtain the electric fields developed on the tip. Values of the computed temperature and field parameters for tungsten were found to be consistent with a thermal field emission process. In this paper we present a more rigorous calculation of the voltages and fields induced on different metal whisker tips by the incident laser radiation. Linear antenna theory is used to describe the receiving properties of the diode. The actual pointed geometry of the diode tip has been taken into account using Schelkunoff's theory of the conical antenna. The electric fields at the tip are found to be comparable with those necessary for field emission. The highest fields are established on gold tips, consistent with the experiments of Green et al. who found the best responsivity occurs with gold-gold contacts. Finally we discuss the significance of the experimental results of Young et al. on metal-vacuum-metal tunneling characteristics to the MOM tunneling hypothesis.     

常压微波等离子体炬装置的模拟与设计

 介绍了一台低成本的常压微波等离子体炬设备,给出了该设备构造及喷嘴的设计思路,分析了各种气体的非磁化微波等离子体的击穿电场强度,数值求解了设备中矩形TE103谐振腔中的电磁场分布,应用高频电磁场模拟分析软件HFSS优化了喷嘴在波导中的具体位置,并对优化后喷嘴周围的电场分布进行了模拟。模拟结果表明：微波输入有效功率为500 W,喷嘴伸出矩形波导1 mm时,喷嘴尖端处的电场强度在1.2×10⁶ V·m^-1以上,远大于氩气的击穿电场强度,更易于等离子体炬的激发。实验结果证明了模拟结果的正确性和装置的有效性。     

Finite element simulation and analytical analysis for nano field emission sources that terminate with a single atom: A new perspective on nanotips

Nanotips are highly demanded for various applications in nanotechnology. For instance, nanotips with a single atom end can be used as a source of self collimated electron or ion beams. Such tips are usually characterized in the field ion microscope (FIM) or the field emission microscope (FEM), where only a top view can be captured and analyzed. We have noticed that single atom tips fabricated by different methods produce electrons in FEM mode, or ions in FIM mode, at a wide range of applied voltages for the respective mode. In this work we present numerical and analytical analyses to the distribution of the electric field in the vicinity of the nanotip apex that holds the topmost single atom. We demonstrate that although the electric field is relatively enhanced by the nano protrusion it is still significantly dominated by the tip base. The analyses explicitly show that nanotips with broad bases produce even less field than some modest tips, at the same applied voltage. This pronounced effect of the tip base accounts for the relatively high voltages needed at the imaging threshold field. The results reveal that single atom tips are not necessarily sharp at a mesoscopic scale and the tip sharpness has to be determined from the combination of the nanotip apex (FIM or FEM) image and the applied voltage.     

径向偏振光束激发的金属纳米球-纳米圆盘间隙模式等离激元共振光谱特性研究

提出了一种可用于表面增强拉曼测量的基于金属纳米圆盘上方放置金属纳米球颗粒构成的金属纳米结构，其在径向偏振光束激发下，由于金属纳米圆盘的呼吸模式表面等离激元共振的作用，可以形成纵向电场有效增强的间隙模式等离激元共振。对此进行了有限元模拟计算研究，计算结果证明该间隙模式的纵向电场分量相对于径向偏振入射光的有效激发横向电场分量增强了100倍以上。为了更清晰地展现这种新型纳米结构的光谱特性以及表面电场分布特征，同时对单个金属纳米圆盘，单个金属纳米球，金属薄膜，金属纳米球-金属薄膜这几种纳米结构在同一个模拟计算框架下进行了计算以及比较分析。由于可以把金属纳米球类比为金属探针的尖端，所提出的新型间隙模式也有望在针尖型拉曼增强中得到应用。     

First-principles density-functional calculations on the field emission properties of BN nanocones

The first-principles density-functional theory is used to study the geometrical structures and field emission properties of different boron nitride nanocones with 240 disclination. It is found that the nanocones can be stable under applied electric field and the emission current is sensitively dependent on the tips of nanocones. The nanocones with homonuclear bonds at the tip can introduce additional energy states near Fermi level, which can reduce the ionization potential and increase the emission current of these boron nitride nanocones. This investigation indicates that the boron nitride nanocone can be a promising candidate as a field emission electron source.     

Energy distributions of electrons emitted from tungsten tips covered by diamond-like films

The energy distribution of electrons emitted from the surface of diamond-like pointed cathodes under the action of a high electric field is reported. Diamond-like coatings are applied on thin tungsten tips by ion-beam evaporation in an ultrahigh vacuum. The structure of the carboniferous films covering the tungsten tips is examined by field-emission microscopy. The stability of the field-emission cathode current is considered, and the Fowler-Nordheim I-V characteristics are presented. Based on the results obtained, a model of field-emission cathode covered by a thin diamond-like coating that explains the energy distributions is suggested.     

Nanoring as a magnetic or electric field sensitive nano-antenna for near-field optics applications

In this paper we investigate, in the visible range, the behavior of the electromagnetic near-field, perturbed by a metal nanoring. The vectorial study which is based on FDTD simulation, consists of comparing in the near zone, the electric and magnetic field distributions while interacting with the metal nanoring, according to the incident polarization state. Both image distributions and chromatic spectra are computed and analyzed. The purpose of this work is the enhancement of either the electric or the magnetic emission/detection capability of nanoring according to illumination conditions. Such nano-objects can be seen as particular selective nanodevices playing the role of nano-antennas usable in near-field microscopy as an alternative solution to usual tips.     

Tuning of plasmonic behaviours in coupled metallic nanotube arrays

We theoretically investigate the influence of the shape of nanoholes on plasmonic behaviours in coupled elliptical metallic nanotube arrays by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.We study the structure in two cases:one for the array aligned along the minor axis and the other for the array aligned along the major axis.It is found that the optical properties and plasmonic effects can be tuned by the effective surface charges as a result of the variation in the minor axis length.Based on the localized nature of electric field distributions,we also clearly show that the presence of localized plasmon resonant modes originates from multipolar plasmon polaritons and a large magnitude of opposing surface charges build up in the gap between adjacent nanotubes.     

Electric field enhancement in field-emission cathodes based on carbon nanotubes

The problem of determining the field enhancement factor in field-emission cathodes based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is considered. The electrostatic problem of finding the field enhancement factor for nanotubes with different shapes of the tip as a function of the angle the nanotube makes with the cathode surface and of the interelectrode spacing is solved. The dependence of the electric field enhancement factor on the spacing between vertically oriented nanotubes constituting an array is derived. Making allowance for this dependence gives an optimal value of the surface density of nanotubes in the array at which the emission current density is maximal. The I—V characteristic of CNT-based cathodes is studied with regard to the statistical straggling of their orientation angles. This I—V characteristic is compared with the characteristic obtained with regard to the statistical straggling of the CNT geometrical parameters.