RBNS的线性预测模型

传统的准备金方法都是基于聚合数据的,聚合数据是个体数据的汇总,它们丢失了许多有用信息,影响了准备金预测的准确性.本文提出了一个基于个体数据的线性预测模型,该模型不需要对数据的矩的具体形式进行假设,更不需要对数据的分布进行假设,而只需假设个体索赔数据的前两阶矩存在,具有适用范围广,简单易操作等特点.在文章的最后,通过随机模拟把提出的方法与著名的链梯法进行了对比,模拟结果显示,本文提出的方法是行之有效的.     

基于广义线性模型的个体索赔RBNS准备金评估

基于个体索赔模型对准备金的评估已成为准备金评估研究的重要内容.本文基于广义线性模型,对个体索赔额及索赔数目建立责任准备金模型,给出未决赔款责任准备金的期望及方差.进而,根据样本数据对未知参数求解极大似然估计,并讨论了估计的强相合性和渐近正态性.并得到责任准备金的估计及其预测均方误差.最后,通过数值模拟的方法将本文得到的估计与链梯法进行比较,结果显示我们的估计明显优于链梯法估计.     

基于M估计的线性混合效应模型中方差的齐性检验

本文对纵向数据的线性混合模型,用Fisher得分法得到了参数的M估计(稳健估计),给出了其渐近性质,研究了M估计下异方差的Score检验问题,并对检验统计量的功效进行了模拟,最后通过葡萄糖数据的实例说明了本文方法的有效性.     

基于M估计的纵向数据线性混合模型中方差的齐性检验

本文对纵向数据的线性混合模型,用Fisher得分法得到了参数的M估计(稳健估计),给出了其渐近性质,研究了M估计下异方差的Score检验问题,并对检验统计量的功效进行了模拟,最后通过葡萄糖数据的实例说明了本文方法的有效性。     

响应变量随机缺失下的半参变系数模型的均值估计

在响应变量随机缺失时,研究了半参数变系数模型响应变量均值的借补估计.首先利用完整个体估计模型中的参数与非参数部分,然后再用借补方法与加权借补方法估计响应变量的均值.最后求出了估计的渐近偏差与渐近方差,研究了所得到的估计的渐近性质,并进行模拟比较.     

纵向数据下变系数混合效应模型的一种有效的压缩估计

本文考虑了纵向数据下变系数混合效应模型的一种有效的压缩估计。结合考虑纵向数据的组内相关性,本文提出的统一正则估计方法可以同时选择和估计系数函数的参数效应分量和非参数效应的函数分量。本文还建立了估计量的渐近理论性质,且在Monte Carlo模拟和实际数据分析进行了充分的验证。     

缺失数据下的半参数变系数模型的借补估计

本文在响应变量随机缺失情形下讨论了半参数部分线性变系数模型的估计问题.首先采用局部线性方法估计系数函数,然后进一步估计常数系数.最后利用回归方法借补缺失的响应值,再用全部数据估计常数系数.本文进-步讨论了利用完整个体方法及借补方法求得的参数估计的渐近性质,并进行了模拟比较.     

纵向数据下广义估计方程估计

广义估计方程方法是一种最一般的参数估计方法,广泛地应用于生物统计、经济计量、医疗保险等领域.在纵向数据下,由于组间数据是相关的,为了提高估计的效率,广义估计方程方法一般需要考虑个体组内相关性.因此,大多数文献对个体组内的协方差矩阵进行参数假设,但假设的合理性及协方差矩阵估计的好坏对参数估计效率产生很大影响,同时参数假设也可能导致模型误判.针对纵向数据下广义估计方程,本文提出了改进的GMM方法和经验似然方法,并对给出的估计量建立了大样本性质.其中分块的思想,避免了对个体组内相关性结构进行假设,从这种意义上说,这种方法具有一定的稳健性.我们还通过两个模拟的例子,考察了文中提出估计量的有限样本性质.     

基于模型信息的平均处理效果的拟似然估计

本文考虑当给定协变量时响应变量的条件期望和条件方差的模型形式已知时的平均处理效果的估计问题, 文章发展了适用于处理效果数据的拟似然方法来估计上述条件期望和条件方差模型中的参数.然后基于模型信息, 通过插补、回归和逆概率加权方法, 定义了3个估计.文中结果表明3个估计都服从渐近正态分布.模拟结果显示, 与文献中已有的估计相比较,文中基于模型的估计在效率上有很大改进.     

基于M估计的线性混合模型的局部影响分析

对纵向数据的线性混合模型,用Fisher得分法得到了参数的M估计(稳健估计),给出了其渐近性质,利用影响曲率研究了M估计下的随机误差方差扰动的局部影响分析问题,并通过葡萄糖数据的实例进行了分析论证.     

Micro-level reserving for general insurance claims using a long short-term memory network

Detailed information about individual claims are completely ignored when insurance claims data are aggregated and structured in development triangles for loss reserving. In the hope of extracting predictive power from the individual claims characteristics, researchers have recently proposed to use micro-level loss reserving approaches. We introduce a discrete-time individual reserving framework incorporating granular information in a deep learning approach named Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network. At each time period, the network has two tasks: first, classifying whether there is a payment or a recovery, and second, predicting the corresponding non-zero amount, if any. Based on a generalized Pareto model for excess payments over a threshold, we adjust the LSTM reserve prediction to account for extreme payments. We illustrate the estimation procedure on a simulated and a real general insurance dataset. We compare our approach with the chain-ladder aggregate method using the predictive outstanding loss estimates and their actual values.     

The collective reserving model

This paper sets out a model for analysing claims development data, which we call the collective reserving model (CRM). The model is defined on the individual claim level and it produces separate IBNR and RBNS reserve estimators at the collective level without using any approximations. The CRM is based on ideas from a paper by Verrall, Nielsen and Jessen (VNJ) from 2010 in which a model is proposed that relies on a claim giving rise to a single payment. This is generalised by the CRM to the case of multiple payments per claim. All predictors of outstanding claims payments for the VNJ model are shown to hold for this new model. Moreover, the quasi-Poisson GLM estimation framework will be applicable as well, but without using an approximation. Furthermore, analytical expressions for the variance of the total outstanding claims payments are given, with a subdivision on IBNR and RBNS claims. To quantify the effect of allowing only one payment per claim, the model is related and compared to the VNJ model, in particular by looking at variance inequalities. The double chain ladder (DCL) method is discussed as an estimation method for this new model and it is shown that both the GLM- and DCL-based estimators are consistent in terms of an exposure measure. Lastly, both of these methods are shown to asymptotically reproduce the regular chain ladder reserve estimator when restricting predictions to the lower right triangle without the tail, motivating the chain ladder technique as a large-exposure approximation of this model.     

A machine learning approach for individual claims reserving in insurance

Accurate loss reserves are an important item in the financial statement of an insurance company and are mostly evaluated by macrolevel models with aggregate data in run‐off triangles. In recent years, a new set of literature has considered individual claims data and proposed parametric reserving models based on claim history profiles. In this paper, we present a nonparametric and flexible approach for estimating outstanding liabilities using all the covariates associated to the policy, its policyholder, and all the information received by the insurance company on the individual claims since its reporting date. We develop a machine learning–based method and explain how to build specific subsets of data for the machine learning algorithms to be trained and assessed on. The choice for a nonparametric model leads to new issues since the target variables (claim occurrence and claim severity) are right‐censored most of the time. The performance of our approach is evaluated by comparing the predictive values of the reserve estimates with their true values on simulated data. We compare our individual approach with the most used aggregate data method, namely, chain ladder, with respect to the bias and the variance of the estimates. We also provide a short real case study based on a Dutch loan insurance portfolio.     

���ڱ�ֵCox���̵ĸ�������׼����ģ��

??Traditional claims reserve approaches are all based on aggregated data and usually produce inaccurate projections of the reserve because the aggregated data make a great loss of information contained in individual claims. Thus, the researcher in actuarial science developed the so-called individual claim models that are based on marked Poisson processes. However, due to the inappropriateness of Poisson distribution in modelling the claims distributions, the present paper propose marked Cox processes as reserve models. Compared with the aggregate claims models, the models proposed in the current paper take more sufficient use of information contained in data and can be expected to produce more accurate evaluations in claim loss reserving.     

An individual loss reserving model with independent reporting and settlement

The main purpose of this paper is to assess and demonstrate the advantage of claims reserving models based on individual data in forecasting future liabilities over traditional models on aggregate data both theoretically and numerically. The available information consists of the reporting delays, settlement delays and claim payments. The model settings include Poisson distributed frequency of claims produced by each policy, claims payable at the settlement time, and the amount of payment depending only on its settlement delay. While such settings are applicable to certain but not all practical cases, the principal purpose of the paper is to examine the efficiency of individual data against aggregate data. We refer to loss reserving as to estimate the projections of the outstanding liabilities on observed information. The efficiency of the individual loss reserving against classical aggregate loss reservings, namely Chain-Ladder (C-L) and Bornhuetter–Ferguson (B–F), is assessed by comparing the asymptotic variances of the errors in estimating the conditional expectation (projection) of the outstanding liability between individual, C-L and B–F reservings. The research shows a significant increase in the accuracy of loss reserving by using individual data compared with aggregate data.     

The contraction number of a multigrid method with mesh ratio 2 for solving Poisson's equation

The convergence rate of a multigrid method for the solution of Poisson's equation on a uniform grid is estimated. In contrast to recent results of Braess, no intermediate grids are used. Refined estimates of Gauss-Seidel relaxation by weak norms, a strengthened Cauchy inequality, and a duality argument are central. We obtain 0.273 as an upper bound for the contraction number of the two-level procedure. The results hold for arbitrary convex polygonal regions and are independent of the smoothness of the solution.     

Well-posedness for the stochastic 2D primitive equations with Lévy noise

The two-dimensional primitive equations with Lévy noise are studied in this paper. We proved the existence and uniqueness of the solutions in a fixed probability space which based on a priori estimates, weak convergence method and monotonicity arguments.     

Well-Posedness of the Stochastic Fractional Boussinesq Equation With Lévy Noise

This article is devoted to the well-posedness of the stochastic fractional Boussinesq equation with Lévy noise. The commutator estimates are applied to overcome the difficulty in the convergence since the nonlocal fractional diffusion has lower regularity. Based on stopping time technique, weak convergence method, and monotonicity arguments, the global existence and uniqueness of the weak solution are obtained in a fixed probability space.     

Robust loss reserving in a log-linear model

It is well known that the presence of outlier events can overestimate or underestimate the overall reserve when using the chain-ladder method. The lack of robustness of loss reserving estimators leads to the development of this paper. The appearance of outlier events (including large claims—catastrophic events) can offset the result of the ordinary chain ladder technique and perturb the reserving estimation. Our proposal is to apply robust statistical procedures to the loss reserving estimation, which are insensitive to the occurrence of outlier events in the data. This paper considers robust log-linear and ANOVA models to the analysis of loss reserving by using different type of robust estimators, such as LAD-estimators, M-estimators, LMS-estimators, LTS-estimators, MM-estimators (with initial S-estimate) and Adaptive-estimators. Comparisons of these estimators are also presented, with application of a well known data set.