基于标值Cox过程的个体索赔准备金模型

传统的准备金方法都是基于聚合数据的,聚合数据是个体数据的简单汇总,他们丢失了许多有用信息,影响了准备金预测的准确性.为了准确预测准备金,精算学研究者发展了基于标值Poisson过程的个体索赔模型.然而索赔的发生使用Poisson过程来刻画往往与现实情况不符,因此本文提出了一个基于标值Cox过程的个体索赔模型,并研究了此模型下的准备金预测方法.本文的模型和传统的聚合索赔模型相比,使用了更为完整的信息,和已经存在的标值Poisson个体索赔模型相比,由于Cox过程中随机强度的引入,使得模型有了更强的现实刻画能力.这些都将使得准备金的预测更为准确.     

离散时间状态下基于个体数据的RBNS准备金评估（英文）

本文研究了在离散时间状态下的一类RBNS准备金评估问题.基于个体数据的RBNS准备金是用未知参数的估计来取代RBNS负债的条件期望中的相应的参数得到的.文中与结案延迟有关的参数是用极大似然估计的方法得到的,同时我们也研究了这些估计的渐近性质.RBNS未决负债的条件期望是用WatsonNadaraya估计得到的.同时,本文还研究了由链梯法得到的基于聚合数据的准备金的渐近性质.最后我们通过模拟说明了在有限样本情形下,基于个体数据的准备金与聚合数据下的准备金相比具有更小的MSE.     

基于广义线性模型的个体索赔RBNS准备金评估

基于个体索赔模型对准备金的评估已成为准备金评估研究的重要内容.本文基于广义线性模型,对个体索赔额及索赔数目建立责任准备金模型,给出未决赔款责任准备金的期望及方差.进而,根据样本数据对未知参数求解极大似然估计,并讨论了估计的强相合性和渐近正态性.并得到责任准备金的估计及其预测均方误差.最后,通过数值模拟的方法将本文得到的估计与链梯法进行比较,结果显示我们的估计明显优于链梯法估计.     

纵向数据下广义估计方程估计

广义估计方程方法是一种最一般的参数估计方法,广泛地应用于生物统计、经济计量、医疗保险等领域.在纵向数据下,由于组间数据是相关的,为了提高估计的效率,广义估计方程方法一般需要考虑个体组内相关性.因此,大多数文献对个体组内的协方差矩阵进行参数假设,但假设的合理性及协方差矩阵估计的好坏对参数估计效率产生很大影响,同时参数假设也可能导致模型误判.针对纵向数据下广义估计方程,本文提出了改进的GMM方法和经验似然方法,并对给出的估计量建立了大样本性质.其中分块的思想,避免了对个体组内相关性结构进行假设,从这种意义上说,这种方法具有一定的稳健性.我们还通过两个模拟的例子,考察了文中提出估计量的有限样本性质.     

广义加权损失函数下准备金的分位信度估计

由于聚合数据是个体数据的加总,会失去一些有用信息.针对个体数据模型,分位回归模型可以直接求取未决赔款准备金的分位数,并且对数据中存在的异常值的敏感度不高.在程纪(2020)模型基础上,将分位回归模型与信度理论相结合,将多个流量三角形的增量赔款数据看成是相同日历年下的重复性多次观测,体现样本数据的分层结构,克服经典信度模型中只有一条回归线的弊端,在广义加权损失函数下得到准备金的信度估计,并给出参数估计.     

部分函数型线性空间自回归模型的假设检验

本文提出了部分函数型线性空间自回归模型的空间效应以及参数效应的假设检验问题.首先利用函数型主成分分析方法估计斜率函数,利用广义矩估计方法估计参数.然后利用得到的相合估计,在原假设和备择假设下,构造了基于残差平方和的检验统计量,同时给出了此检验统计量的渐近性质.模拟结果表明在有限样本下,检验统计量具有良好表现.最后将部分函数型线性空间自回归模型的检验应用到一个关于经济增长的数据案例中,说明所提出的检验统计量的应用表现.     

删失分位数回归模型中的变点检测问题

本文针对固定删失分位数回归模型中的变点问题提出一种新的检测方法;基于观测值的有效子集信息和分位数目标函数的次梯度提出检验统计量.在原假设下,本文得到检验统计量的渐近性质,并且通过模拟方法得到渐近分布的临界值.由于本文提出的方法仅需要在原假设下拟合模型,所以其在计算上更加有效.此外,相比较于传统的Powell方法,数值模拟研究发现本文提出的方法在有限样本的条件下有相近功效及更高的计算效率.最后,本文分析了一组美国居民收入数据集来展示所提方法的实际应用表现.     

部分线性测量误差模型中的估计问题（英文）

本文考虑了部分线性模型中非参数部分带有可加测量误差的估计问题.本文提出了两种估计方法,第一种是基于逆卷积的积分矩估计方法,给出该估计的强相合收敛性.第二种是基于模拟的估计方法,该方法避免了积分矩估计方法中的积分问题.最后本文用一些数值结果来说明估计方法的估计效果.     

健康保险短期聚合风险模型下理赔参数的半参数经验似然估计

合理的保费厘定对于保险公司至关重要。保费厘定通常可根据理赔的历史数据进行动态调整。在聚合风险模型下,基于可用的个险数据和团险数据,传统的平均理赔额估计方法存在模型假设太强或数据利用不充分等弱点。本文采用基于半参数密度比模型的经验似然估计方法,兼顾非参数模型的灵活稳健性和参数模型的有效性,充分利用历史索赔数据,同时对个险和团险的平均理赔额和条件理赔额进行估计。数值模拟和某公司健康险的真实数据分析表明,相比传统的经验估计,本文采用的经验似然估计具有更小的均方误差,因而更加可靠。     

纵向数据下半参数混合效应模型的估计

考虑纵向数据下一类半参数混合效应模型.应用核权函数法以及矩估计法给出了总体效应和个体效应的估计.在一般的条件下,证明了总体效应估计的渐近正态性,并给出该估计的置信区域.对总体效应和个体效应的估计进行了模拟研究,模拟显示估计效果较好.     

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??Traditional claims reserve approaches are all based on aggregated data and usually produce inaccurate projections of the reserve because the aggregated data make a great loss of information contained in individual claims. Thus, the researcher in actuarial science developed the so-called individual claim models that are based on marked Poisson processes. However, due to the inappropriateness of Poisson distribution in modelling the claims distributions, the present paper propose marked Cox processes as reserve models. Compared with the aggregate claims models, the models proposed in the current paper take more sufficient use of information contained in data and can be expected to produce more accurate evaluations in claim loss reserving.     

Micro-level reserving for general insurance claims using a long short-term memory network

Detailed information about individual claims are completely ignored when insurance claims data are aggregated and structured in development triangles for loss reserving. In the hope of extracting predictive power from the individual claims characteristics, researchers have recently proposed to use micro-level loss reserving approaches. We introduce a discrete-time individual reserving framework incorporating granular information in a deep learning approach named Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network. At each time period, the network has two tasks: first, classifying whether there is a payment or a recovery, and second, predicting the corresponding non-zero amount, if any. Based on a generalized Pareto model for excess payments over a threshold, we adjust the LSTM reserve prediction to account for extreme payments. We illustrate the estimation procedure on a simulated and a real general insurance dataset. We compare our approach with the chain-ladder aggregate method using the predictive outstanding loss estimates and their actual values.     

A machine learning approach for individual claims reserving in insurance

Accurate loss reserves are an important item in the financial statement of an insurance company and are mostly evaluated by macrolevel models with aggregate data in run‐off triangles. In recent years, a new set of literature has considered individual claims data and proposed parametric reserving models based on claim history profiles. In this paper, we present a nonparametric and flexible approach for estimating outstanding liabilities using all the covariates associated to the policy, its policyholder, and all the information received by the insurance company on the individual claims since its reporting date. We develop a machine learning–based method and explain how to build specific subsets of data for the machine learning algorithms to be trained and assessed on. The choice for a nonparametric model leads to new issues since the target variables (claim occurrence and claim severity) are right‐censored most of the time. The performance of our approach is evaluated by comparing the predictive values of the reserve estimates with their true values on simulated data. We compare our individual approach with the most used aggregate data method, namely, chain ladder, with respect to the bias and the variance of the estimates. We also provide a short real case study based on a Dutch loan insurance portfolio.     

Semiparametric model for prediction of individual claim loss reserving

The estimation of loss reserves for incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims presents an important task for insurance companies to predict their liabilities. Conventional methods, such as ladder or separation methods based on aggregated or grouped claims of the so-called “run-off triangle”, have been illustrated to have some drawbacks. Recently, individual claim loss models have attracted a great deal of interest in actuarial literature, which can overcome the shortcomings of aggregated claim loss models. In this paper, we propose an alternative individual claim loss model, which has a semiparametric structure and can be used to fit flexibly the claim loss reserving. Local likelihood is employed to estimate the parametric and nonparametric components of the model, and their asymptotic properties are discussed. Then the prediction of the IBNR claim loss reserving is investigated. A simulation study is carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods.     

An individual loss reserving model with independent reporting and settlement

The main purpose of this paper is to assess and demonstrate the advantage of claims reserving models based on individual data in forecasting future liabilities over traditional models on aggregate data both theoretically and numerically. The available information consists of the reporting delays, settlement delays and claim payments. The model settings include Poisson distributed frequency of claims produced by each policy, claims payable at the settlement time, and the amount of payment depending only on its settlement delay. While such settings are applicable to certain but not all practical cases, the principal purpose of the paper is to examine the efficiency of individual data against aggregate data. We refer to loss reserving as to estimate the projections of the outstanding liabilities on observed information. The efficiency of the individual loss reserving against classical aggregate loss reservings, namely Chain-Ladder (C-L) and Bornhuetter–Ferguson (B–F), is assessed by comparing the asymptotic variances of the errors in estimating the conditional expectation (projection) of the outstanding liability between individual, C-L and B–F reservings. The research shows a significant increase in the accuracy of loss reserving by using individual data compared with aggregate data.     

Hybrid fuzzy least-squares regression analysis in claims reserving with geometric separation method

Claims reserving is obviously necessary for representing future obligations of an insurance company and selection of an accurate method is a major component of the overall claims reserving process. However, the wide range of unquantifiable factors which increase the uncertainty should be considered when using any method to estimate the amount of outstanding claims based on past data. Unlike traditional methods in claims analysis, fuzzy set approaches can tolerate imprecision and uncertainty without loss of performance and effectiveness. In this paper, hybrid fuzzy least-squares regression, which is proposed by Chang (2001), is used to predict future claim costs by utilizing the concept of a geometric separation method. We use probabilistic confidence limits for designing triangular fuzzy numbers. Thus, it allows us to reflect variability measures contained in a data set in the prediction of future claim costs. We also propose weighted functions of fuzzy numbers as a defuzzification procedure in order to transform estimated fuzzy claim costs into a crisp real equivalent.     

Applying copula models to individual claim loss reserving methods

The estimation of loss reserves for incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims presents an important task for insurance companies to predict their liabilities. Recently, individual claim loss models have attracted a great deal of interest in the actuarial literature, which overcome some shortcomings of aggregated claim loss models. The dependence of the event times with the delays is a crucial issue for estimating the claim loss reserving. In this article, we propose to use semi-competing risks copula and semi-survival copula models to fit the dependence structure of the event times with delays in the individual claim loss model. A nonstandard two-step procedure is applied to our setting in which the associate parameter and one margin are estimated based on an ad hoc estimator of the other margin. The asymptotic properties of the estimators are established as well. A simulation study is carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods.     

混合区间多尺度分解的区间时间序列组合预测

鉴于传统预测方法一直基于“点”来衡量时间序列数据,然而现实生活中在给定的时间段内许多变量是有区间限制的,点值预测会损失波动性信息。因此,本文提出了一种基于混合区间多尺度分解的组合预测方法。首先,建立区间离散小波分解方法(IDWT)、区间经验模态分解方法(IEMD)和区间奇异普分析方法(ISSA)。其次,用本文构建的IDWT、IEMD和ISSA对区间时间序列进行多尺度分解,从而得到区间趋势序列和残差序列。然后,用霍尔特指数平滑方法(Holt's)、支持向量回归(SVR)和BP神经网络对区间趋势序列和残差序列进行组合预测得到三种分解方法下的区间时间序列预测值。最后,用BP神经网络对各预测结果进行集成得到区间时间序列最终预测值。同时,为证明模型的有效性进行了AQI空气质量的实证预测分析,结果表明,本文所提出基于混合区间多尺度分解的组合预测方法具有较高的预测精度和良好的适用性。     

基于风险调整控制图的产品保证索赔监控和预警研究

为了解决传统索赔监控与预警模型存在的未考虑索赔率大小对预警能力的影响、模型对保证数据精度要求高、难以处理索赔率较低的失效模式等问题,基于非参数估计和泊松分布对单位时间内产品保证索赔记录进行了拟合,根据各监控阶段的可用信息量大小构造了分阶段风险调整控制图对保证索赔进行监控和预警,并采用了在指定监控时间内对所有销售产品进行统一监控的监控方式。模型的有效性利用实际算例从误报警率、报警能力和响应速度三个指标进行了分析。     

Picture模糊幂几何Heronian平均算子及其在多属性决策中的应用

针对决策信息为Picture模糊数的多属性决策问题,将经典范畴内的几何Heronian平均算子和幂几何算子结合,提出了Picture模糊幂几何Heronian平均(PFPGHM)算子与Picture模糊加权幂几何Heronian平均(PFWPGHM)算子。该类算子不仅能体现待集结数据间的关联性,而且还能反映决策过程中信息的整体性,降低了与整体信息偏差较大的待集结数据对决策结果的影响。推导其数学表达式,证明相关性质。提出了基于PFWPGHM算子的多属性决策方法,通过决策实例分析了参数p和q对决策结果的影响,并对比分析新方法与现存的决策方法,进而表明所研究方法的可行性与优点。